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Q:
The movement to ban gay marriage in California that led to the passage of Proposition 8 is an example of a/an _____.
a. moral crusade.
b. religious policy.
c. ethical mandate.
d. social campaign.
Q:
People who seek to control or criminalize deviant behaviors in accordance with their own way of thinking are called ______.
a. moralists.
b. moral entrepreneurs
c. power seekers
d. social activists
Q:
According to the theory of social harm, immoral acts can be distinguished from crimes on the basis of the ____they cause.
a. social outrage
b. injury
c. financial loss
d. depravity
Q:
According to legal scholar, Morris Cohen, why should victimless crimes be criminally prohibited?
a. Because then moral crusaders would not get to define the law
b. Because victimless crimes are highly immoral just like "street crimes."
c. Because one of the functions of criminal law is to express the public's shared sense of morality
d. Because victimless crimes cause social harm and all acts that cause social harm are criminally prohibited
Q:
__________ are behaviors outlawed because they are a threat to the general well-being of society and challenge accepted moral principles.
a. Moral order crimes
b. Civic deviances
c. Public order crimes
d. Ethical deviances
Q:
Opium was first discovered in 1887 by Josef Mendelson as a derivative for the harsh medications used for relaxation at the time.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Drug use among teens has declined significantly, and marijuana, which remains the most popular drug by far of teens, has declined in use in 2014 after rising for the past three years. a. True
b. False
Q:
Of the overall costs associated with drug and alcohol abuse, tobacco ranks first, ahead of alcohol and illicit drug use. a. True
b. False
Q:
Fewer kids are drinking today than 20 years ago. a. True
b. False
Q:
In 1933, the Twentieth Amendment to the Constitution repealed Prohibition a. True
b. False
Q:
While over the last decade drug-related deaths have increased, emergency room visits for drug abuse have decreased by nearly 60 percent.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Of the drug control strategies, evaluations of drug education programs have shown the most effectiveness as reducing drug use. a. True
b. False
Q:
While few people die from smoking marijuana, there are about 40,000 drug-related deaths each year in the United States. a. True
b. False
Q:
One victory in the war on drugs is that the price of illegal narcotics, such as crack cocaine and heroin, have drifted upward as supplies have dwindled due to proactive antidrug strategies.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The subcultural view of drug abuse causation has an environmental basis.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Source control strategies can undermine the economies of third-world nations.
a. True
b. False
Q:
While the nation is still "at war with drugs," a positive sign can be found in the nearly 200 percent reduction in hospital visits for drug-related illness over the last decade.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There is little enforcement of obscenity laws in cases involving adults, almost all enforcement involves child pornography a. True
b. False
Q:
One of the most high-profile cases of pedophilia among the Catholic Church involved Fr. James Porter, who was convicted of molesting over 200 children of both sexes over a 30-year period.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Pornography, while offensive to many, has declined in popularity over the last decade due to technological advances which have made it obsolete. a. True
b. False
Q:
The First Amendment's guarantee of right to free speech makes it difficult to control obscene material. a. True
b. False
Q:
The Supreme Court has ruled that material is obscene if it has prurient sexual content and is devoid of social value.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Evidence indicates that kiddie porn is not linked to child abuse.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When governments legalize prostitution, it leads to a massive expansion of the trade, both legal and illegal.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The free choice view is that prostitution, if freely chosen, expresses women's equality and is not a symptom of subjugation.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Bar girls are the aristocrats of prostitution, charging customers thousands of dollars per night.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Today, the act of prostitution includes three elements: activity that has sexual significance for the prostitute, economic indifference, and emotional attachment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The earliest record of prostitution appears in ancient Mesopotamia, where priests engaged in sex to promote fertility in the community.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Exhibitionism is the deriving of sexual pleasure from rubbing against a nonconsenting person in a crowd, elevator, or other public place.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Paraphilias are deviant sexual acts such as exhibitionism and voyeurism. Many are considered crimes. a. True
b. False
Q:
When paraphilias are engaged in by adults in the privacy of their homes they remain outside the law's reach.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Moral crusaders seek to shape the law toward objective, universal standards of right and wrong.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Unless you have a legal duty to do so, it is not a crime to ignore a drowning child.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Some acts that cause enormous amounts of social harm are perfectly legal.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Public order crimes are outlawed because they threaten the general well-being of society and challenge society's accepted moral principles.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is not true about burglary?
a. According to the UCR, just over 5 million burglaries now occur each year in the United States.
b. The legal definition of burglary has undergone considerable change since its common-law origins.
c. Most residential burglaries occur during the day.
d. Those most likely to be burglarized are poor Hispanic and African American families.
Q:
A buyer and seller of stolen merchandise is often referred to as a ______.
a. shark
b. picket
c. fence
d. heise
Q:
Professional check forgers who make a living by passing bad checks are called ______.
a. systematic forgers
b. bellowing forgers
c. Abagnale forgers
d. naive forgers
Q:
Amateurs who cash bad checks because of some financial crisis but have little identification with a criminal subculture are called ______.
a. naive check forgers
b. systemic forgers
c. systematic forgers
d. simple forgers
Q:
Legislation called _______________________ laws protect retailers and their employees from lawsuits if they arrest and detain a suspected shoplifter on reasonable grounds.
a. merchant privilege
b. booster
c. right-to-protect
d. service provider
Q:
Amateur shoplifter who does not self-identify as a thief but who systematically steals merchandise for personal use.
a. Snitch
b. Stilth
c. Scout
d. Fitch
Q:
Pharmacists have been known to alter prescriptions or substitute low-cost generic drugs for more expensive name brands. This is an example of which category of white-collar crime?
a. Professional chiseling
b. Churning
c. Employee fraud
d. Influence peddling
Q:
Which of the following is not true about larceny?
a. Most U.S. state criminal codes separate larceny into petty and grand larceny
b. Both the UCR and NCVS depict a steady increase in the number and rate of larcenies during the past decade
c. The FBI records more than 6 million acts of larceny annually
d. The original definition of larceny did not include the misappropriation of goods by trickery or deceit
Q:
Martha is upset at Catherine over the dinner bill the night before. Martha believes Catherine should have split the bill but she failed to pay any portion. Martha and Catherine work together at a local telemarketing center and Martha sneaks to Catherine's desk to take $20 from her purse. In terms of larcenies, this would be ______.
a. petty larceny
b. constructive larceny
c. grand larceny
d. destructive larceny
Q:
Offenders who do not define themselves by a criminal role are called ______.
a. occasional criminals
b. transparent criminals
c. situational criminals
d. professional criminals
Q:
This eighteenth century criminal group often worked in large cities and included pickpockets and forgers.a. Skilled thievesb. Smugglersc. Poachersd. Pirates
Q:
Edward Alsworth coined this term to describe the kind of person who hides behind his or her image as a pillar of the community to get personal gain through any means necessary. a. Criminaloid
b. Poacher
c. Chameleon
d. Situational offender
Q:
In the late 1930s, the distinguished criminologist __________ first used the phrase "white-collar crime" to describe the criminal activities of the rich and powerful.
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Emile Durkheim
c. Edwin Lemert
d. Edwin Sutherland
Q:
Crimes that affect the environment are called ____________-collar crimes.
a. green
b. white
c. red
d. blue
Q:
Violators identified by the EPA or other agencies of green-collar crimes are typically prosecuted by the U.S. Justice Department.a. Trueb. False
Q:
The Oil Protection Act of 1990 was established after the high-profile Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A loophole that many green-collar criminals have found with the Endangered Species Act of 1973 is that it only protects the animals and not the species' habitat. a. True
b. False
Q:
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986 required companies to disclose all information about child sexual predator who were volunteers or paid employees. a. True
b. False
Q:
The Clean Water Act of 1972 maintains goals and standards for the United States to ensure water quality and purity.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Corporate culture theory suggests that some businesses actually encourage employees to cheat or cut corners. a. True
b. False
Q:
The number of state-funded technical assistance offices to help local prosecutors has decreased significantly with less than 20 states offering such services.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Oil spills and water pollution are examples of green-collar crimes. a. True
b. False
Q:
Client fraud involves cheating an organization by filing false claims for reimbursement for services provided or, conversely, failing to pay what is owed. a. True
b. False
Q:
An example of chiseling is the charging for goods and services that the customer never received.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Bernard Madoff is an example of one of the most famous Ponzi scheme violators.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Hirschi and Gottfredson have collected data showing that the demographic distribution of white-collar crime is similar to other crimes.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Organizational or corporate crime involves illegal business practices such as price fixing, restraint of trade, and false advertising.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Exploiters force victims to pay for services to which victims have no clear right.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Ponzi schemes are named after famed criminal Arthur Ponzirelle.
a. True
b. False
Q:
It is estimated that the cost of white-collar crime is about $660 billion annually.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The NCVS has found that nearly a million more burglaries occur each year than reported by the UCR. a. True
b. False
Q:
A buyer and seller of stolen merchandise is referred to as a fence. a. True
b. False
Q:
Most credit card abuse is the work of skilled professionals with nearly 85 percent of crimes occurring among five highly skilled credit card rings.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Fewer than 10 percent of shoplifting incidents are detected by store employees.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In Lemert's well-known study on check fraud, he found that amateurs account for less than 10 percent of check fraud, with the majority highly trained and highly experienced forgers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Boosters or heels steal goods for the intention of reselling for a profit. a. True
b. False
Q:
Criminologists view amateur shoplifters as people who are most likely to reform if apprehended. a. True
b. False
Q:
FBI records more than 6 million acts of larceny annually. a. True
b. False
Q:
The definition of larceny evolved with the growth of manufacturing and the development of the free enterprise system. a. True
b. False
Q:
Most theft offenses are committed by trained professionals who know what they are doing and escape detection.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Crimes that affect the environment are called red-collar crimes. a. True
b. False
Q:
By the eighteenth century, three separate groups of property criminals were active; these were skilled thieves, smugglers, and poachers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Green-collar crimes involve violations of laws designed to protect the environment. a. True
b. False
Q:
Economic crimes were even punished 3,000 years ago in the Code of Hammurabi.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Compare and contrast some of the Acts passed in the last 50 years regarding white- and green-collar crime. Do you believe they can be effectively enforced? Why or why not? Explain.