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Counseling
Q:
Counselors who help victims to understand the operations of the criminal justice system, who guide victims through the justice process, and who may provide transportation to and from court are called victim _____.
a. advisors
b. reconcilers
c. advocates
d. compensators
Q:
Victim compensation is financial aid awarded to victims to repay them for loss and injury. Who ordinarily pays this compensation?
a. Victim advocates
b. The offender
c. The federal government
d. The state
Q:
From the Adlerian perspective, objective reality is more important than how we interpret reality and the meanings we attach to what we experience.
Q:
This approach places emphasis on freedom and responsibility, anxiety, death, confronting one's ultimate aloneness, and searching for meaning in life.
a. Adlerian therapy
b. reality therapy
c. existential therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. cognitive behavior therapy
Q:
Which victimization theory promotes that victimization risk is related to neighborhood crime rates?
a. Victim precipitation
b. Lifestyle
c. Deviant place
d. Routine activities
Q:
The postmodern view incorporates all of the following concepts except for the notion that:
a. reality is objectively defined.
b. reality is based on the use of language.
c. reality is socially constructed.
d. each individual experiences their own unique reality.
Q:
All of the following are characteristics of the behavioral approaches except:
a. Behavior therapy relies on the principles and procedures of the scientific method.
b. Behavior therapy specifies treatment goals in concrete and objective terms.
c. Behavior therapy focuses on the client's current problems and the factors influencing them.
d. Behavior therapy employs the same procedures to every client with a particular dysfunctional behavior.
Q:
According to Cohen and Felson, why did crime rates increase between 1960 and 1980?
a. Because unemployment rose, resulting in an increase in motivated offenders
b. Because the amount of suburban neighborhoods decreased, resulting in a population shift to urban neighborhoods
c. Because a demographic bulge in the population resulted in an increased number of motivated offenders
d. Because guardians decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce
Q:
According to routine activities theory, which of the following is considered a motivated offender?
a. Addict population
b. Casual offenders
c. Those living in poverty
d. Juveniles
Q:
According to the routine activities theory, all of the following are considered capable guardians except ______.
a. police officers
b. homeowners
c. security systems
d. teenage boys
Q:
Adlerians typically do not use techniques of interpretation, for they believe that clients can make their own interpretations without therapist intervention.
Q:
The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factorsthe availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presences of motivated offendersis called _____ theory.
a. victim precipitation
b. routine activities
c. lifestyle
d. deviant place
Q:
This approach does not involve a phenomenological orientation.
a. Adlerian therapy
b. reality therapy
c. existential therapy
d. person-centered therapy
e. all of the above involve a phenomenological orientation.
Q:
According to deviant place theory, the greater their exposure to dangerous places, the more likely people will become victims of crime and violence. Which factor does not characterize a deviant/dangerous place?
a. A highly transient neighborhood
b. A neighborhood with educational and residential properties
c. A poor neighborhood
d. A neighborhood with commercial and residential properties
Q:
A solution-oriented therapist might ask her client, a compulsive shopper, which of the following questions?
a. Who has the best shoe sale this week, Macy's or Nordstrom's?
b. If a miracle happened and your shopping compulsion was solved overnight, how would you know it was solved, and what would be different?
c. Who in your family is most affected when you go on a spending spree?
d. At what point in your life did you develop this fixation on shopping?
Q:
What category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker?
a. Impulsive precipitation
b. Passive precipitation
c. Reflexive precipitation
d. Active precipitation
Q:
_________ is a key pioneer of clinical behavior therapy because of his broadening of its conceptual bases and development of multimodal therapy.
a. Albert Bandura.
b. Joseph Wolpe.
c. B.F. Skinner.
d. Arnold Lazarus.
e. Alan Kazdin.
Q:
Encouragement is a part of the Adlerian counseling process.
Q:
Research on males and females indicates a strong association between victimization and which personality characteristic?
a. Stubbornness
b. Impulsivity
c. Tenacity
d. Depression
Q:
This approach places emphasis on triangulation in close relationships.
a. feminist therapy
b. family systems therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. narrative therapy
e. solution-focused brief therapy.
Q:
Which victimization theory claims that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization?
a. Victim precipitation theory
b. Deviant place theory
c. Victim impulsivity theory
d. Routine activities theory
Q:
Feminist theorists consider depression a somewhat normative experience for women due to socio-political factors.
Q:
Tom has been repeatedly victimized while wearing the home team's football jersey while sitting on the visiting team's side of the football field. The _____ aspect of repeat victimization accounts for Tom's troubles.
a. target vulnerability
b. target gratifiability
c. target hostility
d. target antagonism
Q:
__________ refers to a victim's physical weakness or psychological stress that renders him or her incapable of resisting or deterring crime.
a. Target vulnerability
b. Group vulnerability
c. Target weakness
d. Vulnerable target
Q:
In dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), skills are taught in four modules. Which among the following is not one of the modules listed in the text?
a. mindfulness
b. interpersonal effectiveness
c. emotional regulation
d. distress tolerance
e. relapse prevention
Q:
Adlerian counseling focuses on the family constellation and the influence of the family on the individual.
Q:
Victimization risk is influenced by marital status. Which of the following groups has the lowest rate of victimization?
a. Widowers and divorced people
b. Widows and widowers
c. Widows and single people
d. Divorced and single people
Q:
This approach has its theoretical foundations rooted in philosophy.
a. person-centered therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. psychoanalytic therapy
d. existential therapy
e. narrative therapy
Q:
Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age ______.
a. 25
b. 30
c. 35
d. 40
Q:
Feminist group work uses a structured approach and focuses on the use of techniques.
Q:
Gender affects victimization risk. Which of the following is a significant gender difference?
a. Men are less likely to be victims of violent crime.
b. Women are more likely to be victims of robbery.
c. Women are more likely to be victimized by a stranger.
d. Women are more likely to be victimized by someone they know.
Q:
Females are ___ times more likely than males to be victims of rape and sexual assault.
a. two
b. four
c. six
d. 10
Q:
_____________involves the removal of unpleasant stimuli from a situation once a certain behavior has occurred.
a. Negative reinforcement
b. Positive reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Systematic desensitization
e. Flooding
Q:
Because elderly often live on their own and may appear lonely, they are more susceptible to ______.
a. rape
b. fraud
c. robbery
d. arson
Q:
Which of the following households is most vulnerable to crime?
a. A rented urban home in the West
b. An owned rural home in the West
c. A rented suburban home in the East
d. An owned rural home in the East
Q:
Adlerians maintain that change is not possible without insight; understanding the causes of one's problems is a prerequisite to behavioral change.
Q:
This model stresses the concept that basic inferiority feelings are normal and help us to strive for superiority.
a. reality therapy
b. cognitive-behavior therapy
c. existential therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. person-centered therapy
Q:
Historically, feminist psychotherapy groups were a vehicle for consciousness-raising.
Q:
Why are schools the locale of a great deal of victimization?
a. Because schools lack adult supervision during class times
b. Because schools are populated by teenage males
c. Because schools lack adult supervision during lunch hours
d. Because schools are populated by antisocial teens
Q:
Skinner's view of shaping behavior is based on the principle of:
a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. reciprocal inhibition.
d. acceptance.
Q:
People living in rural areas have a victimization rate almost __________ than that of city dwellers.
a. 25 percent higher
b. 50 percent higher
c. 25 percent lower
d. 50 percent lower
Q:
In Adler's view we can be fully understood only in light of knowing the purposes and goals toward which we are striving.
Q:
Referencing the social ecology of victimization, in general, where is a violent crime more likely to take place?
a. In a post office
b. In a school
c. In a private home
d. In a park
Q:
Victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crime themselves. This abuse-crime phenomenon is termed the cycle of ______.
a. abuse
b. crime
c. violence
d. victimization
Q:
The founder of this approach referred to dreams as the "royal road to integration."
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. dialectical behavior therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
e. emotion-focused therapy
Q:
Feminist therapy is a technically integrative approach that stresses tailoring interventions to meet clients with their strengths.
Q:
Being abused or neglected as a child __________ the odds of being arrested, both as a juvenile and as an adult.
a. decreases
b. increases
c. initially increases then decreases
d. does not impact
Q:
The treatment rape survivors receive from legal, medical, and mental health services is sometimes so destructive that victims cannot help feeling _____.
a. "re-tried"
b. "re-blamed"
c. "re-raped"
d. "re-pained"
Q:
The situation in which behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them is:
a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. modeling.
d. flooding.
Q:
Adler maintained that individuals attempt to overcome feelings of basic inferiority by developing a lifestyle in which success is possible.
Q:
The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called ______.
a. posttraumatic stress disorder
b. disassociation disorder
c. psychosis anxiety
d. victimization anxiety
Q:
This approach aims to evoke intense emotional experiences in the moment.
a. Adlerian therapy
b. REBT
c. reality therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
e. behavior therapy
Q:
What discovery prompted the scientific study of victims?
a. The discovery that society focuses on the offender's role in the crime process
b. The discovery that victims play an important role in the crime process
c. The discovery that the crime process is skewed toward offenders
d. The discovery that the crime process is skewed toward victims
Q:
Empowerment is a central tenet of feminist psychotherapy.
Q:
When the court issues an ex parte order, it sets up another hearing with notice to the defendant; this is usually called a return day.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Research has depicted that victim/witness statements on sentencing have been the overwhelming greatest success for victims' rights in the last 10 years.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of:
a. classical conditioning.
b. operant conditioning.
c. modeling.
d. motivational interviewing.
e. cognitive therapy.
Q:
Adlerian therapists pay careful focus to techniques and work in structured, set ways.
Q:
Emergency counseling for crime victims is often referred to as crisis intervention.
a. True
b. False
Q:
This approach elicits behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve their ambivalence and increase their intrinsic motivation.
a. mindfulness
b. motivational interviewing
c. Gestalt therapy
d. psychoanalytic therapy
e. solution-focused therapy
Q:
There has been a decline in domestic violence cases during the past decade.
a. True
b. False
Q:
While most feminist therapists believe that gender is always an important factor, they realize that ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class may be more important factors in certain situations for many women.
Q:
Awards for victim compensation funds typically range from $25,000 to $50,000 depending on the state.
a. True
b. False
Q:
State Victims' Bills of Rights generally include allowing the victim to be consulted in determining an appropriate sentence.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When practicing mindfulness:
a. clients learn to focus on one thing at a time and to bring their attention back to the present moment when distractions arise.
b. clients develop an attitude of curiosity and compassion to present experience.
c. clients learn how to be aware of themselves without being judgmental.
d. clients train themselves to intentionally focus on their present experience while at the same time achieving a distance from it.
e. all of these.
Q:
Adler and Freud created very different theories, even though both men grew up in the same city in the same era and were educated as physicians at the same university.
Q:
Reconciliation programs are based on the concept of restorative justice.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Victim precipitation theory suggests that crime victims may trigger attacks by acting provocatively.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Routine activities theory has three variables, a lack of capable guardians, motivated offenders, and an outlet for stolen goods. a. True
b. False
Q:
This approach begins with a comprehensive lifestyle assessment, and stresses the family constellation.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. existential therapy
c. Adlerian therapy
d. solution-focused therapy
e. narrative therapy
Q:
The beginnings of feminism can be traced to the late 1800s, but it is the women's movement of the 1960s that laid the foundation for the development of feminist therapy.
Q:
Most student rape and sexual assault victimizations occurred while the victim was pursuing leisure activities away from home, compared to nonstudents who were engaged in activities at home. a. True
b. False
Q:
Women in college face the risk of sexual assault at a higher rate than women in the general population.
a. True
b. False
Q:
During the second wave of behavior therapy, therapists:
a. continued to emphasize empirically supported treatments.
b. increased their focus on the role of emotion in behavior change.
c. adopted a stronger biological perspective.
d. applied behavior therapy principles to prevention of disease and illness.
e. all of these
Q:
An example of a rape myth would be "women contribute to their rape by dressing provocatively." a. True
b. False
Q:
Adlerians have a teleological view of human nature.
Q:
Aggressive or provocative behavior of victims that results in their victimization is known as passive precipitation. a. True
b. False
Q:
This approach emphasizes anxiety as a catalyst for living authentically.
a. psychoanalytic therapy
b. existential therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. behavior therapy
e. family systems therapy
Q:
People with high-risk lifestyles have a lower risk of victimization.
a. True
b. False
Q:
At the present time there is a unified feminist theory.