Q&A Hero

Q: John Braithwaite argues that crime control can be better achieved through a policy called "behavior reshaping" in which juveniles are displaced from the antisocial peers which increase their criminal offending. a. True b. False

Q: Most restorative justice programs are located within the juvenile justice system. a. True b. False

Q: Peacemaking criminologists seek nonviolent, humane alternatives to coercive punishment. a. True b. False

Q: Critical feminism views gender inequality as stemming from the unequal power of men and women in a capitalist society. a. True b. False

Q: In reference to masculinity and crime, crime is a vehicle for me to "do gender" because it separates the weak and allows them to demonstrate physical bravery. a. True b. False

Q: In paternalistic families, mothers assume the traditional role as breadwinners, which leads to interpersonal crimes such as domestic violence and simple assaults among family members. a. True b. False

Q: According to critical feminist theory, women are considered a commodity worth possessing, like land or money. a. True b. False

Q: Hegemonic masculinity refers to belief that each culture creates its own ideal version of what male behavior should be. a. True b. False

Q: According to Hagan and his associates, within the paternalistic home, mothers are expected to control the behavior of their sons while granting greater freedom to daughters. a. True b. False

Q: Left realists support a strict "law and order" philosophy, which has at its centerpiece a policy of punishing juveniles severely in adult court. a. True b. False

Q: Preemptive deterrence refers to efforts to prevent crime through community organization and youth involvement. a. True b. False

Q: Left realists are conflict scholars who view the police and the courts as inherent evil tools of capitalism whose tough tactics alienate the lower classes. a. True b. False

Q: According to the text, unemployed racial minorities may be perceived as "social dynamite" who present a real threat to society and must be controlled and incapacitated. a. True b. False

Q: Dropout factories consist of high schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40 percent or less. a. True b. False

Q: Edward Snowden is most known for releasing information of the NSA's information collection program in which hundreds of millions of people worldwide fell victim to the U.S. illegal domestic and foreign surveillance activities. a. True b. False

Q: State-corporate crime is committed by individuals who abuse their state authority or who fail to exercise it when working with people and organizations in the private sector. a. True b. False

Q: The CIA has been known to send terror suspects to foreign prisons where they can be subjected to harsh interrogation tactics that are forbidden by the United States. a. True b. False

Q: Critical criminologist who focuses on state (organized) crime contends that a government might go to war to support the capitalist classes who need the wealth and resources of other nations. a. True b. False

Q: According to research in the text by Shelley, globalization consists of two elements; electronic and state organized. a. True b. False

Q: An example of state organized crime would be Japan's attack of China in order to secure wealth and resources which helped escalate World War II. a. True b. False

Q: It is illegal for the police to monitor people in public places with cameras and secretly record their activities. a. True b. False

Q: Globalization has replaced imperialism and colonization as a new form of economic domination and oppression and now presents, according to critical thinkers, a threat to the world economy. a. True b. False

Q: Critical criminologists believe that economic growth benefits all elements of the population by spurring job creation and surplus value. a. True b. False

Q: Empirical research is considered incompatible with critical criminology. a. True b. False

Q: Empirical research confirms that, as predicted by critical criminology, a suspect's race is an important factor in shaping justice system decision making. a. True b. False

Q: Structural theorists consider it essential to demystify law and justicethat is, to unmask its true purpose. a. True b. False

Q: Instrumentalists view criminal law and the criminal justice system solely as an instrument for controlling the poor, have-not members of society. a. True b. False

Q: Contemporary critical criminologists try to explain crime within economic and social contexts and to express the connection between social class, crime, and social control. a. True b. False

Q: According to the conflict view, crime is a political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper classes at the expense of the poor. a. True b. False

Q: Research has failed to find a correlation between being the target of abuse at a young age and subsequent episodes of delinquency and violence as one ages. a. True b. False

Q: While there is a link between criminal offending and family relations, there is no research which supports family dysfunction leading children to have long-term social problems. a. True b. False

Q: Social control theory suggests that people can only learn techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers. a. True b. False

Q: Anyone can turn to antisocial behavior if their socialization is damaging and/or destructive and is not solely a lower-class phenomenon. a. True b. False

Q: What separates social learning theory from social control and social reaction theories is that social learning theory fails to recognize that criminal activity can be reversed and criminals can be turned around by proper socialization and interactions. a. True b. False

Q: Social process criminologists focus on socialization rather than the environment when explaining crime. a. True b. False

Q: Link social process theory to crime prevention efforts.

Q: Discuss how social process theories have influenced public policy. Provide examples of policies and programs based on social process theories.

Q: Compare and contrast social learning, social control, and social reaction theories.

Q: Discuss the key points of labeling theory and the consequences of labeling. Include in your discussion the concepts of primary and secondary deviance.

Q: Travis Hirschi links the onset of criminality to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society. Identify and discuss the elements of the social bond and how they impede crime.

Q: List and explain neutralization theory; how does it apply to criminal offending? What types of crimes would you believe it would apply to most often? Explain.

Q: One of the most prominent social learning theories is differential association theory. Discuss the major assumptions and principles of this theory.

Q: How do religion and belief impact criminality?

Q: Discuss the association between delinquent peers and crime in general and within the context of social control theory.

Q: Discuss how dropping out of high school is associated with delinquency and crime.

Q: Discuss how the educational setting influences crime.

Q: Explain how violence and abuse are linked to future criminal behavior.

Q: Explain the influence of family relations on delinquency and crime.

Q: Describe the major premises of the three branches of social process theorysocial learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction (labeling) theory.

Q: Explain how one's socialization contributes to delinquent and criminal behaviors.

Q: Permitting an offender to repay the victim or do useful work in the community rather than face the stigma of prison or jail is known as ___________________.

Q: _____________ programs of rehabilitation removes offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process, thus enabling them to avoid the stigma of a criminal label.

Q: Process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into a cycle of violence known as ___________________.

Q: ________________ occurs when parents are alienated from their children, and their negative labeling reduces their children's self-image and increases delinquency.

Q: Howard Becker referred to _____________________ as people who create rules that reflect the values of those in power rather than any objective, such as someone who campaigns against violence in the media and wants laws passed to restrict the content of television shows.

Q: ______________________ is a form of deviance or crime that has little or no long-term influence on the violator.

Q: ______________________ refers to the reassessment of a person's past to fit a current generalized label.

Q: A strong moral sense which renders a person incapable of harming others or violating social norms is referred to as _____________________.

Q: The movement in and out of delinquency, shifting between conventional and deviant values is referred to as ____________________.

Q: According to Techniques of Neutralization theory, _________________ refers to novice criminals who are caught up between supporting their peer groups while abiding by the rules of society.

Q: According to Techniques of Neutralization theory, ______________ views the word as a corrupt place with a dog-eat-dog code because everybody involved is on the take.

Q: Sykes and Matza's writings on ___________________ help describe how and why people justify their criminal behavior into more conventional values and attitudes of law-abiding society.

Q: First proposed by Akers in collaboration with Burgess in the 1960s, _________________ theory is a version of social learning theory that employs both differential association concepts and elements of psychological learning theory.

Q: _________________ results from the exposure to opposing norms, attitudes, and definitions of right and wrong, moral and immoral.

Q: ___________________ theory views that people commit crime when their social learning leads them to perceive more definitions favoring crime than favoring conventional behavior.

Q: ___________________ describes the ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in noncoercive ways.

Q: ____________________ theory holds that everyone has the potential to become criminal, but most people are controlled by their bonds to society.

Q: _______________ theory holds that people become criminal when significant members of society brand them as such and they these brands as part of their personal identity.

Q: _____________ theory explains the view that people acquire the techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers.

Q: _______________ theory refers to the view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and practices in society.

Q: Tom, Dick, and Harry, rather than facing a juvenile sentence, were forced to repair the harm done toward the teacher by painting over the vandalism and paying the costs for any damaged property. This is an example of ______. a. Restitution b. Differential reinforcement c. Racial profiling d. Retrospective reading

Q: After being kicked out of school, Tom and Dick decide to vandalize the property of the teacher who turned them. The boys were heard saying "had it coming," and deserved the actions based on what he had done to them. According to Techniques of Neutralization theory, which of the subcomponents of the theory best fits this example? a. Denial of victim b. Denial of responsibility c. Denial of injury d. Appeal to higher loyalties

Q: Tom, Dick, and Harry are three teens from the Columbus, OH area. Using the information below, answer the following questions. The three boys got in trouble for skipping school and for possession of stolen goods. They told their parents that they didn"t want to steal the items but their friends were doing it and they felt they needed to support their friends. This would most likely be explained by which subcomponent of techniques of neutralization? a. Appeal to higher loyalty b. Denial of victim c. Denial of responsibility d. Condemnation of the condemners

Q: Programs of rehabilitation that remove offenders from the normal channels of the criminal justice process, thus avoiding the stigma of a criminal label. a. Diversion programs b. Acceleration programs c. Diffusion programs d. Regeneration programs

Q: The process of becoming stigmatized by crime labels is interactive. Labeling theorists blame the establishment of criminal careers on ______. a. parents b. crime control agencies c. teachers d. the criminals themselves

Q: A competency hearing in which a person is declared "mentally ill," or a trial where someone in found to be a "rapist" are forms of __________, according to Harold Garfinkle. a. successful demonizing rituals b. successful shame rituals c. successful stigmatizing ceremonies d. successful degradation ceremonies

Q: __________ is a process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of the mainstream of society and offenders begin their escalating cycle of deviance. a. Reactive stigmata b. Differential morality c. Retrospective association d. Deviance amplification

Q: Which of the following statements does not reflect labeling theory? a. Labeling theory identifies the role played by social agents in crime causation. b. Labeling theory recognizes that criminality is a disease or a pathological behavior. c. Labeling theory distinguishes between criminal acts and criminal careers. d. Labeling theory focuses attention on the social interactions and reactions that shape individuals and their behavior.

Q: The boyhood friend of a convicted murderer is interviewed by the media and reports that the offender was withdrawn, suspicious, and negativistic as a youth. This is an example of ______. a. introspective reading b. retrospective reading c. enhanced reading d. reflective reading

Q: According to Lemert, __________ involves norm violations or crimes that have little influence on the actor and, therefore, can be quickly forgotten. a. primary deviance b. secondary deviance c. all criminal behavior d. a moral lapse