Q&A Hero

Q: Explain how chemical compounds called neurotransmitters are associated with aggression and other antisocial behaviors.

Q: Discuss the relationship between hormonal changes and mood and behavior.

Q: Discuss the basic assumptions of contemporary trait theorists. Explain why trait theorists have gained recent prominence.

Q: Programs that seek to treat personal problems before they manifest themselves as crimes are referred to as ___________________.

Q: _______ is a severe disorder marked by hearing nonexistent voices, seeing hallucinations, and exhibiting inappropriate responses.

Q: Children with _____________________________ experience an ongoing pattern of uncooperative and hostile behavior toward authority figures.

Q: Proponents of the _____________ theory argue that environmental stimulation from parents, relatives, and peer groups accounts for a child's IQ level.

Q: Proponents of the _________ theory argued that intelligence is largely determined genetically and that low intelligence is linked to criminal behavior.

Q: According to psychodynamic theory, the _____ is the primitive part of people's mental makeup and represents unconscious biological drives.

Q: The _____________ is the part of the personality that helps the individual keep his or her actions within the boundaries of social convention.

Q: The ________________ is the reasonably stable patterns of behavior that distinguish one person from another.

Q: ___________ twins are fraternal twins who only have half of their genes in common and thus share fewer commonalities when it comes to criminal behavior.

Q: Studies of ________________ twins have shown much higher rates of criminal activity than compared to the other.

Q: The study of brain activity is known as _____________________.

Q: Chemical compounds known as _________________, influence or activate brain functions.

Q: Male sex hormones are referred to as __________________.

Q: This condition, _________________, occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.

Q: __________________ assumes there is a direct link between traits and crime; some people are vulnerable to crime from birth.

Q: ______________ is the view that human behavior is motivated by inborn biological urges to survive and preserve the species.

Q: Since the age of two, Michael has had a history of acting out. As a child, Michael's acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of 12, he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was 15, he started using drugs and alcohol. Michael was arrested and charged with possession of narcotics and aggravated battery. Michael was offered a plea deal of five years of probation with a condition that he must participate in drug treatment and psychological counseling. When attendance in these programs is a requirement of a probation order, they are considered _________________ programs. a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. adjudicatory prevention d. alternative sentencing

Q: Since the age of two, Michael has had a history of acting out. As a child, Michael's acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of 12, he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was 15, he started using drugs and alcohol. Michael's family checks Michael into a three-month residential treatment center that treats individuals with mental health issues and drug addiction. The treatment Michael receives is considered a(n) _________________ program. a. primary prevention b. secondary prevention c. adjudicatory prevention d. alternative sentencing

Q: Since the age of two, Michael has had a history of acting out. As a child, Michael's acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of 12, he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was 15, he started using drugs and alcohol. If Michael were to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, what would be a likely symptom? a. Hearing nonexistent voices b. Seeing hallucinations c. Exhibiting inappropriate responses d. Alternating moods

Q: Since the age of two, Michael has had a history of acting out. As a child, Michael's acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of 12, he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was 15, he started using drugs and alcohol. Michael is now 20 years old and a court-ordered psychologist has diagnosed Michael with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a type of _________ disorder. a. depressive b. personality c. psychotic d. mood

Q: Since the age of two, Michael has had a history of acting out. As a child, Michael's acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of 12, he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was 15, he started using drugs and alcohol. Michael was consistently uncooperative with his parents. He was hostile to all authority figures, including teachers and police officers.He would frequently lose his temper and blame everyone else for his misbehavior. What mental disorder was most likely the appropriate diagnosis for Michael? a. Bipolar disorder b. Mood disorder c. Oppositional disorder d. Schizophrenia

Q: At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30-year prison sentence.After 20 years the boys are contacted by a researcher who is conducting a study on twins separated at birth and adopted by different families. John says that he finds it difficult to sustain relationships because he was not provided the support and care that he needed by his adopted mother as an infant. Which theory would best explain John's predicament?a. Attachment theoryb. Behavior theoryc. Information-processing theoryd. Nature theory

Q: At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30-year prison sentence. The boys end up being adopted by different families. Tom, the brother who lives in a large city, is diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Tests were done and it was discovered that the level of ______________ in his blood was twice the levels found in the general population. The doctors are convinced this is the cause of his disorder. a. amino acids b. glucose c. mercury d. neurotransmitters

Q: At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30-year prison sentence. There are different types of twins. The boys are most likely __________ twins if it is determined that they are very close in such crime-relevant measures as level of aggression and verbal skills. a. dizygotic b. dualgotic c. monozygotic d. polygotic

Q: At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30-year prison sentence. Which factor presented in the scenario would be the best indicator that the boys would engage in criminal behavior? a. That their adopted mother is criminal b. That their biological father is criminal c. That their biological mother ends up committing crime after the boys are adopted d. That their adopted parents are over 40 years old

Q: At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30-year prison sentence. Which biosocial theory would promote that research should be done to see if the boys will be delinquent like their father? a. Biochemical b. Neurological c. Genetic d. Evolutionary

Q: A significant criticism of biosocial theory has been that it ______. a. is the product of flawed methodology b. is based on outdated research c. is racist d. fails to explain gender differences in the crime rate

Q: What is known about mental disorders and crime? a. It is possible that the link between mental illness and crime is spurious and caused by some other factor. b. Mentally ill offenders are more likely to have low recidivism rates than nonmentally ill offenders. c. Research suggests that people who suffer from mental illness seem to be less antisocial than members of the general population. d. Male offenders seem to have more serious mental health disorders than do female offenders.

Q: What research finding counters criminologists who claim that only low-IQ criminals get caught? a. Adolescents with low IQs are more likely to commit crime. b. There is little difference in the IQ scores of self-reported and official criminals. c. Low IQs equally prevail in offenders receiving prison sentences or probation. d. Violent criminals have high IQs.

Q: What do we know about psychopaths and crime? a. Psychopaths comprise 65 percent of U.S. prison inmates. b. Psychopaths tend to continue their criminal careers long after other offenders age out of crime. c. Psychopaths are no more likely to reoffend within a year of release than other offenders. d. Psychopaths who reoffend are more likely to reoffend in nonviolent ways.

Q: ________ theory is a psychological perspective that focuses on mental processeshow people perceive and mentally represent the world around them. a. Neurophysiological b. Cognitive c. Biosocial d. Evolutionary

Q: Which of the following is not one of the three principal sources of behavior modeling? a. Genetic predispositions b. Family interactions c. Environmental experiences d. Mass media

Q: Social learning theory states that people ______. a. are born with aggressive tendencies b. hold aggressive mental scripts in their subconscious c. learn to be aggressive through their life experiences d. have chemical needs that require violence for stimulation

Q: __________ theory is the branch of behavior theory most relevant to criminology. a. Cognitive b. Social learning c. Information-processing d. Nurture

Q: Sigmund Freud (1856"1939) developed ________ psychology, which has remained a prominent segment of psychological theory ever since. a. neurological b. biosocial c. generational d. psychodynamic

Q: According to the psychoanalytic perspective, the __________ develops as a result of incorporating within the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others. a. id b. ego c. superego d. conscience

Q: __________ was the forerunner of modern learning theorists who believed that people learn from one another through imitation. a. Albert Bandura b. Charles Goring c. Gabriel Tarde d. Sigmund Freud

Q: Which perspective best supports the fact that human history has been marked by war, violence, and aggression? a. Biochemical b. Neurophysiological c. Genetic d. Evolutionary

Q: According to the evolutionary theory, over the history of the human species __________ males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool. a. aggressive b. intelligent c. introverted d. mentally ill

Q: The major premise of the evolutionary theory is that ______. a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime b. the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies

Q: The major premise of the genetic theory is that _______. a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime b. the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies

Q: Genetic theory holds that criminality-producing traits are passed ______. a. from generation to generation b. from fathers to sons but not fathers to daughters c. from mothers to sons but not mothers to daughters d. from one generation, but then skip the next generation

Q: Studies conducted on twin behavior have detected a significant relationship between the criminal activities of _____ twins. a. AZ b. DZ c. MZ d. QZ

Q: In adoption studies, which of the following strongly predicted a child's criminal behavior? a. A criminal biological mother b. A criminal adoptive mother c. A criminal biological father d. A criminal adoptive grandfather

Q: If criminal fathers produce criminal sons who produce criminal grandchildren, then crime can be said to be _____. a. intraracial b. interracial c. interbiological d. intergenerational

Q: According to ___________ theory, for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, people's brains function differently in response to environmental stimuli. a. excitement b. arousal c. danger d. stimuli

Q: The major premise of the neurological theory is that ______. a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime b. the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies

Q: The major premise of the biochemical theory is that ______. a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime b. the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies

Q: Evidence exists indicating that abnormally low levels of brain chemical compounds called __________ are associated with violent behavior. a. Electrolytes b. chemical "straightjackets" c. chemical restraints d. neurotransmitters

Q: Many children with ADHD also suffer from ____and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior early in childhood. a. conduct disorder b. schizophrenia c. hypoglycemia d. behavior modeling

Q: Brain scanning techniques using electronic images suggest that which of the following statements is true? a. All criminals have low levels of testosterone. b. Both violent criminals and substance abusers have impairment in the pre-frontal lobe. c. Female inmates show lower levels of synopsis activity than men. d. Latinos have higher rates of androgens in the cerebral cortex than non-Latinos.

Q: What is the study of brain activity? a. Psychology b. Neurophysiology c. Pathology d. Evolutionary criminology

Q: Locations with the highest concentrations of lead also report the highest levels of ______. a. suicide b. ADHD c. mercury d. homicide

Q: According to Diana Fishbin, there is an association between _________ and elevated levels of female aggression. a. diet b. divorce c. menstruation d. pregnancy

Q: __________, the most abundant androgen, has been linked to criminality. a. Testosterone b. Estrogen c. Serotonin d. Monoamine

Q: Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, known as __________, do in fact produce aggressive behavior. a. antigens b. androgens c. estrogens d. peptides

Q: Which of the following is not considered to contribute to a healthy diet, and thus to good mental health and well-adjusted behavior patterns? a. Polyunsaturated fatty acids b. Minerals c. Vitamins d. Heavy metals, such as lead and mercury

Q: Diet, hormones, and contaminants are the causes of behavior in the ________ perspective. a. biochemical b. neurophysiological c. genetic d. evolutionary

Q: Biological explanations of crime reemerged in the early _______ with the publication of Sociobiology by Edmond O. Wilson. a. 1950s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s

Q: Socio-biologists view all of the following factors as being mutually interdependent except . a. biology b. environment c. learning d. ecology

Q: __________ theory reflects the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits. a. Rational choice b. Trait c. Social structure d. Labeling

Q: Surgical procedures used to alter the brain structure of convicted sex offenders are known as psychosurgeries. a. True b. False

Q: Biologically oriented therapy is seldom used because it has no beneficial treatment in the criminal justice system. a. True b. False

Q: Primary prevention programs provide treatment, such as psychological counseling, to youths and adults after they have violated the law. a. True b. False

Q: Police are more likely to arrest the mentally ill, giving the illusion that they are crime-prone. a. True b. False

Q: Bipolar disorder has failed to be correlated with delinquency or criminality, which leads many opponents of psychological crime to use disorders such as this as just another failed attempt at justifying criminal behavior. a. True b. False

Q: Research has shown that children suffering from conduct disorders (CD) are frequently involved in bullying and sexual assaults, as well as cruelty to animals. a. True b. False

Q: Nature theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior. a. True b. False

Q: Which approach would most pay attention to signs of unfinished business in Ruth's life, as evidenced by ways in which she reaches impasses in her therapy? a. Gestalt therapy b. behavior therapy c. cognitive-behavior therapy d. solution-focused brief therapy e. narrative therapy

Q: Which approach would focus on the degree to which Ruth has become differentiated from her significant others? a. psychoanalytic therapy b. behavior therapy c. Adlerian therapy d. cognitive-behavior therapy e. family systems therapy

Q: Psychopaths are the product of a destructive home environment. a. True b. False

Q: Which approach would most likely be most appropriate in challenging Ruth to find meaning in her life? a. psychoanalytic therapy b. behavior therapy c. existential therapy d. cognitive-behavior therapy e. solution-focused brief therapy

Q: Nature theory argues that environmental stimulation fromparents, relatives, social contacts, and peer groups account for a child's IQ level and low intelligence. a. True b. False

Q: Both extroverts and introverts are at risk for antisocial behaviors. a. True b. False

Q: Behaviorists view aggression as an inherited behavior. a. True b. False

Q: Which approach would focus on Ruth co-creating a preferred new story to replace her problem-saturated story? a. narrative therapy b. cognitive behavior therapy c. Gestalt therapy d. Adlerian therapy e. family systems therapy

Q: Which approach would provide the most techniques in helping Ruth manage stress, become more assertive, and learn to relax? a. psychoanalytic therapy b. behavior therapy c. existential therapy d. Adlerian therapy e. person-centered therapy