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Counseling
Q:
The major premise of incapacitation is that known criminals must be kept in prison and this will reduce crime rates.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Less than one-third of all convicted felons are rearrested within three years of their release from prison.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Specific deterrence is also called particular deterrence.
a. True
b. False
Q:
As one prepares to terminate from behavior therapy, what is least likely to happen?
a. The therapist might evaluate the client's self-efficacy.
b. The therapist might talk with the client about relapse prevention.
c. The therapist might engage the client in free association to determine whether the clients inner conflicts have been resolved.
d. The therapist might inform the client that he or she will check in with him or her in a few months to see how things are going.
e. both (a) and (b).
Q:
There is little evidence that incapacitating criminals will deter them from future criminality.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Behavior therapists view a good therapeutic relationship as:
a. necessary, but not sufficient, to effect therapeutic change in most instances.
b. irrelevant to treatment.
c. nice, but optional.
d. a distraction that gets the focus off of the client's problematic behavior.
e. necessary and sufficient to effect therapeutic change.
Q:
What is an ABC Analysis according to behavior therapists?
a. It is an analysis of the television network, ABC.
b. It is a procedure in which the therapist strives to select an identified issue and determine empirically what environmental conditions are related to the issue, what conditions are preventing its resolution, and what strengths and resources are available for its resolution.
c. It is the initial phase of the WDEP system of therapy.
d. It is an assessment of fundamental skills, which indicates whether or not a client has the cognitive abilities to engage in reinforcement-based activities.
e. It is the assessment protocol used before, during, and after behavioral treatments.
Q:
Which of the following is true with regard to the fundamental characteristics of behavior therapy?
a. Behavior can be characterized as overt actions and internal processes.
b. Behavior is something that can be operationally defined.
c. Behavior is learned, at least for the most part.
d. The behavioral approach is characterized by results and data.
e. All of the above.
Q:
If the punishment for a specific crime is increased and the effectiveness and efficiency of the criminal justice system are improved, then the number of people engaging in that crime should decline.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to deterrence theory, not only does the actual chance of punishment influence criminality, but so does the perception of punishment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following strategies reflects an evolution in behavior therapy?
a. mindfulness/acceptance interventions
b. classical conditioning
c. reinforcement strategies based on operant learning
d. systematic desensitization
e. the empty chair technique
Q:
Assessment and diagnosis are done at the outset to determine a treatment plan. Which type of questions are not used?
a. what
b. how
c. when
d. why
e. all types of questions are encouraged
Q:
Locking gates and putting unbreakable glass on storefronts are examples of crime discouragers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Behavior therapists follow the progress of their clients through the collection of data:
a. before interventions.
b. during interventions.
c. after interventions.
d. all of the above.
e. both (a) and (c) only.
Q:
Which of the following would a Gestalt therapist be least likely to bring into a counseling session with Ruth?
a. exploring polarities within Ruth.
b. encouraging Ruth to create a dialogue in therapy as a way to work through unfinished business.
c. asking Ruth to "become a conflict" rather than talk about the conflict.
d. asking Ruth to pay attention to what she is experiencing in her body.
e. asking Ruth to engage in free-association.
Q:
Diffusion of benefits occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Situational crime prevention suggests that crime prevention can be achieved by reducing the opportunities people have to commit particular crimes.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Auto thieves are not selective in their choice of target because all cars can be stripped for their valuable parts.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In Gestalt therapy, techniques are best considered as:
a. experiments.
b. strategies created by the therapist.
c. planned exercises to elicit feelings.
d. interventions designed to remove symptoms.
e. ways to get the client past layers of resistance.
Q:
In Gestalt therapy there is an emphasis on drawing heavily on:
a. cognitive techniques aimed at eliminating critical judgments of self.
b. understanding and exploring ego states.
c. behavioral strategies that are aimed at acquiring new interpersonal skills.
d. experiential techniques aimed at intensifying here-and-now experiencing.
e. both (a) and (b).
Q:
Men who solicit sex workers are referred to as Johns.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to rational choice theory, crime is not a random event, but rather the product of calculation and planning. a. True
b. False
Q:
A Gestalt therapist would be interested in Ruth's:
a. awareness of her moment-to-moment experiencing.
b. contact with her therapist.
c. ability to attribute meaning to what she is thinking, doing, and feeling.
d. reactions to what is happening during the therapeutic hour.
e. all of the above.
Q:
Market-related robberies emerge from disputes involving partners in trade, rivals, or generalized predators. a. True
b. False
Q:
In Gestalt therapy, assessment is best conceived of as:
a. something that is completed at the intake session.
b. a behavioral description of what the client is doing.
c. an ongoing process embedded in the dialogue between client and therapist.
d. something that gets in the way of understanding the client's subjective world.
e. a process that results in a traditional diagnosis that can be used for insurance purposes.
Q:
The main goal of Gestalt therapy is:
a. teaching clients how to replace dysfunctional thinking with constructive thinking.
b. the restoration of awareness.
c. teaching clients how to make specific behavioral action plans.
d. the elimination of disabling symptoms.
e. both (c) and (d).
Q:
Violations that flow from incidents in which the robber's autonomy or sense of values has been jeopardized are called "freestanding robberies."
a. True
b. False
Q:
Status-based violations in regard to robberies involve encounters in which the robber's essential character or values have been challenged.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Gestalt therapy is practiced with a theoretical foundation grounded in:
a. field theory.
b. phenomenology.
c. dialogue.
d. all of the above.
e. none of the above.
Q:
What does the author believe about the trajectory of the person-centered therapist's development?
a. With accumulating experience, person-centered therapists increasingly understand that the responsibility for change rests primarily with them (the therapists).
b. Beginning therapists recognize early in training that active listening is very easy.
c. The beginning therapist's empathic responding often remains superficial and sometimes becomes repetitive, which results in lack of progress because no deeper understanding of clients' experiences take place.
d. Beginning therapists tend to be much more enthusiastic about the work than more experienced therapists, which makes them far more effective in their role.
e. both (b) and (d).
Q:
As basic assumption in counseling Ruth from a person-centered perspective is that counseling:
a. should be directed at solving problems.
b. is best aimed at teaching coping skills.
c. works best when the therapist makes appropriate and timely interpretations.
d. proceeds best if clients are provided with structure and direction.
e. is aimed at helping clients tap their inner resources so she can better deal with her problems.
Q:
Robbers generally choose targets close to their homes or in areas to which they routinely travel.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Criminals structure crime. For instance, crack cocaine street dealers prefer the middle of a long block as the best location for dealing.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Sociologist Jack Katz argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality, which he labels the "lures of crime."
a. True
b. False
Q:
Person-centered therapists are:
a. less invested in effecting client movement directly than in enabling their clients to make changes that they have chosen freely based on their desire to live in a more effective and satisfying manner.
b. no longer convinced that the therapeutic relationship is of paramount importance in their work with clients.
c. likely to adopt techniques from the cognitive behavioral approaches when working with deeply troubled individuals.
d. in high demand at agencies that value brief therapy.
e. all of the above.
Q:
Referring to personality and criminal choices, Siegel states that criminals are more impulsive and have less self-control than other people.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In person-centered therapy assessment occurs:
a. during the first session.
b. as an ongoing process throughout therapy.
c. only after a solid therapeutic relationship has been built.
d. only at the initial and termination phases of therapy.
e. none of the above
Q:
Burglars appear to choose targets on the basis of their value, novelty, and resale potential.
a. True
b. False
Q:
All of the following concepts are a part of existential therapy with Ruth except for
a. reconstruction of the self
b. being in the world
c. total behavior
d. existential anxiety
e. finding new values
Q:
The fact that a crime is offense-specific means that criminals must decide if they have the personal needs, skills, and prerequisites to commit a successful criminal act.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Existential therapists:
a. may choose techniques from what is taking place in the ongoing therapeutic process and their relationship with clients.
b. tend to rely on a well-developed set of techniques.
c. do not borrow techniques from other therapies.
d. almost always dispute irrational beliefs that lead to human suffering.
e. focus on the collective unconscious.
Q:
The concept behind rational choice theory is that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The first step in existential therapy is:
a. to conduct a thorough life history.
b. to establish a therapeutic alliance whereby the therapist can understand the client's world.
c. to ask the client to identify wants, needs, and perceptions.
d. to examine past traumas from childhood.
e. to assess for cognitive distortions.
Q:
Rational choice theory has its roots in the positivist school of criminology.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The primary goal of existential therapy is:
a. to make known the unconscious.
b. to deal with unfinished business.
c. for clients to lead more authentic lives.
d. to establish well-defined goals and the means to achieve them.
e. to understand the client's position in his or her family of origin.
Q:
In doing a lifestyle assessment with Ruth, the therapist is likely to gather information about her life except for:
a. her transference toward the therapist.
b. family influences.
c. early memories
d. birth order
e. early childhood experience
Q:
Rational choice theory has its roots in classical criminology and the work of Cesare Beccaria.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Adlerians believe that first comes ________, then ________, and then ________.
a. feeling, behaving, thinking
b. thinking, behaving, feeling
c. thinking, feeling, behaving
d. behaving, thinking, feeling
Q:
In regard to specific deterrence, explain why it is plausible that evidence on the effectiveness of specific deterrence is mixed. Provide examples from the text.
Q:
Incapacitation suggests that placing offenders behind bars during their prime crime years should reduce their lifetime opportunity to commit crime. Not all criminologists are convinced of the validity of this incapacitation effect. Discuss why this is so.
Q:
After establishing and maintaining a good working relationship between Ruth and the therapist, what would be the next goal using the Adlerian approach?
a. assist her in developing alternative ways of thinking, feeling and behaving by encouraging her to translate her insights into action
b. provide a therapeutic climate in which she can come to understand her basic beliefs and feelings about herself and discover how she acquired these faulty beliefs
c. help her achieve a balance between her "Parent", her "Child" and her "Adult"
d. help her reach insight into her mistaken goals and self-defeating behaviors through a process of confrontation and interpretation
Q:
Specific deterrence holds that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. Critique this approach to criminality. What evidence exists to support specific deterrence?
Q:
Adlerians tend to see counseling as a four-stage process. Which of the following is not one of the four stages?
a. forming a relationship
b. conducting a psychological investigation
c. exploring the client's multigenerational family characteristics
d. psychological disclosure
e. reorientation and reeducation
Q:
How do certainty, severity, and speed of punishment impact general deterrence? How does the criminal justice system support or hamper these general deterrence factors?
Q:
Repeating interpretations of a client's behavior and overcoming his/her resistance, allowing the client to resolve his/her neurotic patterns is called:
a. redundant interpretation.
b. wearing down.
c. working through.
d. transference absorption.
e. projective identification.
Q:
Which of the following statements about the psychodynamic approaches isnot true?
a. Practitioners can learn to think psychoanalytically even if they do not practice psychoanalytically.
b. The goal of brief psychodynamic therapy is to cure clients.
c. Brief dynamic therapy focuses more on the here and now of the client's life than on the there and then of childhood experiences.
d. Contemporary psychoanalytic practice emphasizes the origins and transformations of the self.
e. Psychodynamic therapy is aimed at promoting integration and ego development.
Q:
Compare and contrast the role of marginal and restrictive deterrence in explaining deterrence strategies.
Q:
Treatment techniques of psychoanalytic psychotherapy include all except:
a. dreams, jokes, slips and symptoms.
b. interpretations of resistance and content.
c. transference and countertransference.
d. paradoxical intention.
e. the therapeutic contract.
Q:
Explain what is meant by the statement "some offenders, and some crimes, are more deterrable than others."
Q:
Create a fictional crime prevention strategy and give examples (scenarios) of how crime displacement, crime diffusion, and crime extinction may occur with the crime prevention strategy.
Q:
Insight in analytic therapy typically requires the client to experience therapeutic regression and the "working through" of distortions in the context of the therapeutic relationship. These processes:
a. require an immense amount of commitment from the client and are only for the strong willed.
b. cannot be terminated prematurely without danger of psychological harm to the client.
c. suggest the client has to be psychologically "reborn".
d. are well-understood by managed care institutions and are usually financially supported.
e. are resigned to the unconscious and will happen no matter what the client or therapist does.
Q:
Situational crime prevention may produce unforeseen and unwanted consequences. Discuss what is meant by displacement, extinction, and replacement.
Q:
A headache might serve to keep a client sexually distant from her husband while also providing a pretext for avoiding social contacts that might threaten her marriage. This is an example of:
a. double bind.
b. multifaceted distinction.
c. overt and covert behavior.
d. secondary gain.
e. an outcome of a triangulation.
Q:
From a psychoanalytic perspective, if the focus of treatment is limited to individual symptoms, it is likely that:
a. therapy will be successful.
b. symptom substitution may occur.
c. the analyst will feel less overwhelmed and will be more effective in his or her role.
d. the client will be extremely grateful.
e. an analysis of transference can be avoided.
Q:
What evidence supports the view that crime is rational? Include various types of criminal behaviors in your discussion.
Q:
Compare and contrast the data on sex crimes and the ability of these crimes to be rational? Provide evidence which supports your opinion on the rational nature of sex crimes.
Q:
Compare and contrast the belief that drug use is rational. In doing so, create a fictional rational criminal who uses drugs daily. Explain how and why the individual uses drugs and how this pertains to rational choice theory.
Q:
Assessment of an individual client's need for analytic therapy would include:
a. development of behaviors that express an unconscious desire.
b. determining whether he/she wants and needs to understand the unconscious roots of his/her neurosis.
c. identifying an early childhood trauma that resulted in becoming fixated at an early developmental stage.
d. the client's ability to recall his/her dreams so that they may be analyzed.
Q:
What fundamental interest is a critical distinction between analytic therapy and other approaches?
a. the individual client's thinking
b. an interest in the client's childhood and family experiences
c. the "whys" of an individual client's experience and behavior
d. how the client's behavior is helping or preventing them from getting what they want
Q:
According to the DSM-IV-TR, the category that accounts for a client's psychosocial and environmental problems is:
a. Axis I
b. Axis II
c. Axis III
d. Axis IV
e. Axis V
Q:
Explain what it means to say that criminals structure crime.
Q:
Explain how economic need, personal traits, and experience contribute to how criminals structure criminality.
Q:
Which theoretical perspective places primary emphasis on the client/therapist relationship and uses few techniques other than active listening, reflection, and clarification?
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. reality therapy
c. existential therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
Q:
Which theoretical perspective is most likely to use techniques such as reframing and relabeling, bibliotherapy, advocacy, power intervention, social action, and gender-role analysis and intervention?
a. cognitive behavioral therapy
b. family systems therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. feminist therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
Q:
According to the concepts of rational choice, what causes law-violating behavior?
Q:
Describe the development of rational choice theory and the philosophers central to the concept of rational choice.
Q:
Which theoretical perspective is active, directive and didactic, assisting clients in making plans to change specific behaviors that they determine are not working for them?
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. reality therapy
c. existential therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
Q:
___________________ have as main assumptions that people: are competent and healthy, have the capacity to find their own solutions to the difficulties they face; and that the client is the expert on his or her own life.
a. Psychoanalytic approaches
b. Behavior therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. Postmodern approaches
e. Rational emotive behavior therapy
Q:
The _____ effect is the idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their committing further offenses.
Q:
The repetition of criminal behavior is _________.