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Counseling
Q:
Although it is not bound by prescribed techniques, this theoretical perspective focuses on developing social interest, providing encouragement, and facilitating insight into client's mistaken ideas and their personal assets.
a. feminist therapy
b. behavioral therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. cognitive behavioral therapy
e. Adlerian therapy
Q:
In working within a multicultural framework, what is especially important?a. making a diagnosis and formulating a treatment planb. assisting the client in adapting to your theoretical orientationc. using techniques flexiblyd.using appropriate referrals if the client is different than you
Q:
Time spent in confinement in a jail or prison as a consequence of a judicial sentence is referred to as ______________.
Q:
Which examination focuses on areas such as appearance, behavior, feeling, perception, and thinking, and is used to screen for psychosis?
a. mental-status examination
b. the SAT
c. the Myers Briggs Type Indicator
d. the Rorschach
e. the WISC
Q:
_________ deterrence is the view that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts.
Q:
_____________ refers to a crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweigh its benefits.
Q:
________ consists of evaluating the relevant factors in a client's life to identify themes for further exploration in therapy, whereas ________ consists of identifying a specific category of psychological problem based on a pattern of symptoms.
a. Diagnosis, assessment
b. Life evaluation, assessment
c. Assessment, life evaluation
d. Assessment, diagnosis
e. none of the above
Q:
Punishments and deterrence rely on three main factors; severity, certainty, and ___________________.
Q:
Which theory(ies) is (are) least likely to use assessment and diagnosis in the therapeutic process?
a. person-centered therapy
b narrative therapy
c. behavior therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
e. both (a) and (b)
Q:
_________________ occurs when a relatively more severe penalty will produce some reduction in crime.
Q:
________________ deterrence refers to situations in which the threat of punishment can reduce but not eliminate crime.
Q:
Which therapy encourages clients to talk about the exceptions to a problem they are experiencing?a. person-centered therapyb. family systems therapyc. solution-focused therapyd. psychoanalytic therapye. Adlerian therapy
Q:
_____ occurs when criminals try new offenses to replace those neutralized by crime prevention efforts.
Q:
A basic assumption of ___________________ is that power inequalities and gender-role expectations influence individuals from a very early age.
a. reality therapy
b. feminist therapy
c. narrative therapy
d. solution-focused therapy
e. existential therapy
Q:
Which theory assumes that people are prone to learning erroneous, self-defeating thoughts that perpetuate their difficulties and that these thoughts can be corrected to create a more fulfilling life?
a. reality therapy
b. behavioral therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. cognitive behavioral therapy
e. existential therapy
Q:
Which theory states that the therapist's task is to support the client as they explore their present experience through an awareness of their internal (intrapersonal) world and the external environment?
a. feminist therapy
b. person-centered therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. existential therapy
e. reality therapy
Q:
____ is an effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another.
Q:
A Philadelphia police program that made use of foot patrols found that while the program worked at first, the effects began to quickly fade thereafter. This would be an example of ______________________.
Q:
Crime ___________________ may occur if beefed-up police patrols in one area of town appear to reduce crime in the given area, while in reality it just merely shifted it to a more vulnerable neighborhood.
Q:
The assumption that we have the capacity to understand our problems, we have the resources within us to resolve them and that clients can move toward growth and wholeness by looking within is central to:
a. feminist therapy.
b. person-centered therapy.
c. Gestalt therapy.
d. existential therapy.
e. Adlerian therapy.
Q:
People who serve as guardians of property or people are called ________.
Q:
____________ assumes that people are basically shaped by learning and sociocultural conditioning.
a. existential therapy
b. behavior therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. narrative therapy
Q:
The principle that crime can be prevented or displaced by modifying the physical environment in order to reduce the opportunity for individuals to commit crime is referred to as _____ space.
Q:
Which theory operates on the premises that all relationship problems are in the present and must be solved in the present, and that once the significant relationship is improved, the troubling symptom will disappear?
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. existential therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. reality therapy
Q:
Ryan King and Gretchen Sutto examined characteristics of _______________ and rational choice theory and found that these crimes were not merely the product of a disturbed mind, but rather a calculated response to a concrete event whose impact is often fueled by the media.
Q:
Which theory views people as being significantly influenced by unconscious motivation, conflicts between impulses and prohibitions, defense mechanisms, and early childhood experiences?
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. existential therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. reality therapy
Q:
__________________ robberies emerge from disputes involving partners in trade, rivals, or generalized predators.
Q:
Which of the following is not an aspect of Adlerian therapy:
a. People are primarily social beings.
b. Human nature is creative, active, and decisional.
c. Feelings of inferiority from childhood lead us to develop a style of life in which we become the master of our fate.
d. All people react out of the social unconscious.
e. Clients are not "sick" nor are they needing to be "cured".
Q:
In what theoretical orientation is the therapist's job to confront clients with the restricted life they have chosen and to help them become aware of their own part in creating this condition?
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. existential therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. reality therapy
Q:
Crime is said to be _________________________ because criminals are not simply robots or automatons who engage in unthinking and unplanned acts of antisocial behavior.
Q:
Which of the following therapeutic approaches most places emphasis on an individual's competencies, avoiding defining a client by a problem, establishing a collaborative relationship where the client is the senior partner, and focusing on a client's strengths and resources?
a. cognitive behavior therapy
b. postmodern approaches
c. reality therapy
d. behavior therapy
e. psychoanalytic therapy
Q:
The view that an offender reacts selectively to the characteristics of a particular criminal act is known as a/an ___________________.
Q:
________ theory is the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.
Q:
Which of the following is not a key concept of Adlerian therapy?
a. family constellation
b. operant conditioning
c. social interest
d. triangulation
e. both (b) and (d)
Q:
The techniques of externalization and developing unique events are associated primarily with:
a. solution-oriented therapy.
b. the linguistic approach.
c. the narrative approach.
d. the reflecting team.
e. crisis intervention.
Q:
Rational choice theory has its roots in _____________ criminology.
Q:
In vivo flooding consists of:
a. brief and graduated series of exposures to feared events.
b. intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxiety-producing stimuli.
c. imagined exposure to fearful experiences paired with muscle relaxation.
d. guided use of mindfulness techniques.
Q:
Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.
Trevor spent his 10-year sentence in a maximum-security prison. There he witnessed assaults and even murders. Oftentimes, he was in fear for his life. Reflecting back on the past 10 years and what he was exposed to, Trevor is determined to never again commit a crime that will cause him to end up in prison. What crime control policy is in effect here?
a. General deterrence
b. Specific deterrence
c. Incapacitation
d. Rehabilitation
Q:
Which person is not associated with the existential movement?
a. May
b. Frankl
c. Yalom
d. Skinner
e. Sartre
Q:
Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.
About one month after his release, Trevor is frustrated that he has been unable to find a job. He is living on his sister's couch and is tired of hearing her complain about him eating all the food in the house. He feels he has no other option but to get money quickly. He develops a plan to rob the local convenience store late one night. As he walks toward the convenience store, he notices that there are a lot of police officers doing a DUI checkpoint about a half a mile down the road. He decides that it would not be wise to attempt to commit this robbery. What effect has occurred here?
a. Diffusion
b. Discouragement
c. Displacement
d. Replacement
Q:
Rational emotive behavior therapy shares an interest in working with faulty beliefs with what other therapy approach?
a. person-centered therapy
b. existential therapy
c. reality therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. Gestalt therapy
Q:
Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.
According to the ______________ effect, while in prison for 10 years, Trevor was prevented from committing further offenses.
a. general deterrence
b. specific deterrence
c. incapacitation
d. rehabilitation
Q:
Of the following, what is an interest that social constructionists tend to share?
a. helping clients better understand objective reality
b. using paradoxical techniques
c. using a genogram to teach families about conflicts
d. generating new meaning in the lives of individuals
e. helping clients tap into the collective unconscious
Q:
Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.
In total, between juvenile and adult institutions, Trevor has spent over 20 years of his life incarcerated. His family cannot understand why he continues to commit crime. They are concerned that he will not be able to remain a law-abiding citizen. What does the research say about the effect of incarceration and an offender's likeliness to repeat criminal behavior?
a. Most offenders are rearrested within one year of their release from prison.
b. Most offenders are rearrested within three years of their release from prison.
c. Most offenders are rearrested within 10 years of their release from prison.
d. Most offenders are never rearrested once released from prison.
Q:
Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies and hundreds of burglaries, and has stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was 14 when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now 44 years old and just got out of prison. He spent 10 years in prison for an armed robbery.
The judge explained to Trevor at his sentencing hearing 10 years ago that if he is arrested and convicted of another crime after he serves his 10 years, he is likely to get a lifetime prison sentence under strict sentencing guidelines. Trevor remembers the words of the judge when he is released from prison. If the judge's words are what have convinced Trevor to remain crime free, what crime control policy has successfully kept Trevor a law-abiding citizen?
a. General deterrence
b. Specific deterrence
c. Incapacitation
d. Rehabilitation
Q:
The key principle in applied behavior analysis is:
a. to use the least aversive means to change behavior.
b. to use positive and negative punishment to change behavior.
c. in vivo desensitization.
d. all of these.
Q:
Adlerian couples therapists use a psychoeducational approach.
Q:
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
Fred hears on the local news about Senate Bill 101.c, which states that the first conviction for burglary will result in a mandatory 10-year sentence. Out of fear for this punishment, Fred no longer commits burglaries. This is most related to ______.
a. general deterrence
b. specific deterrence
c. expedited deterrence
d. displacement deterrence
Q:
Which of the following is a recent trend in behavior therapy?
a. decreased attention to the therapeutic relationship
b. incorporation of mindfulness approaches and techniques
c. decreasing emphasis on specificity of goals
d. incorporation of dream work into treatments
e. both (c) and (d)
Q:
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
In regard to the term diffusion, what might influence Fred to move to a different community to commit his burglaries?
a. A lack of suitable targets to burglarize
b. Increased police patrols in the neighborhood
c. Other burglars moving into the area
d. Fred becoming recognizable in the area
Q:
From a social constructionist perspective, change begins with:
a. deconstructing the power of cultural narratives.
b. understanding the roots of a problem.
c. the therapist's skill in using confrontational techniques.
d. understanding and accepting objective reality.
e. disputing irrational beliefs.
Q:
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
In order for people to best protect their personal property from people like Fred, they would need to improve the effectiveness of crime _________________, which are people who serve as guardians of property or people who can help control would-be criminals.
a. abolishers
b. blockers
c. discouragers
d. preventers
Q:
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
According to the research on burglaries, in general, when do burglars prefer to commit their crimes?
a. 3 a.m. to 5 a.m.
b. 9 a.m. to 11 a.m.
c. 6 p.m. to 8 p.m.
d. 11 p.m. to 1 a.m.
Q:
In group settings, behavior therapists provide all of the following except:
a. modeling.
b. teaching of new skills.
c. little direct feedback.
d. directive support of clients.
Q:
The Adlerian approach to parent education emphasizes listening to children.
Q:
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
Fred would also consider his needs, skills, and prerequisites to commit burglary. Which of the following would not be an offender-specific assessment that Fred would make?
a. Whether he possesses the necessary skills to commit the crime
b. The ease of selling stolen merchandise
c. Fred's fear of apprehension and punishment
d. Fred's physical ability
Q:
Fred is a 20-year-old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income.
All of the following would be considered offense-specific to burglary that Fred might consider except______.
a. the probability of security devices
b. the ease of selling stolen merchandise
c. Fred's immediate need for money
d. neighbors who might notice a break-in
Q:
Which of the following is not a technique of the Gestalt approach?
a. the rehearsal exercise
b. the figure formation process
c. the empty chair technique
d. staying with the feeling
e. the exaggeration exercise
Q:
Which of the following statements about creating alternative stories is not true?
a. Constructing new stories goes hand in hand with deconstructing problem-saturated narratives.
b. The narrative therapist analyzes and interprets the meaning of a client's story.
c. The therapist works with clients collaboratively by helping them construct more coherent and comprehensive stories that they live by.
d. The development of alternative stories is an enactment of ultimate hope.
e. The narrative therapist listens for openings to new stories.
Q:
Which of the following is a reason why some critics say it is premature to embrace three-strikes policies?a. Most three-time losers are on the verge of aging out of crime anyway.b. Few career criminals engage in violent crime.c. Most crime is committed by juveniles who are not eligible for three-strikes punishment.d. Crime rates have dropped dramatically in the last decade.
Q:
The premise of the exposure-based therapies is that anxiety is reduced through:
a. extinction of a maladaptive response to a feared stimulus.
b. habituation.
c. pairing a feared stimulus with a competing, calming response.
d. progressive muscle relaxation.
e. negative reinforcement.
Q:
Economist Steven Levitt concludes that each person put behind prison bars results in a decrease of ___ serious crimes per year.a. 20b. 15c. fived. 10
Q:
The Adlerian approach has a wide variety of applications including group and family therapy.
Q:
If more criminals are sent to prison, the crime rate should go down. This is referred to as the _____ effect.
a. incarceration
b. prison
c. incapacitation
d. recidivism
Q:
Person-centered therapy is:
a. an approach that has been researched extensively.
b. an experiential therapy.
c. a therapy that focuses on the subjective world of a client.
d. an approach to developing understanding of people.
e. all of the above.
Q:
Specific deterrence suggests that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. Which statement about harsh (powerful) sanctions and deterrence is not true?
a. Harsh sanctions work as an effective deterrence to recidivism.
b. Harsh sanctions may result in defiance rather than deterrence.
c. Experiencing harsh sanctions may cause severe psychological problems.
d. The stigma of harsh sanctions labels and locks people into criminal careers.
Q:
Solution-focused brief therapy has parallels with______________, which concentrates on what is right and what is working for people rather than dwelling on deficits, weaknesses, and problems.
a. brief psychodynamic therapy
b. positive psychology
c. Adlerian therapy
d. REBT
Q:
Explain what research on firearm usage depicts about criminal victimization.
Q:
Sergio is co-leading a social skills group for children with Aspergers. He and his co-leader must collect data on group members' progress:
a. before the group starts and at the end of the group, but not during the group.
b. before, during, and after all interventions.
c. only at the last group session.
d. only if the group members' parents request it.
Q:
Explain how victim notification laws have improved victim assistance programs and what crimes are they often used for?
Q:
Compare and contrast how victim compensation, victim advocates, and victim impact statements have improved victim assistance programs.
Q:
Every state has a Victim's Bill of Rights. What are the general rights legally accorded to victims of crime?
Q:
Research supporting the effectiveness of the Adlerian approach is limited.
Q:
Which of the following is not associated with behavior therapy?
a. applied behavior analysis
b. total behavior
c. relaxation training
d. extinction
e. flooding
Q:
Describe how victim advocates and crisis intervention programs assist victims.
Q:
Which of these solution-focused therapy techniques involves asking clients to describe times in their lives when they were able to solve their problem or when their problem was less severe?
a. pre-therapy change
b. the miracle question
c. exception questions
d. scaling
e. formula first session task
Q:
Explain how a criminal lifestyle can lead to an increased likelihood of criminal victimization.
Q:
Discuss how routine activities theory is used to explain criminal victimization.
Q:
Lazarus argues in favor of:
a. technical eclecticism.
b. positive punishment.
c. zen-based techniques.
d. strict adherence to treatment manuals to ensure standardization.
e. theoretical integration
Q:
Explain how the "college lifestyle" can lead to criminal victimization.