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Q:
In regard to the subcategories of problem behavior syndrome, family dysfunction, unemployment, and school misconduct all are examples of _______________ problem behaviors.
Q:
_____________ is the view that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very young age are the ones most at risk for a criminal career.
Q:
The concept of _______________ suggests that life events have a significant influence on future development.
Q:
___________ theory is the view that a stable unchanging feature or characteristic, such as defective intelligence, makes people crime prone over the life course.
Q:
Latent trait theories assume that a _______________ exists that guides human development.
Q:
The propensity to commit crime is stable; those who have it continue to commit crime over their life course. This is known as ____________________.
Q:
__________________________ theory focuses on changes in criminality over the time brought about by shifts in experience and events which occur as one ages.
Q:
_______________ suggests there are multiple trajectories or paths into a criminal career and that there are subgroups within a population that follow distinctively different developmental routes toward and away from a criminal career.
Q:
If Catherine's criminal behavior began with minor behavior (shoplifting, lying) and eventually escalated to more serious forms of criminality, such as using stolen credit cards or dealing drugs, she most likely would be considered as taking which of the following pathways?
a. Covert
b. Authority conflict
c. Overt
d. Avoidance
Q:
Explain how reintegrative shaming is considered a part of restorative justice. Provide an example scenario of reintegrative shaming in practice.
Q:
Define and describe the concept of restorative justice and why it is considered an aspect of peacemaking criminology.
Q:
Explain Hagan's power-control theory and its relation to crime and criminality.
Q:
Explain the critical feminist view of crime. Include in your response how gender inequality accounts for crimes committed against women and for the crimes that women commit.
Q:
What is meant by left realism? Where did the theory originate and how is it best explained in relation to crime?
Q:
One of the newer aspects of critical criminology is left realism. What are the concerns of left realism criminologists and how does left realism differ from other critical theories?
Q:
Explain how race and racism are viewed in critical criminology.
Q:
Explain how illegal domestic surveillance is considered part of state (organized) crime.
Q:
Choose and explain an example of state organized crime. In your explanation, describe how this crime changed the structure of American society? Criminality? Conformity?
Q:
Define the term "state (organized) crime" and discuss the various categories of crime contained under the umbrella of state crime. Include in your response a discussion of the overall impact of state crime on society.
Q:
Describe how globalization is linked to crime and criminality.
Q:
Compare and contrast the terms surplus value and marginalization and discuss the role each plays with crime and criminality.
Q:
How do critical criminologists view crime? Include in your response the critical criminology specialization called supranational criminology.
Q:
Compare and contrast instrumental and structural theories.
Q:
Explain the role of Karl Marx and his vision of economic inequality and how this ideology had a profound influence on twentieth-century schools of thought.
Q:
One group of critical theorists is referred to as instrumentalists. Why do instrumentalists consider it essential to demystify law and justice?
Q:
Using the Profiles in Crime section of the text titled "I Can't Breathe," explain how the Eric Garner case and the events which transpired in the months following his death can explain the toll conflict takes on society.
Q:
What are the four primary issues that critical criminologists are concerned with in regard to social class, crime, and social control?
Q:
Explain the development of critical criminology in light of evolving social conflict in society.
Q:
The main goal of ______________________ is to formulate a plan about how best to deal with offending and involves a conference style setting made up of the criminal, members of his or her family, and victim and their representative, and usually a mediator and a member of the police department.
Q:
________________________ is a view that focuses on the needs of victims, the community, and offenders, and focuses on nonpunitive strategies to heal the wounds caused by crime.
Q:
____________________ is a method of dispensing justice involving discussion between offenders, victims, and members of the community.
Q:
The concept that people can be reformed if they understand the harm they have caused and are brought back into the social mainstream is referred to as _________________________.
Q:
To members of the __________________ movement, the main purpose of criminology is to promote a just society drawn from religious and philosophical readings.
Q:
Families in which couples share similar positions of power at home and at work are referred to as ________________ households.
Q:
Paul and Amy have been married for seven years and have one small child. They share the duties and responsibilities of raising the child, discipline, finances, and work. Under power-control theory, this is most likely a/an __________________________ family.
Q:
_________________ is the belief in the existence of a culturally normative ideal of male behavior.
Q:
A ______________ society is one governed or controlled by men.
Q:
Developed by Hagan, ___________________ theory maintains that the structure of gender relations within the family explains gender differences in the crime rate.
Q:
_________________ deterrence refers to the efforts of preventing crime through community organization and youth involvement.
Q:
Schools where the completion rate is consistently below 40 percent are known as _____________.
Q:
__________________ is the practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects.
Q:
Criminal acts committed by government officials are known as _______________.
Q:
The excess profits that are produced by the laboring classes and accrued by business owners are known as ______________.
Q:
Comprising the study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the penal system, ____________________ criminology is believed by some to be its own specialization because of the special attention needed to be paid to such crimes.
Q:
______________ theorists are critical criminologists who believe the law is designed to keep the capitalist system operating in an efficient manner.
Q:
The ability of persons and groups to control the behavior of others is known as _________________.
Q:
________________ criminologists believe that the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political disparity.
Q:
The struggle for power in society is often referred to as _________________; better defined as human behavior in social contexts results from conflicts between competing groups.
Q:
Jackson believes that he must work hard, be competitive, and show dominance, because culturally normative beliefs say so about male behavior. This is an example of ______.
a. hegemonic masculinity
b. aristocratic masculinity
c. hegemonic feminism
d. aristocratic feminism
Q:
Jackson and Olivia are high school sweethearts who married at the age of 21. Both graduated from college with degrees in pharmacy (Jackson) and nursing (Oliva) and work in their respected professions. They reside in near Philadelphia, PA and are currently 30 years old and have two children, Braden (7) and Brently (6). Using this information, answer the following questions. Given the educational background and salaries of both in their fields, if it is assumed Jackson and Olivia share duties in the home as well, this would be an example of a/an ________________.
a. paternalistic family
b. egalitarian family
c. democratic family
d. peacemaking family
Q:
Some Native American communities use a peacemaking ceremony called __________, whereby groups of tribal elders, victims, and community members meet with offenders in order to determine the best resolution for those accused of breaking the law.
a. a sentencing circle
b. a tribal circle
c. a community circle
d. a resolution circle
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding restorative justice programs?
a. Restoration programs are relatively new having been developed only in the last decade.
b. Restoration programs have been part of peacekeeping in Asian, Native American, and Native Canadian communities for centuries.
c. While used in Europe and Asia, restoration programs have yet to be implemented in the United States.
d. According to Howard Zehr, the core value of the restorative justice process can be translated as therapy for all.
Q:
Peacemaking criminologists view the efforts of the state to punish and control crime as ______.
a. an effective means of controlling the crimes of all social classes
b. encouraging crime rather than discouraging it
c. focusing on poverty rather than socioeconomic status
d. efforts to repair severed relationships in society
Q:
Lea and Young's left realism view of crime causation borrows from mainstream sociological theory and closely resembles the __________ approach.
a. social structure
b. relative deprivation
c. cultural deviance
d. social learning
Q:
John Lea and Jock Young, leaders of the leftist realism movement, contend that ______.
a. the poor are doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class
b. the wealthy and poor are equally victimized and laws should reflect that equality
c. the economic inequality in capitalist societies serves to encourage lower class members to improve their economic status
d. critical feminists failed to address the patriarchal dominance in American society
Q:
Power-control theory is most credited to ______.
a. John Hagan
b. Robert Merton
c. Meda Chesney-Lind
d. Jake Gibbs
Q:
According to power-control theory, which type of family produces daughters whose law-violating behavior mirrors that of their brothers?
a. Paternalistic families
b. Matriarchal families
c. Egalitarian families
d. Capitalist families
Q:
Girls growing up in ______ are socialized to fear legal sanctions more than males; consequently, boys in these families exhibit more delinquent behavior than their sisters.
a. paternalistic families
b. matriarchal families
c. egalitarian families
d. capitalist families
Q:
John Hagan's critical feminist model uses gender differences to explain the onset of criminality. According to Hagan's power-control theory, what two factors account for female crime and delinquency?
a. Race/ethnicity and social status
b. Class position and economic ability
c. Education level and family status
d. Class position and family functions
Q:
__________ reflects a critical perspective that explains both the exploitation of women and women's criminality in terms of gender inequality and patriarchy.
a. Left realism
b. Critical feminism
c. Supranational criminology
d. Restorative justice
Q:
Efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement are known as ______.
a. preemptive deterrence
b. general deterrence
c. specific deterrence
d. perspective deterrence
Q:
High schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40 percent or less are known as ______.
a. dropout factories
b. field fiasco
c. college factories
d. delinquent factories
Q:
When a government or political authority makes use of death squads to kill political opponents, dissenters, or other undesirables, what type of crime has been committed?
a. Political corruption
b. Torture
c. State violence
d. Illegal domestic surveillance
Q:
The practice of sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture in the interrogation of suspects is called ______.
a. extraordinary rendition
b. state compromised rendition
c. extraordinary extradition
d. state compromised extradition
Q:
____ describes the antisocial behaviors that arise from efforts to maintain governmental power or to uphold the race, class, and gender advantages of those who support the government.
a. Power-control crime
b. State (organized) crime
c. Instrumental theory
d. Structural theory
Q:
Critical theorists question the altruism of multinational corporations and, therefore, take a very skeptical view of ______.
a. mechanization
b. globalization
c. immigration
d. technological communications
Q:
Globalization is of particular concern for critical theorists. What concept inherent in globalization do critical theorists find problematic?
a. Sexism
b. Industrialization
c. Mechanization
d. Surplus value
Q:
Displacement of workings by pushing them outside the economic and social mainstream is known as ______.
a. marginalization
b. double marginality
c. surplus value
d. ostracism
Q:
Profits produced by the laboring classes are accrued by business owners who use these profits for reinvestment or to enrich themselves. This key crime-producing effort of modern corporate capitalism is termed _______.
a. excess abundance
b. surplus value
c. profit distribution
d. differential wealth
Q:
Supranational criminology is a specialization of critical theory that focuses on which type of crimes?
a. White-collar crimes
b. Environmental crimes
c. War crimes
d. Predatory street crimes
Q:
What is the key difference between instrumental theorists and structural theorists?
a. Structural theorists view the criminal justice system as a capitalist instrument for controlling the lower class.
b. Structural theorists believe the law is unidirectional, always working for the rich against the poor.
c. Structural theorists oppose antitrust legislation.
d. Structural theorists focus on anyone who threatens the capitalist system.
Q:
According to this type of critical theory, the poor may or may not commit more crimes than the rich, but the poor are certainly arrested and punished more often.
a. Left realism
b. Critical feminism
c. Instrumental
d. Structural
Q:
According to critical theorists, crime is a ______.
a. legal concept designed to protect the poor from oppression
b. an idealistic concept resulting from a legal system designed to mete out the severest punishments to those who inflict the most social harm
c. political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes
d. philosophical concept whereby laws are designed to maintain a tranquil, fair society
Q:
The publication of Taylor, Walton, and Young's __________ in 1973 gave a powerful boost to the conflict view and created a tradition for critical criminologists to question the role criminology plays in supporting the status quo and aiding the oppression of the poor and powerless.
a. The New Criminology
b. Left Realism in the Seventies
c. Feminism and the Law
d. The Social Reality of Crime
Q:
____________ criminologists believe that the cause of crime can be linked to economic, social, and political disparity
a. Positivists
b. Classical
c. Critical
d. Social
Q:
Instrumental theorists consider it essential to __________ law and justicethat is, to unmask its true purpose.
a. decertify
b. demystify
c. debunk
d. decode
Q:
The social ferment of the ____ gave birth to critical criminology.
a. 1930s
b. 1940s
c. 1950s
d. 1960s
Q:
Which of the following is not a basic concern of critical criminologists?
a. The increased effect of mass media pertaining to demystifying the law
b. The role the government plays in creating a crimogenic environment
c. The relationship between personal or group power and the shaping of criminal law
d. The prevalence of bias in justice system operations
Q:
According to conflict theorists, societal conflict promotes crime by ______.
a. creating a social atmosphere in which the law is a mechanism for controlling have-not members of society
b. encouraging greater use of government resources by the poor
c. decreasing the value of corporate profits
d. decreasing the role of religion in shaping individual reality
Q:
Research has shown that family group conferencing is the least effective form of restoration because it is the only restoration program set entirely in a formal criminal justice setting (i.e., a courtroom).
a. True
b. False