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Counseling
Q:
Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behaviors of child abusers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which approach would focus on Ruth's lifestyle, examine her early recollections, and be interested in her family constellation?
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. narrative therapy
c. solution-focused brief therapy
d. reality therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
Q:
Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which approach would be guided by the principles of choice theory?
a. family systems approach
b. cognitive-behavior therapy
c. person-centered therapy
d. reality therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
Q:
A central tenet of multicultural counseling holds that cultural competence is reflected in the therapist's:
a. awareness of his or her own cultural values and biases.
b. awareness of how his or her culture might impact working with the client.
c. knowledge of the client's cultural values and beliefs.
d. skills in making appropriate interventions.
e. all of the above
Q:
According to Freud's version of psychodynamic theory, the human personality has a two-part structure: the id and the ego.
a. True
b. False
Q:
If Ruth were of from different cultural background than her therapist, which assumption is correct?
a. For therapy to be effective, the therapist would need to share the client's culture.
b. It can be assumed that religion is important to Ruth.
c. It can be assumed that Ruth will be resistant to therapy?
d. Ruth will interpret any questions about her family life as intrusive.
e. none of the above
Q:
Evolutionary theorists believe that human traits that produce violence and aggression have been advanced by the long process of human evolution.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There is a significant relationship between parental and child deviance levels.
a. True
b. False
Q:
There is a stronger link between criminal behavior and identical twins than between criminal behavior and fraternal twins.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Regarding cultural diversity, which statement(s) is(are) true?
a. Becoming immersed in the study of cultural diversity can have certain problems.
b. Accepting stereotypes and applying general characteristics of a particular group to every individual within that group is problematic.
c. The differences among individuals within a given ethnic group can be as great as the differences between populations.
d. Knowledge of the client's cultural values is only the beginning.
e. All of the above are true.
Q:
A ______________ is an organized map, or diagram, that demonstrates one's family over three generations.
a. life style assessment
b. behavioral assessment
c. schema
d. technique known as "The Miracle Question"
e. genogram
Q:
According to arousal theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may include aggressive, violent behavior patterns.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Neurophysiology studies twin behavior in order to understand criminality.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Ruth and John are often not able to discuss emotionally charged issues in their relationship. At different times, most of their discussions focus on one of their children. This illustrates:
a. a triangular process.
b. a struggle to achieve autonomy.
c. a process of separation and individuation.
d. a healthy way of dealing with problems.
e. a process of working through transference.
Q:
Ruth appears to be unable to define herself separately from her husband and her children. Her struggle with identity leads the family therapist to examine her process of ___________ as a central issue.
a. boundary disturbance
b. differentiation
c. transference reactions
d. maintaining homeostasis
e. idealization
Q:
The male hormone testosterone is linked to criminality.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, or androgens, produce aggressive behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A narrative therapist would maintain that Ruth's problems can best be understood:
a. by examining how she originally acquired a problem in the first place.
b. analyzing the role of her parents in contributing to her present dysfunctions.
c. through understanding the socio-cultural and relational contexts.
d. by focusing on her cognitive distortions.
e. exploring her feelings toward the therapist.
Q:
The narrative therapist will likely listen respectfully to Ruth's story, examine with her the problem influences in a systematic way, and will assist Ruth in moving away from the harmful effects of the problem. This intervention is best known as:
a. making use of scaling questions.
b. mapping the effects of the problem story.
c. documenting the evidence.
d. conducting a functional assessment.
e. formulating a tentative diagnosis.
Q:
The research on biochemical theories focuses on twin and sibling behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Narrative therapists believe that "The person is not the problem, but the problem is the problem." This phrase illustrates which of the following interventions that is likely to be made with Ruth?
a. mapping the effects
b. deconstruction of a problem-saturated story
c. co-authoring alternative stories
d. externalizing conversation
e. building an audience as a witness to an emerging preferred story
Q:
A narrative therapist's work with Ruth would be based on the assumption that:
a. change will occur more effectively if the therapist adopts a nondirective stance.
b. mental health is best defined in terms of dominant cultural values.
c. Ruth needs to become the senior partner in the collaborative relationship with the therapist.
d. using techniques tends to undermine the client's self-direction.
e. both (a) and (b)
Q:
The "Twinkie defense" brought national attention to the view that biochemical conditions can influence antisocial behavior.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The solution-focused therapist:
a. asks questions about the "news of difference."
b. attempts to get Ruth to shift from problem-talk to solution-talk.
c. avoids giving Ruth compliments, since doing so can make her dependent on the therapist.
d. makes a tentative diagnosis for treatment purposes before the end of the initial session.
e. both (a) and (b)
Q:
According to sociobiology, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood will cause a well-adjusted person to commit crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The early research of Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded as scientific fact.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which aspect of deterrence theory do theorists believe to have the greatest effect on deterring crime?
a. Severity of punishment
b. Certainty of punishment
c. Perception of punishment
d. Speed of punishment
Q:
Which of the following is something the solution-focused therapist tends to avoid in working with Ruth?
a. There is a focus on looking for exceptions to the problems that Ruth brings up for discussion.
b. Much of the therapeutic endeavor is devoted to talking about Ruth's symptoms and promoting insight on her part so that she can make changes.
c. The emphasis is on Ruth's strengths, assets, accomplishments, abilities, competencies, skills, and successes.
d. An attempt is made to keep the conversation non-pathological.
e. Ruth is helped to view her problems as something external to herself and to her life.
Q:
People who believe that they will be caught if they commit crime are the ones most likely to be deterred from committing criminal acts. What element of deterrence does this reflect?
a. Perception of punishment
b. Severity of punishment
c. Speed of punishment
d. Certainty of punishment
Q:
The social constructionist therapist working with Ruth:
a. sees herself in a non-expert position in relation to what is the correct path for Ruth in her life.
b. views her expertise in the area of language and meaning.
c. proposes that reality is created in language between people.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
At the first session, the social constructionist therapist would primarily be interested in:
a. establishing a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis.
b. explaining to Ruth the theoretical orientation and techniques to be used.
c. what Ruth wants for her future.
d. Ruth's background pertaining to the development of the problem.
e. giving Ruth a battery of psychological tests.
Q:
Operating from a social constructionist's perspective, the therapist would likely take what stand on making a diagnosis in Ruth's case?
a. It is essential to develop a treatment plan.
b. It is useful to set the climate for therapy.
c. The therapist would collaborate with Ruth on assigning an appropriate diagnosis.
d. The therapist would develop a working diagnosis which would be firmed up by the third session.
e. Both (a) and (b)
Q:
The concept of general deterrence holds that ______.
a. as people age they commit fewer crimes
b. if guardians become increasingly motivated, there will be less crime
c. motivated people will violate the law if left unrestricted
d. the decision to commit crime can be controlled by the threat of criminal punishment
Q:
When video cameras set up in a mall to reduce shoplifting also reduce property damage due to vandalism, this situational crime prevention benefit is termed ______.
a. diffusion
b. dispersion
c. discouragement
d. displacement
Q:
Ruth makes it clear that she wants to work on her weight problem and her body image in her therapy. A feminist therapist is likely to:
a. begin with developing a specific contract and behavioral plan aimed at helping her to lose weight.
b. teach Ruth the value of dieting and exercises.
c. explore with Ruth the unconscious dynamics of why she has a weight problem.
d. explore societal standards that impose unrealistic views of body image and ideal weight.
e. encourage Ruth to examine other issues that may be more pressing.
Q:
What happens when criminals try new offenses they had previously avoided because situational crime prevention programs neutralized their crime of choice?
a. Discouragement
b. Extinction
c. Replacement
d. Specific deterrence
Q:
What happens when crime reduction programs produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions?
a. Diffusion
b. Discouragement
c. Displacement
d. Extinction
Q:
When the feminist therapist intervenes to increase Ruth's insight about how societal gender-role expectations adversely affect women, the therapist is using:
a. reframing.
b. cognitive restructuring.
c. gender-role and power analysis.
d. social action strategies.
e. exploration of injunctions and early decisions.
Q:
What happens when crime control efforts targeting a particular locale help reduce crime in surrounding areas and populations?
a. Diffusion
b. Discouragement
c. Displacement
d. Replacement
Q:
Regarding the use of traditional diagnosis from a feminist perspective, which of the following statements is false?
a. Without an accurate formal diagnosis, there is no basis for effective therapy.
b. The DSM-IV-TR reflects the dominant culture's definition of pathology and health.
c. Sexism, racism, and classism are embodied in traditional diagnosis.
d. Diagnostic labels generally locate the source of a client's problems in the person, rather than in the environment.
e. Many feminist therapists avoid using traditional diagnostic practices.
Q:
Which of the following is considered to be a basic tenet of feminist therapy?
a. Gender-role socialization is healthy for women and men.
b. Therapy needs to be based on a diagnostic framework.
c. The main goal of therapy is to teach clients how to dispute faulty thinking.
d. The personal is political.
e. Patriarchy is good for human relationships.
Q:
A method of crime prevention that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in specific settings is referred to as ______.
a. situational crime prevention
b. guardable space
c. defensible space
d. positional crime prevention
Q:
Which of the following is not a technique generally used by feminist therapists?
a. gender-role analysis
b. gathering early recollections
c. bibliotherapy
d. taking social and political action
e. reframing a client's concerns
Q:
Feminist therapy:
a. was the first approach to take into consideration the social and political milieu in which people live as a cause of distress.
b. challenged the assumption that distress was due to individual pathology.
c. is based on the premise that lasting psychological change must address contextual issues as well as individual issues.
d. is based on the principle of the "personal as political."
e. all of the above
Q:
_____ occurs when crime controlefforts simply move, or redirect, offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets.
a. Displacement
b. Diffusion
c. Extinction
d. Replacement
Q:
What happens when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another?
a. Diffusion
b. Discouragement
c. Displacement
d. Extinction
Q:
Feminism holds that gender inequity exists and that this is a source of oppression. This inequality is based on:
a. the natural differences between women and men.
b. cultural factors.
c. an imbalance of power in favor of men.
d. the manner in which men are socialized.
e. a matriarchal society.
Q:
Which of the following is not a part of the WDEP system of reality therapy as applied to Ruth?
a. determining Ruth's wants
b. assisting Ruth in understanding the direction of what she is doing
c. assisting Ruth to understanding how her family of origin issues are still present today
d. assisting Ruth in making her own inner self-evaluation
e. developing realistic plans aimed at fulfilling her needs
Q:
Situational crime prevention tactics generally fall into one of four categories. Which of the following is not one of those categories?
a. Increasing the use of probation for committing crime
b. Increasing the risk of committing crime
c. Increasing the effort needed to commit crime
d. Inducing guilt or shame for committing crime
Q:
All of the following are elements in the process of reality therapy except:
a. establishing a therapeutic relationship.
b. encouraging her to re-author a problem-saturated story.
c. challenging Ruth to evaluate her behavior.
d. assisting Ruth in developing a realistic plan for change.
e. getting Ruth to make a commitment to carry out her plan.
Q:
Closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras and improved street lighting are mechanical forms of crime ______.
a. discouragers
b. inhibitors
c. obstructers
d. monitors
Q:
Marcus Felson argues that the risk of crime may be increased by improving the effectiveness of crime _____.
a. obstructers
b. discouragers
c. monitors
d. inhibitors
Q:
A basic premise of reality therapy is that:
a. behavior controls our perceptions.
b. behavior is a manifestation of unconscious dynamics.
c. behavior will not change until the client acquires insight.
d. behavior will become healthy after the client experiences catharsis.
e. both (c) and (d).
Q:
The concept of situational crime prevention suggests that desperate people may contemplate crime, but only the truly ____ will attack a well-defended, inaccessible target and risk strict punishment.
a. needy
b. skilled
c. experienced
d. irrational
Q:
Reality therapy is:
a. active.
b. directive.
c. practical.
d. based on choice theory.
e. all of the above.
Q:
Jacob's and Wright's research on robbers indicates that target selection can be a rational choice made to ____ rather than to generate capital.
a. instill rage
b. increase the robber's reputation
c. send a message
d. generate fear
Q:
"Awareness space" indicates that which crime is rational?
a. Robbery
b. Prostitution
c. Theft
d. Drug dealing
Q:
A reality therapist would:
a. explore what Ruth wants.
b. help Ruth evaluate what she is doing.
c. help Ruth formulate an action plan.
d. all of the above.
e. none of the above.
Q:
Why is drug dealing considered a rational crime?
a. Because drug dealers approach their "profession" in a businesslike fashion
b. Because drug dealers are consistently able to avoid detection and arrest
c. Because drug dealers lure nonusers with "samples" of their product to generate a greater number of hooked, hard-core users
d. Because drug dealers are more intelligent than other street offenders
Q:
A reality therapist would be most interested in learning how Ruth is:
a. meeting her basic needs.
b. expressing her social interest.
c. gaining insight into the causes of her behavior.
d. able to experience catharsis.
e. all of the above.
Q:
That thieves select German cars indicates that auto theft is rational because ______.
a. their vehicle identification number (VIN) codes are not as easily traced as VIN codes on American autos
b. German cars can be cheaply shipped to Europe where they are in high demand
c. parts on Germans cars are not etched with identifying codes
d. German cars usually have high-quality audio equipment
Q:
From a reality therapy framework, psychological symptoms are viewed as:
a. the problem to address in therapy.
b. merely the underlying dynamic of a particular problem.
c. a chosen behavior.
d. unconscious patterns.
e. feelings that need to be expressed.
Q:
The founder of reality therapy is:
a. Robert Wubbolding.
b. Albert Ellis.
c. David Cain.
d. William Glasser.
e. William Blau.
Q:
According to the rational choice approach, the decision to commit crime is structured by ______.
a. the presence of crime encouragers and absence of crime discouragers
b. the characteristics of the victim and how the victim may react
c. the absence or presence of competing offenders
d. where the crime occurs and the characteristics of the target
Q:
In using REBT techniques with Ruth, the therapist's main aim is to:
a. ameliorate her presenting symptoms, such as panic or guilt.
b. help her make a profound philosophical change.
c. help her to feel better.
d. uncover unconscious dynamics that are causing present problems.
e. experience her feelings as intensely as possible.
Q:
Which statement reflects structuring criminality based on economic need?
a. Career offenders have learned when to take a chance and when to be cautious.
b. Offenders commit crime because they may know people who have made "big scores."
c. Criminals appear to be impulsive.
d. Offenders may commit crime when the "right target" presents itself.
Q:
Ruth closes her eyes and vividly imagines one of the worst things that could happen to her. This is a part of the technique known as:
a. self-affirmation.
b. assertion training.
c. rational-emotive imagery.
d. cognitive disputation.
e. in vivo desensitization.
Q:
Which of the following circumstances would prompt an offender to decide to forgo crime?
a. The offender would receive respect from peers.
b. The offender would stand a good chance of being caught and punished.
c. The crime would be easy to commit.
d. The crime would be thrilling to commit.
Q:
Which of the following is an example of an emotive technique of REBT?
a. learning to dispute her demands and irrational "musts"
b. reading books and other written material on REBT
c. reinforcing herself after she has completed a difficult homework assignment
d. writing down a specific plan aimed at change
e. carrying out a shame-attacking exercise
Q:
Crime is ________ because criminals will react selectively to the characteristics of an individual criminal act.
a. offender-specific
b. offense-specific
c. reward-specific
d. risk-specific
Q:
According to Nobel Prize"winning economist Gary Becker, criminals engage in a(n) __________ analysis of crime.
a. thrill-danger
b. irrational -unstable
c. lower-class
d. cost-benefit
Q:
Which of the following would Albert Ellis be least likely to incorporate in his counseling sessions with Ruth?
a. encouraging her to relive her early childhood traumatic experiences
b. using in vivo desensitization
c. exploring her irrational thinking
d. teaching her how to debate self-defeating thinking patterns
e. teaching her new and more functional beliefs
Q:
Cognitive therapy (CT), developed by ______________, perceives psychological problems as stemming from:
a. Donald Meichenbaum; emotional stress.
b. Aaron Beck; faulty thinking, making incorrect inferences on the basis of inadequate or incorrect information, and failing to distinguish between fantasy and reality.
c. Albert Bandura; poor social learning experiences.
d. Judith Beck; weight issues.
e. Heinz Kohut; deficits in the self.
Q:
At the end of the nineteenth century, the popularity of the classical approach began to decline as _____ criminologists focused their attention on internal and external factors, such as poverty, IQ, and education, rather than personal choice and decision making.
a. positivist
b. ecological
c. classical
d. interactionist
Q:
REBT includes which therapeutic technique(s) in counseling Ruth?
a. cognitive techniques
b. emotive techniques
c. behavioral techniques
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
Rational choice theory has roots in the __________ school of criminology developed by the Italian social thinker Cesare Beccaria.
a. ecological
b. interactionist
c. classical
d. positivist
Q:
Evidence shows that three-strikes laws are effective crime control policies.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Albert Ellis views Ruth's problems primarily from the vantage point of:
a. injunctions she accepted and early decisions she made.
b. her clinging to dogmatic, rigid "musts" and commands that she continues to live by.
c. the impact of early childhood experiences.
d. negative conditioning from her parents.
e. societal standards of what is acceptable for a woman.
Q:
What is OQ-45?
a. It is the standardized Outcome Questionnaire, which may be used along with other assessment tools to learn more about clients such as Ruth.
b. It is the name of a new luxury car that Ruth dreams of buying.
c. It is Ruth's case number.
d. It is a non-standardized assessment instrument.
e. It is a measure of occupational intelligence.