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Counseling
Q:
To a large degree, cognitive therapy is:
a. an experiential model.
b. a psychoeducational model.
c. a psychodynamic model.
d. based on principles borrowed from Gestalt therapy.
Q:
Which of the statements below regarding Motivational Interviewing is not accurate?
a. MI was initially designed as a brief intervention for problem drinking.
b. MI stresses client self-responsibility and promotes an invitational style for working cooperatively with clients to generate alternative solutions to behavioral problems.
c. MI was developed by Maslow in the late 70s after he created his theory on self-actualization.
d. MI therapists avoid arguing with clients and avoid assuming a confrontational stance.
Q:
Counselors from all cultural groups must examine their expectations, attitudes, biases, and assumptions about the counseling process and about persons from diverse groups.
Q:
Very young children develop______________, which are internalizations of the gender roles perpetuated in a sexist society.
a. gender schemas
b. gender maps
c. gender complexes
d. sexist identities
Q:
Because Bowen's multigenerational approach looks at families from a three-generational perspective, the therapist is mainly interested in past happenings and does not pay much attention to present issues.
Q:
The cognitive distortion that involves portraying one's identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one's true identity is:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences
d. selective abstraction.
e. personalization.
Q:
The person-centered therapist is best described as a:
a. facilitator.
b. teacher.
c. human engineer.
d. friend.
Q:
If you try to figure out in advance how to proceed with a client, you may be depriving the client of the opportunity to become an active partner in her or his own therapy.
Q:
All of the following are considered to be constructs of feminist theory except being:
a. gender-neutral.
b. androcentric.
c. life-span-oriented.
d. interactionist.
e. flexible.
Q:
Satir's human validation model focuses on functional versus dysfunctional communication in families.
Q:
The tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection, is known as:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences.
d. selective abstraction.
e. personalization.
Q:
Which of the following is not a key concept of the person-centered approach?
a. The focus is on experiencing the immediate moment.
b. The person has the capacity to resolve his or her own problems in a climate of safety.
c. The client is primarily responsible for the direction of therapy.
d. The focus is on exploration of a client's past.
Q:
The general goals of counselors must be congruent with the personal goals of the client.
Q:
The feminist therapy approach to group work calls for:
a. creating a supportive environment for women to discuss women's issues.
b. creating a place to explore political action.
c. creating an empowering community for those who have traditionally been denied political power.
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Q:
Whitaker's experiential/symbolic approach is based on a well-developed theory of how a family changes.
Q:
The process of holding extreme beliefs on the basis of a single incident and applying them inappropriately to dissimilar events or settings is known as:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences.
d. selective abstraction.
e. personalization.
Q:
Which statement(s) is (are) true of the person-centered approach?
a. Therapists should give advice when clients need it.
b. The techniques a therapist uses are less important than his or her attitudes.
c. Therapists should function largely as teachers.
d. Therapy is primarily the therapist's responsibility.
Q:
Your role as a counselor is to provide a safe and inviting context in which clients can explore the congruence between their values and their behavior.
Q:
Which of the following is considered to be a major contribution feminists have made to the field of counseling?
a. pioneering research in the therapy process
b. creation of a brief, solution-focused therapy approach
c. integrating a diagnostic perspective in counseling practice
d. paving the way for gender-sensitive practice
e. all of the above
Q:
Carl Whitaker's style focuses on his own spontaneous reactions and craziness as a way to tap material that a family keeps secret.
Q:
The cognitive distortion that consists of forming conclusions based on an isolated detail of an event is:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences.
d. selective abstraction.
e. personalization.
Q:
Which of the following is not considered a necessary and sufficient condition for change in the person-centered framework?
a. unconditional positive regard
b. creative expression
c. accurate empathetic understanding
d. congruence
Q:
It is not our function to persuade clients to accept or adopt our value system.
Q:
What perspective calls for feminist theory to include an analysis of multiple identities and their relationship to oppression?
a. postmodern feminism
b. lesbian feminism
c. radical feminism
d. cultural feminism
e. liberal feminism
Q:
The cornerstone of Bowen's theory is differentiation of self.
Q:
The cognitive distortion of making conclusions without supporting and relevant evidence is:
a. labeling and mislabeling.
b. overgeneralization.
c. arbitrary inferences.
d. selective abstraction.
e. personalization.
Q:
Carlos, an eight year old boy, was recently removed from his home because he was being physically and sexually abused by his father. In accordance with Maslow's framework, which needs took precedence?
a. physical and safety needs
b. belonging and love
c. esteem from self and others
d. self-actualization
Q:
Therapists need to be free of conflicts before they can counsel others.
Q:
Reality therapists contend that "neurotic" and "psychotic" behavior is:
a. the result of a chemical imbalance.
b. strictly the result of living in irresponsible ways.
c. the product of irrational thinking.
d. the result of severe stress and not being understood.
e. behavior we choose as a way of attempting to control our world.
Q:
The focus of Bowen's multigenerational approach is on dealing with family of origin issues and detriangulating relationships.
Q:
Which stage is not included in Meichenbaum's model for stress inoculation training?
a. the conceptual-educational phase
b. the cognition deconstruction phase
c. the skills acquisition and consolidation phase
d. the application and follow-through phase
Q:
What is the most important factor related to progress in person-centered therapy?
a. defining concrete and measurable goals
b. the therapist's technical skills
c. the relationship between the client and therapist
d. the therapist's ability to think logically and to scientifically solve problems
e. the client's motivation for change
Q:
The vast majority of mental health professionals have experienced personal therapy, typically on several occasions.
Q:
According to Glasser, change occurs when:
a. we change our attitudes.
b. we release pent-up feelings dating back from childhood.
c. we acquire insight into why we are behaving the way we are.
d. we recognize and act on the reality that our behavior is the result of our choices.
e. none of the above
Q:
Many of the most prominent structural family therapists have dedicated their efforts to working predominantly with African American and Hispanic families.
Q:
Beck's cognitive therapy has been most widely applied to the treatment of:a. stress symptoms.b. anxiety reactions.c. phobias.d. depression.e. cardiovascular disorders.
Q:
The ______________________that recently has come into prominence shares many concepts on the healthy side of human existence with the humanistic approach.
a. positive psychology movement
b. object relations approach
c. dialectical behavior therapy approach
d. applied behavior analysis movement.
Q:
Truly dedicated therapists carry the problems of their clients around with them during leisure hours.
Q:
Contemporary reality therapy is based on the assumption that:
a. people are moved by inner forces.
b. external forces have a major influence on people's decisions and actions.
c. behavior is caused by environmental factors.
d. negative attitudes cause behavioral problems.
e. both (c) and (d)
Q:
Family systems therapy represents a paradigm shift that is sometimes called "the fourth force."
Q:
Beck's cognitive therapy differs from Ellis's REBT in that Beck's approach emphasizes:
a. more of a Socratic dialogue.
b. helping clients to discover their misconceptions by themselves.
c. working with the client in collaborative ways.
d. more structure in the therapy process.
e. all of these
Q:
Person-centered therapy is a(n):
a. action-oriented approach to therapy.
b. humanistic approach to therapy.
c. existential approach to therapy.
d. deterministic approach to therapy.
Q:
Therapists should not admit their mistakes since that could diminish their clients' confidence in them.
Q:
Current reality therapy is based on the notion that:
a. our choices are at the root of our psychological distress.
b. the therapist's job is to make value judgments of client behavior.
c. punishment will lead to successful life choices.
d. in order to change present problems, it is essential to understand how these problems originated during early childhood.
Q:
Bowen's multigenerational approach stresses techniques more than it does theory.
Q:
The type of cognitive error that involves thinking and interpreting in all-or-nothing terms, or in categorizing experiences in either/or extremes, is known as:
a. magnification and exaggeration.
b. polarized thinking.
c. arbitrary inference.
d. overgeneralization.
Q:
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the person-centered approach?
a. The focus is on the subjective world of the client.
b. It is supported by evidence from ongoing research.
c. Importance is placed on the attitudes and beliefs of the therapist.
d. Emphasis is given to developing a contract for therapy.
e. Attention is directed toward the personal relationship between the client and the therapist.
Q:
Effective therapists are not the victims of their early decisions.
Q:
The first phase in the practice of reality therapy is:
a. conducting a comprehensive assessment that leads to a diagnosis.
b. formulating a plan for specific ways the client can change his or her life.
c. getting involved with the client and connecting.
d. urging the client to live in reality and abandon faulty goals.
Q:
The therapy goals of promoting growth, self-esteem, and connection, and helping family members achieve congruent communication and interaction are most associated with which theory of family therapy?
a. Bowen's multigenerational family therapy
b. Satir's human validation process model
c. Whitaker's experiential/symbolic family therapy
d. Minuchin's structural family therapy
e. Haley's strategic family therapy
Q:
In cognitive therapy, techniques are designed to:
a. assist clients in substituting rational beliefs for irrational beliefs.
b. help clients experience their feelings more intensely.
c. assist individuals in making alternative interpretations of events in their daily living.
d. enable clients to deal with their existential loneliness.
e. teach clients how to think only positive thoughts.
Q:
A self-actualized person:
a. welcomes uncertainty in his or her life.
b. has a capacity for deep and intense interpersonal relationships.
c. does not have artificial dichotomies within himself or herself.
d. is spontaneous and creative.
e. all of these.
Q:
A meta-analysis of research on therapeutic effectiveness found that the personal and interpersonal components are, at best, only moderately related to effective psychotherapy.
Q:
Regarding the use of techniques in CBT:
a. they are considered the only necessary component of therapeutic change.
b. they lack standardization and validation and are largely ineffective in creating change.
c. they are emphasized, but not considered exclusively responsible for creating change.
d. they are used intermittently to help clients gain insight.
e. none of the above
Q:
A potential limitation of the family systems model is:
a. a particular family member's needs may be overshadowed by the needs of the system.
b. the systemic perspective can be overwhelming for the therapist.
c. family therapy is not well-suited to working with diverse clients.
d. an emphasis on family systems precludes a focus on emotions.
Q:
One strength of cognitive behavioral therapy group counseling is that:
a. emphasis is placed on symptom prevention.
b. clients can remain relatively emotionally disengaged.
c. leaders take a non-directive stance.
d. leaders believe that insight is necessary for behavior change.
Q:
Person-centered therapy is best described as:
a. a completed "school" of counseling.
b. a fixed set of therapeutic principles.
c. a systematic set of behavioral techniques.
d. a philosophy of how the therapy process develops.
Q:
If we are inauthentic, it is unlikely that our clients will detect it.
Q:
Ellis contends that we develop emotional and behavioral problems because:
a. we are not successful in finding projects that give us meaning in life.
b. we live by the values that our parents taught us.
c. we are unable to cope with unfinished business from childhood years.
d. we hold irrational expectations for ourselves and others.
e. others reject us when we are struggling to be real.
Q:
Problem descriptions and goal identification, typical day, the child interview and goal disclosure are techniques used in:
a. multigenerational family therapy.
b. strategic family therapy.
c. social constructionist therapy.
d. Adlerian family therapy.
e. experiential family therapy.
Q:
Stress inoculation training consists of all of the following except:
a. behavioral rehearsals.
b. self-monitoring.
c. cognitive restructuring.
d. problem solving.
e. tapping into the unconscious realm.
Q:
The person-centered view of human nature:
a. views people as basically competitive.
b. states that humans are driven by irrational forces.
c. affirms a person's capacity to direct his or her own life.
d. assumes that, while humans have the potential for growth, we tend to remain stagnant.
Q:
The_______________ factors the alliance, the relationship, the personal and interpersonal skills of the therapist, client agency, and extra-therapeutic factorsare the primary determinants of therapeutic outcome.
a. logistical
b. contextual
c. psychodynamic
d. technical
Q:
Cognitive behavior therapy may be difficult for diverse clients because:
a. it overemphasizes emotional connectedness and collectivism.
b. it lacks empirical support.
c. it fails to account for environmental factors such as cultural differences in behavior.
d. there is the possibility that a culturally appropriate schema could be interpreted as irrational by the therapist.
e. none of the above
Q:
Adlerian family therapy strives to ______ as its goal.
a. establish a hierarchy of power
b. establish and support parents as effective leaders of the family
c. replace automatic (unconscious) negative interactions with a conscious understanding of family process
d. reduce triangulation
Q:
In Meichenbaum's cognitive behavior modification, what is given primary importance?
a. using emotive techniques
b. collaborative empiricism
c. automatic thoughts
d. inner speech
e. a multimodal approach to changing one's thinking and behaving
Q:
Currently, there is high international interest in the existential approach to psychotherapy.
Q:
Which of the following is not a method of increasing effectiveness in working with diverse client populations?
a. Learn about how your own cultural background has influenced your thinking and behaving.
b. Realize that practicing from a multicultural perspective will probably make your job very difficult.
c. Be flexible in applying techniques with clients.
d. Identify your basic assumptions pertaining to diversity.
e. Pay attention to the common ground that exists among people of diverse backgrounds.
Q:
The person who has specialized in cognitive therapy with depression is:
a. A. T. Beck.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
c. Arnold Lazarus.
d. Albert Bandura.
e. none of the above
Q:
Which of the following theorists emphasized the development of a nurturing triad?
a. Minuchin
b. Haley
c. Satir
d. Whitaker
e. Bowen
Q:
One of the main ways that Beck's cognitive therapy differs from Ellis's REBT is that in Beck's approach, more so than in Ellis's approach:
a. reality testing is highly organized.
b. thinking is considered to influence feeling and action.
c. the quality of the therapeutic relationship is basic to the therapy process.
d. clients are asked to look for evidence to support their conclusions.
Q:
The existential vacuum represents a place of reflection and solace.
Q:
In working with culturally diverse clients, it helps to understand and assess:
a. what these clients expect from counseling.
b. the degree of acculturation that has taken place.
b. the attitudes these clients have about seeking counseling for their personal problems.
c. the messages they received from their culture about asking for professional help.
e. all of these
Q:
Stress-inoculation training is associated with:
a. Aaron Beck.
b. Donald Meichenbaum.
c. Arnold Lazarus.
d. Albert Ellis.
e. Francine Shapiro
Q:
Yelina seems to ignore the major marital problems that she and her husband Carlos are having as a result of sharp differences in their viewpoints on political and social issues that are affecting their native country, Cuba. Whenever a friend points out the tension she observes, Yelina changes the subject and talks about the weather forecast. Yelina is adopting which of the following communication stances?
a. blaming
b. placating
c. super reasonable
d. irrelevant
Q:
Which of the following is not true of Beck's cognitive therapy?
a. It is an insight therapy.
b. It is a short-term or time-limited structured approach.
c. It is an active and focused form of therapy.
d. It asserts that irrational beliefs lead to emotional problems.
e. It is based on the assumption that the way people feel and behave is determined by the way they structure their experience.
Q:
Existential therapy is rarely used for group treatment.
Q:
Essential components of effective multicultural counseling include all of the following except:
a. Counselors avoid becoming involved in out-of-office interventions.
b. Counselors feel comfortable with their clients' values and beliefs.
c. Counselors are aware of how their own biases could affect ethnic minority clients.
d. Counselors employ institutional intervention skills on behalf of their clients when necessary or appropriate.
Q:
Which of the following is not a key element of the process of in vivo exposure?
a. a functional analysis of objects or situations a person avoids or fears
b. the generation of a hierarchy of situations for the client to encounter
c. a brief, graduated series of exposures to feared events
d. a lifestyle assessment
Q:
Family atmosphere, family constellation, and mistaken goals are key concepts of:
a. Adlerian family therapy.
b. structural family therapy.
c. experiential family therapy.
d. strategic family therapy.
e. the multilayered approach.