Counseling

Q: Violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group are known as _________________, and they usually share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic.

Q: _____________ involve the killing of four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a single event.

Q: The murder of a senior citizen is referred to as _______.

Q: Homicide without malice is known as ______.

Q: __________________ includes the killing of a person after premeditation and deliberation.

Q: The belief that males must separate their sexual feelings from their need for love, respect, and affection is known as ______.

Q: Suspected causes of rape include male socialization, hyper-masculinity, and __________________ determinism.

Q: _________________ involves people who are in some form of courting relationship while a rape or sexual assault occurs.

Q: A link between drugs and violence known as a _________________ link occurs when drug dealers turn violent in their competition with rival gangs.

Q: ________________ is known as the death instinct, which impels on toward self-destruction.

Q: The life instinct known as ___________________ drives people toward self-fulfillment and enjoyment.

Q: ____________________ violence is violence that is designed not for profit or gain but to vent rage, anger, or frustration.

Q: Workplace violence is the third leading cause of occupational injury or death. Who is the typical offender in incidents of workplace violence? a. A middle-aged white male facing termination b. A middle-aged white female facing termination c. A middle-aged black female facing termination d. A middle-aged black male facing termination

Q: Frederick Lawrence argues that criminals motivated by bias deserve to be punished more severely than those who commit identical crimes for other motives. Why is this so? a. Because bias crimes are more likely to be violent and result in serious physical injury to the victim b. Because bias crimes harm not only the victim but also the "target community" c. Because bias crimes violate the shared value of equality among citizens d. Bias crimes should be punished more severely for all these reasons

Q: Most of these hate crime incidents were motivated by ______. a. sexual orientation b. ethnicity c. religion d. race

Q: Wright and Decker found that most armed robberies are motivated by a pressing need for ______. a. excitement b. power c. cash d. control

Q: Some robbers target people they know, a phenomenon referred to as ______. a. acquaintance robbery b. bias robbery c. neighborhood heist d. relational aggression

Q: Psychological and emotional abuse that involves the spreading of smears, rumors, and private information in order to harm his or her partner. a. Relational aggression b. Recreational aggression c. Acquaintance aggression d. Feticide

Q: Murder of a very young child. a. Filicide b. Infanticide c. Eldercide d. Pesticide

Q: Violent assault by a motorist who loses control of his or her emotions while driving is called ______. a. road rage b. road termination c. road neglect d. spree rage

Q: Failing to provide a child with the care and shelter to which he or she is entitled is called ______. a. neglect b. abuse c. rage d. battery

Q: Research indicates a variety of facts about murder. Which of the following murder facts is inaccurate? a. Over 40 percent of murders in which the attacker can be identified involved an intimate partner. b. Murder tends to be an intraracial crime c. Most murders occur among people who are acquainted. d. Females age 65 or older are more likely than males of the same age to be homicide victims

Q: When Diane Whipple died after being attacked by two large dogs in the hallway of her apartment building, one of the dogs' owners was convicted of manslaughter based on the legal principle of ______. a. deliberate awareness b. deliberate premeditation c. deliberate indifference d. deliberate malice

Q: First-degree murder occurs when a person kills another after _______ and deliberation. a. premeditation b. anger c. purpose d. malice

Q: In the 1991 case of Michigan v. Lucas, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the validity of ______ that protect women from being questioned about their sexual history unless it directly bears on the case. a. immunity laws b. shield laws c. protection laws d. Hurley laws

Q: Unlike any other crime, in a rape case it is essential to prove that the attack was forced and that no question of ____ exists. a. consensual influence b. voluntary manipulation c. consensual authority d. voluntary compliance

Q: According to Groth, 40 percent of rapists he studied were ______. a. sexually victimized as adults b. sexually victimized as adolescents c. priests d. teachers and or coaches

Q: Diana Russel's concept of the virility mystique reflects which causal factor of why men commit rape? a. Male socialization b. Psychological abnormality c. Social learning d. Evolution

Q: Sexual relations between an underage minor female and an adult male. a. Statutory rape b. Systemic rape c. Marital rape d. Sadistic rape

Q: The common law definition of rape derives from the Latin word raperemeaning ______ and is defined as "the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will." a. to take by right b. to take by force c. to take by surprise d. to take by compulsion

Q: Catherine and Gloria regularly crush up prescription pain meds at work and snort them. When they do this they usually become confrontational with coworkers as a result. This is a ______. a. psychopharmacological relationship b. compulsive relationship c. systemic relationship d. stratified relationship

Q: The Uniform Crime Report indicates that __________ of all murders and about 40 percent of all robberies involve firearms. a. 33 percent b. 70 percent c. 50 percent d. 90 percent

Q: A segment of society in which violence has become legitimized by the custom and norms of that group. a. Subculture of violence b. Economic compulsive behavior c. Systemic link d. Pharmacological violence

Q: Frank is a drug user. Frank robs a store to support his heroin habit. This is an example of _______. a. economic compulsive behavior b. pharmacological violence c. systemic violence d. psychopharmacological violence

Q: Children exposed to violence at home, at school, or in the environment may adopt violent methods themselves. Which children are most likelyto engage in violent behavior? a. Children exposed to a single act of gun violence b. Children exposed to violence in the home c. Children exposed to violence in the home and who live in a neighborhood with high violence rates d. Children living in areas marked by extreme violence

Q: Sigmund Freud believed that human aggression and violence are produced by instinctual drives. ____ is the death instinct that is sometimes expressed externally as violence or internally as suicide and alcoholism. a. Hostility b. Eros c. Narcissism d. Thanatos

Q: Personal traits can account for violent behavior. Psychologist Dorothy Ottnow Lewis found that murderous youths often suffer signs of ___________. a. genetic impairments b. intellectual dysfunction c. neurological impairments d. personality disorders

Q: According to the link between substance abuse and violence, if two rival gangs fight over the same turf and one individual ends up dead as a result, this would be labeled systemic violence. a. True b. False

Q: About 3 million people are the victim of stalking each year. a. True b. False

Q: Workplace violence is now considered the second leading cause of occupational injury or death. a. True b. False

Q: Stalking cases are often dropped by the courts despite the fact that stalkers often have extensive criminal histories and are frequently the subject of protective orders. a. True b. False

Q: Not all workplace violence is triggered by management-induced injustice. a. True b. False

Q: Female armed robbers tend to select vulnerable male targets who are not likely to resist. a. True b. False

Q: According to the text, Wright and Decker found that most armed robberies are motivated by a pressing need for cash. a. True b. False

Q: In cases of spousal abuse, physical abuse is commonly accompanied by mental abuse and coercion that can have long-term damaging psychological effects. a. True b. False

Q: Assault requires no actual touching, but involves either attempted battery or intentionally frightening the victim by word or deed. a. True b. False

Q: African Americans comprise 20 percent of all serial murders but their involvement is masked because the media rarely focuses on black multiple murderers. a. True b. False

Q: Patterns of assault are quite similar to that for homicide a. True b. False

Q: Voluntary or nonnegligent manslaughter refers to a killing committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel that provoked violence. a. True b. False

Q: In 1991, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the validity of shield laws and ruled that excluding evidence of a prior sexual relationship between the parties violates a defendant's right to a fair trial. a. True b. False

Q: The 1994 Violence Against Women Act allows rape victims to sue in civil court on the grounds that the sexual assault violated their civil rights. a. True b. False

Q: The common-law definition of rape is the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will. a. True b. False

Q: West Virginia became the first state to enact legislation requiring consent before a sexual encounter can take place. a. True b. False

Q: Date rape was first identified as a serious social problem in the 1980s with the work of Mary Koss. a. True b. False

Q: Rape was once considered a sexual offense, but criminologists now view rape as a violent crime, not a forceful expression of sexuality. a. True b. False

Q: Rape, unlike many other violent crimes, tends to occur in the colder months, such as December and January. The correlation between weather and rape is often linked to "cabin fever" and even "boredom" among many violent offenders. a. True b. False

Q: Violence that is designed not for profit or gain but to vent rage is referred to as instrumental violence. a. True b. False

Q: Absent or deviant parents and inconsistent discipline have been linked to persistent violent offending. a. True b. False

Q: Research has shown that a significant number of adults involved in violent episodes may be suffering from mental illness; however, the link between mental illness and violent episodes is limited at best with juveniles. a. True b. False

Q: The UCR indicates that about 70 percent of all murders, 40 percent of all robberies, and 20 percent of aggravated assaults involve the use of firearms. a. True b. False

Q: Guns do not cause violence, but their presence can escalate its severity. a. True b. False

Q: Doctors have told Catherine's parents that her behavior is lacking thought or deliberation in decision making. This behavior would be considered ______. a. impulsive b. imprudent c. controlling d. age graded

Q: Catherine was adopted at the age of 6. She is currently 14 years of age, attends public high school in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and her mother is a stay-at-home mom, while her father recently lost his job as a lumberjack due to new deforestation laws. Using this information, answer the following questions. Catherine has been diagnosed with Problem Behavior Syndrome after she began using drugs, began experimenting sexually, and her health declined which is one reason she unsuccessfully attempted suicide. According to PBS, of the three subcategories of the theory, Catherine's issue most likely is ______. a. personal b. functional c. environmental d. overt

Q: Adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior, a path which places them outside the norm for their age group are called ______. a. abstainers b. absentee criminals c. non-utilitarians d. double marginalizationers

Q: According to psychologist Terrie Moffit, most young offenders follow one of two paths; adolescent-limited and ______. a. life course persisters b. age of onsetters c. adolescent pre-disposers d. abstainers

Q: A pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression and eventually escalates to violent crime. a. Overt pathway b. Covert pathway c. Golden pathway d. Authority conflict pathway

Q: A pathway to deviance that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and leads to property damage, and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud. a. Authority conflict pathway b. Overt pathway c. Covert pathway d. Design pathway

Q: Although criminal offenders are people predisposed to crime, they are not robots who commit crime without restraint. According to the general theory of crime, change in the frequency of criminal activity is a function of ______. a. change in one's level of impulsivity b. change in one's level of self-control c. change in criminal opportunity d. change in environmental conditions

Q: Gottfredson and Hirschi claim that the principles of self-control theory ______. a. predominantly explain violent crime b. predominantly explain property crime c. predominantly explain street crime d. can explain all varieties of criminal behavior

Q: Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to ______. a. lack of education b. inadequate child-rearing practices c. weak social bonds d. peer associations

Q: According to the general theory of crime, being adventuresome, physical, and self-centered are all signs that a person possess ______. a. high self-esteem b. low self-esteem c. high self-control d. low self-control

Q: In their general theory of crime, Gottfredson and Hirschi consider the criminal offender and the criminal act as _______concepts. a. separate b. balanced c. competing d. opposite

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