Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following statements regarding gender differences and the general theory of crime is accurate? a. The GTC predicts gender differences in self-control and crime. b. There is little evidence that males are more impulsive than females. c. Females are more likely to persist in crime due to low self-control. d. Male juvenile offenders exhibit greater impulse control than female juvenile offenders until approximately 16 years of age when levels equalize.

Q: According to Wilson and Herrnstein's crime and human nature view, a criminal incident occurs when an individual chooses criminal over conventional behavior. What factor influences that choice? a. Social capital b. A latent trait c. Low self-control d. Peer influence

Q: According to latent trait theory, when does a latent trait appear? a. At birth or soon after b. During childhood c. During adolescence d. During early adulthood

Q: Which of the following statements is inaccurate in terms of the empirical research supporting Laub and Sampson's age-graded theory? a. Criminality appears to be dynamic and is affected by behaviors occurring over the life course. b. People who get involved with the justice system as adolescents may find that their career paths are blocked well into adulthood. c. Criminal career trajectories are impossible to reverse, even if life conditions improve. d. Accumulating social capital reduces crime rates.

Q: Cognitive frameworks that help people quickly process and sort through information are called ______. a. schemas b. latent traits c. criminogenic structure d. impulsive controls

Q: According to Laub and Sampson, the life-changing events that alter the development of a criminal career are called ______. a. turning points b. hot spots c. event dependencies d. cumulative disadvantages

Q: Laub and Sampson identify life events that enable adult offenders to desist from crime. Accordingly, they identify transitions as short-term events embedded in ______. a. trajectories b. social capital c. marital relationships d. pathways

Q: Which of the following is notone of the significant life-changing events that reduces criminality, according to Laub and Sampson? a. Buying a car b. Joining the military c. Getting married d. Getting a job

Q: Sampson and Laub's research indicates that building __________ and strong social bonds reduces the likelihood of long-term deviance. a. knowledge b. social capital c. marketable skills d. financial capital

Q: Life course theorists examine offending patterns and trends. Terrie Moffit describes adolescent-limited offenders as ______. a. angry adolescents b. typical teenagers c. classic persisters d. standard youth

Q: Life course theories integrate personal, social, socialization, situational, and cognitive factors to explain human behavior. Personality and intelligence are __________ factors that can explain the onset and continuation of criminality. a. personal b. social c. socialization d. cognitive

Q: Using data from a longitudinal study of Pittsburgh youth, Loeber identified distinct pathways to crime. Which pathway begins at an early age with stubborn behavior? a. The authority conflict pathway b. The covert pathway c. The overt pathway d. The late bloomer pathway

Q: Which is an inaccurate statement about problem behaviors and problem behavior syndrome? a. All varieties of criminal behavior may be a part of a generalized problem behavior syndrome. b. People suffering from one problem behavior condition typically exhibit many symptoms of the rest. c. The more risk factors a person suffers, the greater the likelihood they will engage in antisocial behavior. d. Problem behavior syndrome portrays crime as the product of other social problems.

Q: According to life course theories, criminal opportunity, effective guardianship, and apprehension risk are __________ factors that can explain the onset, continuance, and desistance from crime. a. personal b. social c. cognitive d. situational

Q: One of the key principles of life course theory is that ______. a. high verbal ability during childhood predicts persistence b. persistent offenders begin their offending careers in late adolescence c. the earlier the onset of criminality, the more specialized and violent the criminal career d. the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life

Q: Why is early onset an important factor in crime? a. Because the earlier that antisocial behavior is identified, the earlier that turning points can be implemented b. Because latent traits may have gone unnoticed or unidentified at birth c. Because early onset of antisocial behavior predicts later and more serious criminality d. Because early onset of antisocial behavior is void of the crime"non-crime choice mechanism suggested by Wilson and Herrnstein.

Q: How do life course theorists view criminality? a. As an inflexible process b. As a dynamic process c. As an opportunity-driven process d. As a static process

Q: Latent trait theorists believe human development is controlled by a master trait present at birth or soon after that results in ______. a. low intellectual development b. verbal and physical aggression c. an increased propensity to commit crime d. a reduced ability to interpret social interactions

Q: Developmental theories attempt to provide a natural history of criminal careers by encompassing ______. a. its onset, continuation, and termination b. delinquency and criminal behaviors c. unidimensional and multidimensional treatment efforts d. offenders' race/ethnicity, age, and gender

Q: Public policy programs based on developmental theory ______. a. focus on deterrence through strict punishments b. include mechanisms for reintegrating offenders into society c. provide self-help treatments aimed at adult offenders d. feature multisystemic treatments designed for at-risk youths

Q: The integrative methodology in the early research of __________ formed the basis of today's developmental approach. a. Keith J. Bell and Paul M. Klenowski b. Eleanor Glueck and Sheldon Glueck c. Rolf Loeber and Marc LeBlanc d. Marvin Wolfgang and Terri Moffitt

Q: In regard to public policy initiatives with developmental theory, programs aimed at strengthening children's social-emotional skills have been the least successful. a. True b. False

Q: Adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior, a path that places them outside of the norm for their age group, are referred to as abstainers. a. True b. False

Q: Late bloomers combine psychopathology with risk-taking behavior and poor social skills. a. True b. False

Q: Loeber's covert pathway begins with minor, underhanded behaviors, such as lying and shoplifting. a. True b. False

Q: Life-course persisters may be considered "typical teenagers" who get into minor scrapes, first in adolescence and, later, in adulthood. a. True b. False

Q: Research has found that children who are shy, or sometimes referred to as loners, are least likely to be abstainers and engage in higher rates of criminal activity as technological advances allow them to commit crime behind closed doors. a. True b. False

Q: Measures of neuropsychological deficits, birth complications, and low birth weight all have found to have no significant impact on self-control. a. True b. False

Q: Research has shown that individuals with low resting heart rates may seek out dangerous and arousing behaviors to compensate for their biological condition. a. True b. False

Q: Gottfredson and Hirschi trace the root cause of poor self-control to inadequate child-rearing practices by parents. a. True b. False

Q: People with limited self-control tend to be impulsive.a. Trueb. False

Q: A major criticism of the general theory of crime is that it fails to explain racial and gender differences in crime. a. True b. False

Q: The general theory of crime links the propensity to commit crime to low intelligence and body build. a. True b. False

Q: The crime and human nature model proposes that biological and psychological traits influence the crime"non-crime choice. a. True b. False

Q: Regardless of gender or environment, those who maintain a latent trait may be predisposed to crime and are in danger of becoming career criminals. a. True b. False

Q: Research shows that both men and women have a greater likelihood of arrest when divorced compared with when they were married. a. True b. False

Q: Social schematic theory relies on how people develop cognitive shortcuts to organize and interpret information. a. True b. False

Q: Building social capital supports conventional behavior and inhibits deviant behavior. a. True b. False

Q: Problem behavior syndrome portrays crime as the by-product of other social problems. a. True b. False

Q: Problem behavior syndrome is traditionally broken into three subcategories; these categories include behavioral, environmental, and personal perceptions. a. True b. False

Q: While problem behavior syndrome is linked to violent criminal activity, there is no explanatory research linking PBS to impulsiveness, low self ego, and drug abuse. a. True b. False

Q: The early onset of antisocial behavior strongly predicts later and more serious criminality. a. True b. False

Q: According to life course view, even as toddlers, people begin relationships and behaviors that may determine their entire life course a. True b. False

Q: Racial disparity in the criminal justice system helps put minority group members at a disadvantage, increasing the likelihood that they will become embedded in criminal careers. a. True b. False

Q: Life course theorists seek to understand why people enter a criminal way of life and, once they do, why they alter the trajectory of their criminal involvement. a. True b. False

Q: Criminal career trajectories cannot be reversed even if life conditions improve. a. True b. False

Q: Trajectory theories assume there is more than one type of criminal and more than one criminal path. a. True b. False

Q: The concept of population heterogeneity assumes that the propensity of an individual to participate in antisocial and/or criminal behaviors is an ever-evolving trait, changing frequently and increasing in severity. a. True b. False

Q: According to latent trait theory, the propensity to commit crime is unstable, but the opportunity to commit crime remains stable over time. a. True b. False

Q: Latent trait theories hold that human development is controlled by a "master trait" present at birth or soon after. a. True b. False

Q: Developmental theories attempt to explain the natural history of a criminal career encompassing its onset, continuation, and termination. a. True b. False

Q: List and describe the various public policy implications associated with developmental theory.

Q: Articulate the basic principles of trajectory theory and explain their relationship to crime and criminality.

Q: Identify and describe the various pathways to crime as categorized by Rolf Loeber.

Q: Gottfredson and Hirschi link the propensity to commit crime to two latent traitsan impulsive personality and a lack of self-control. Explain how these traits result in crime.

Q: What are latent traits and how are latent traits linked to the onset and persistence of crime?

Q: According to Wilson and Herrnstein's crime and human nature concept, how and why does crime happen?

Q: Explain the relationship between relationship/marital status and future perpetration of crime. What theory best explains this relationship in your opinion? Explain your answer.

Q: Define and discuss Sampson and Laub's turning points in a criminal career. Include the concept of social capital in your response.

Q: Explain what is meant by "continuity of crime" and its relevance to life course theory.

Q: What is problem behavior syndrome and how is it linked to criminality?

Q: How is age of onset related to crime and criminality?

Q: Identify and discuss the principles of life course theories.

Q: Trajectory theories assume there are more than one type of criminal and more than one criminal path. Provide examples and explain how this is possible.

Q: Compare and contrast the terms population heterogeneity and state dependence.

Q: Discuss the two distinct developmental viewpoints - life-course and latent trait theories.

Q: Provide a summary of developmental theory's evolution including those theorists important in this theory's history.

Q: _______________________ refers to those who begin to engage in antisocial behavior after the onset of a psychiatric disorder and their criminal behavior is attributed to the symptoms of the disorder.

Q: According to psychologist Terrie Moffitt, _________________ are kids who get into minor scrapes as youth but whose misbehavior ends when they enter adulthood.

Q: Adolescents who do not engage in any deviant behavior are called ______.

Q: The ___________________ pathway begins at an early age with stubborn behavior and leads to defiance and then to authority avoidance.

Q: The __________________ pathway escalates to aggressive acts beginning with aggression and leading to physical fighting and eventually violent crime.

Q: Gottfredson and Hirschi's developmental theory that links crime and impulsivity and a lack of self-control is known as _____________.

Q: ________________ refers to a person's ability to exercise restraint and control over his or her feelings, emotions, reactions, and behaviors.

Q: Lacking in thought or deliberation in decision making, an _________ person lacks close attention to details, has organizational problems, and is distracted easily.

Q: Cognitive frameworks known as ______________ help people quickly process and sort though information.

Q: The tendency of prior social problems to produce future ones that accumulate and undermine success are known as ________________.

Q: The view that negative life events are connected and produce a hostile view of people and relationships, preference for immediate rewards, and a cynical view of conventional norms is known as ___________________.

Q: According to Sampson and Laub, _________________ refer to the life-changing events that alter the development of a criminal career.

Q: Positive, life-sustaining relations with individuals and institutions are known as _______________.