Q&A Hero

Q: When a counselor who is working under supervision shares confidential information about clients with her or his supervisor a. the counselor is legally responsible if the supervisor inappropriately discloses the confidential information to a third party b. privileged communication is destroyed c. this is acceptable behavior because the supervisor needs the information in order to supervise effectively d. the information should be shared verbally, but not put in writing e. the counselor is unethically breaching client confidentiality

Q: What are some of the major challenges facing the counseling profession today?

Q: Administrative supervision occurs when direct-line administrators give direction to counselors who are their a. employees, and has the goal ofensuring that counselors are performing their job duties appropriately b. determining whether the counselors should receive a pay raise c. increasing the counselors' counseling skills d. remediating the counselors' clinical deficiencies e. endorsing the counselors's applications for licensure

Q: How do you think the wellness model of mental health espoused by counselors is different from the illness model or medical model of mental health?

Q: With respect to cultural differences in supervision a. it is the supervisor's responsibility to initiate discussions of cultural differences with their supervisees. b. supervision is more likely to be successful if the supervisor and supervisee are culturally similar along multiple dimensions. c. the worldviews of supervisors are not likely to influence the therapeutic choices made by their supervisees. d. research has demonstrated that the variable of race in the supervisory dyad has little impact on the supervisory process. e. supervisors should not broach the topic of cultural differences if they do not feel comfortable and competent to do so.

Q: How do you respond when your friends and relatives ask you what you are studying in graduate school?

Q: How should you get legal advice when a legal issue presents itself?

Q: Consultation and supervision are alike in that a. both consultants and supervisors serve as gatekeepers to the profession. b. both consultants and supervisors are accountable for the work of the counselors who have sought their services. c. both consultants and supervisors are required to be licensed to provide their services in most states. d. both the consultative and the supervisory relationships are tripartite. e. both consultants and supervisors provide direct services to clients.

Q: What resources can you use when you need help in resolving an ethical dilemma?

Q: A counselor who is under the clinical supervision of another counselor should a. introduce the supervisor to all clients. b. inform clients that he or she is in supervision and disclose the name of the supervisor to them. c. require that clients sign a document indicating they know the counselor is under supervision and that they do not object to the supervisor knowing their personal information. d. inform clients that he or she is a beginning counselor. e. avoid telling clients he or she is in supervision so that clients will not be concerned.

Q: A supervisor is competent if he or she a. holds the supervisor certificate offered by the Center for Credentialing and Education (CCE), a corporate affiliate of the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC). b. is a competent counselor. c. has completed a graduate level course in supervision. d. is approved to be a supervisor by a state licensing board. e. can supervise other counselors in a professional and appropriate manner.

Q: What are the differences among legal standards, ethical standards, and best practice?

Q: Ethical standards for consultants in the mental health field a. are covered extensively in all codes of ethics. b. are given minimal attention in codes of ethics. c. are not needed because consultants rarely face ethical dilemmas. d. are published by an association of mental health consultants. e. are being developed by the American Psychological Association and will soon be published.

Q: Assuming that you are a moral and responsible person (as are most counselors), why do you think it is important for you to study ethical and legal principles and the decision-making process?

Q: If a consultant is not a consultee's administrative supervisor, the consultant a. still is responsible for any outcomes related to the consultee taking the consultant's advice. b. legally would be considered to have control and authority over a consultee, even though the consultant is not the consultee's boss. c. can avoid liability for any actions of the consultee by purchasing professional liability insurance. d. can avoid liability for any actions of the consultee by having the consultee sign an agreement that releases the consultant from liability. e. generally, would not be held legally responsible for actions taken by the consultee based on the consultant's advice.

Q: If a supervisee is having emotional problems that are interfering with his or her ability to function effectively as a counselor, the clinical supervisor should a. avoid addressing the personal issues in supervision sessions because the focus of clinical supervision should be on the professional services rendered by the supervisee. b. counsel the supervisee to the degree necessary to resolve the issues so that the counselor can function effectively. c. immediately refer the supervisee for personal counseling and suspend supervision until the personal issues have been resolved. d. address the personal issues in relationship to their impact on the supervisee's effectiveness as a counselor, but avoid becoming the supervisee's personal counselor. e. address the personal issues in one session only, and then avoid personal issues in the future.

Q: Whether or not a supervisor is likely to be held responsible, along with the supervisee, when a supervisee's client commits suicide depends on whether a. the supervisor has offered consultation to the supervisee regarding his or her counseling practice on a regular basis. b. the supervisor has direct control and authority over the supervisee's day-to-day activities. c. the wording of the supervision contract. d. the supervisor knew that the supervisee was counseling an at-risk client e. the supervisor has professional liability insurance

Q: An agreement for clinical supervision between a supervisor and supervisee when the supervisee has an administrative supervisor at a work site should a. ensure that the supervisee understands that the clinical supervisor is the one whose directives must be followed. b. emphasize the co-equal status of the clinical and administrative supervisors. c. state that the clinical supervisor defers to the authority of the administrative supervisor. d. state that the counselor should contact the clinical supervisor if there is an emergency situation at work. e. be worded in such a manner that the supervisee understands that the clinical supervisor is legally responsible for the counselors' activities during work hours.

Q: Supervision agreements between a clinical supervisor and supervisee a. must be in writing to be legal. b. should not be in writing, to avoid the appearance of a relationship that is too formal. c. should be in writing so both parties understand the terms of the relationship clearly. d. are required by federal law to be in writing. e. can be modified once they begin only if they are in writing.

Q: When administrative and clinical supervisors give corrective feedback to supervisees, that feedback a. must be followed by the supervisee. b. should be broad and general, avoiding specifics. c. must be given very gently to avoid distressing the supervisee. d. should be given only at specified intervals, such as once a month or once a quarter. e. should be ongoing, coupled with periodic evaluation and opportunities to correct deficiencies.

Q: Clinical supervision is the process whereby the work of counselors is reviewed by other mental health professionals, usually with the goal of a. ensuring that counselors' services are delivered in a manner that satisfies the counselors' employers. b. increasing the counselors' effectiveness. c. increasing the counselors' knowledge of the counseling literature. d. ensuring that counselors perform their job functions appropriately. e. helping counselors practice in an ethical manner.

Q: The gatekeeping responsibilities of counselor educators may involve all of the following EXCEPT a. developing a professional development plan for a student whose counseling skills are deficient b. dismissing a student from the training program after observing due process c. providing periodic feedback and evaluation of professional development d. providing a formal hearing if a student is dismissed for academic reasons e. documenting decisions to dismiss students

Q: The professional literature suggests that students often believe they receive inadequate preparation in the content area of a. ethics b. technology c. social justice and advocacy d. group counseling e. counseling theories

Q: Students who have not been able to demonstrate the skills needed to be effective counselors a. must be given opportunities to remediate their deficiencies before a dismissal decision is made b. are required by CACREP to repeat the practicum course c. are required to switch to a different major d. should be endorsed by faculty for graduation but not for employment as counselors e. should be required to take a year's leave of absence from the training program

Q: Counselor educators have an ethical obligation to a. teach ethics as a separate and discrete course in the curriculum. b. infuse multicultural material into all courses in the curriculum. c. restrict their teaching of theories to traditional, widely accepted models that have proven effective in counseling clients. d. grade counseling students on their level (but not the content of) their self disclosure. e. assign letter grades to students in all field experience courses.

Q: As a result of recent developments in technology, counselor education faculty are advised to a. teach students how to use digital videorecording equipment to record their practice counseling sessions b. teach some courses over the Internet c. emphasize confidentiality of audo- and videotaped counseling sessions of student interns d. require students to have university e-mail accounts e. develop and publish policies regarding student conduct on social networking sites

Q: While you are a counseling graduate student a. you have a different code of ethics from the one of practicing counselors. b. you must follow the same code of ethics as practicing counselors. c. you will not be held accountable for making ethical mistakes. d. the ethical standards you are held to are less rigorous than those imposed on practicing counselors. e. you do not have a code of ethics that applies to you.

Q: Studies of women who have been involved in sexual relationships with their professors indicate a. that at first the women believed the relationship was consensual, but in retrospect they viewed it as more coercive. b. the women suffered no negative consequences from those relationships. c. the women most often initiated the relationships. d. the women suffered serious psychological damage from the relationships. e. the women later had sexual relationships with their own students.

Q: Sexual relationships between counselor educators and their students a. are not expressly forbidden in the ACA Code of Ethics. b. are expressly forbidden in the ACA Code of Ethics. c. are not forbidden because students are not in a vulnerable position in their relationships with professors. d. should be avoided, but can be justified in some circumstances. e. are expressly forbidden by most universities.

Q: Flexibility in relationship boundaries between counselor educators and students may be more acceptable than between counselors and clients because in counselor educator/student relationships, the student a. cannot be harmed. b. is near the same age. c. is an adult. d. eventually becomes a colleague. e. does not need protection from abuse.

Q: In matters of student evaluations or dismissals from academic programs, courts a. carefully review the basis upon which professors made their decisions and determine whether or not it was a reasonable decision, given the circumstances. b. defer to the judgment of professors, unless the professors failed to use an acceptable number system in making their decisions. c. defer to the judgment of professors, unless the professors used only subjective decision-making. d. defer to the judgment of professors, unless established procedures were violated or the evaluations were clearly unfair. e. usually reverse the decisions of professors because students do not sue unless they have been treated unfairly.

Q: When counselor educators evaluate the performance of a student's counseling skills, the counselor educators a. may apply subjective standards as long as they do not abuse their discretion. b. may apply subjective standards, but the process of evaluation must be pre-approved by CACREP. c. must grade the student using number-based objective evaluations. d. must have a team evaluate the student's performance, rather than evaluating the performance on their own. e. must evaluate the student individually, taking into consideration his or her individual situation, avoiding applying absolute standards.

Q: One of the most ethically sensitive components of counselor training that has generated considerable debate is a. job placement after graduation. b. self-growth experiences. c. class presentations. d. subjective grading in counseling skills classes. e. relationships with peers.

Q: When making graduate program admissions decisions, counselor educators a. must use objective information such as grade point averages and test scores. b. may balance their program by admitting certain numbers of individuals based on their gender, race, and religion. c. must have a minimum cut-off score if a standardized test, such as the GRE, is used. d. may deviate from their published procedures if fairness demands that they do that. e. may use their subjective judgment regarding a number of factors.

Q: How do relationships in counselor education, supervision, and training differ from clinical relationships? a. they are easier because they are indirect. b. they are tripartite. c. they are complex. d. they involve a university. e. they have more equal power dynamics.

Q: Which of the following is NOT information that must be provided to prospective students before they enter a program? a. evaluation criteria and procedures. b. program subject matter. c. faculty advisor assignment. d. dismissal policies and procedures. e. length of time for program completion.

Q: All of the following are fraudulent health care practices EXCEPT a. continuing to see a client at risk of harming self for counseling free of charge after his or her health care benefits have run out. b. providing family counseling services (which are not reimbursable) and reporting that individual counseling services are being provided (which are reimbursable). c. waiving the co-payment when a co-payment is required. d. billing for a missed session and indicating the client attended the session because missed sessions are not reimbursable. e. reporting that an approved professional is providing direct services to a client when the services actually are being provided by a counselor who is not approved.

Q: When a counselor must render a DSM-IV-TR diagnosis before a client may be reimbursed for mental health care services, the counselor a. should avoid rendering a diagnosis that might stigmatize the client. b. should always choose a diagnosis that is reimbursable by the health care organization. c. must render a diagnosis that is consistent with the diagnoses that have been rendered previously by other health care providers. d. must render the proper diagnosis, whether or not the client will be reimbursed. e. may choose one of the diagnoses that is reimbursable by the health care organization if necessary.

Q: A preferred provider organization (PPO) a. must accept all counselors who apply to be added to their list of providers of health care services. b. must accept counselors as providers of mental health services. c. may not accept counselors as providers of mental health services and can limit the number of providers on their list of providers. d. have to accept counselors as providers of mental health services if the counselors are licensed by their state. e. may not limit the number of providers on their list of providers.

Q: Freedom of choice legislation allows health care consumers to choose a. the insurance company they prefer. b. the physician they prefer under their state authorized health care plans. c. the hospital they prefer for health care treatment. d. the state managed health care facility they prefer. e. the type of health care provider they prefer under state authorized health care plans.

Q: Health care plans in the United States a. must, by federal law, include mental health services benefits. b. are available to 99% of the population. c. often are unavailable to the working poor. d. provide health care, including mental health care, to all individuals who are not covered by Medicaid. e. are the best in the world and ensure that all Americans receive the health care they need.

Q: According to the United State Small Business Administration, the percentages of business that fail are a. over 5% fail in the first year, and 15% fail within the first 5 years. b. over 50% fail in the first year, and 95% fail within the first 5 years. c. over 10% fail in the first year, and 25% fail within the first 5 years. d. over 95% fail in the first year, and 99% fail within the first 5 years. e. over 15% fail in the first year, and 35% fail within the first 5 years.

Q: In the event a counselor has a client with a large bill for services that is several months late, the counselor should a. sue the client. b. threaten the client with a law suit if payment is not made. c. report the client to the state licensure board. d. forget the bill and take steps in the future to prevent these bills from developing. e. pay a bill collector to collect the money due.

Q: A "sliding scale" in counseling refers to a. a chart that indicates the degree to which a client is functioning. b. a system of rotation that determines when a counselor is "on call" for the weekend. c. a fee structure based on the client's family income and family size. d. a fee structure based on the net worth of the individual. e. the degree to which a counselor is willing to render a diagnosis to meet the requirements of an insurance company or third party payer.

Q: Problems with corporations include all of the following EXCEPT a. the personal assets of owners are at risk. b. meetings have to be held periodically and annual reports have to be filed or the corporation will cease to exist legally. c. income is taxed to the corporation and is taxed again when it is distributed to owners. d. accountants and lawyers must be retained on a continuous basis to ensure the corporation is functioning properly. e. corporations are very expensive to form initially.

Q: The most structured form of collaboration between counselors and other health professionals is a. coordination of services b. consultation c. teamwork. d. medication monitoring e. conferring

Q: All of the following steps are suggested when counselors open private practices, EXCEPT a. obtain a federal tax ID number if there are any employees. b. apply and obtain a business license. c. purchase liability, property damage, or other types of insurance. d. form a corporation, because it is the only way to protect your personal assets. e. obtain a professional license if one is required in the state to practice counseling independently.

Q: If a counselor were to purposefully make false oral statements that damaged the reputation of another mental health professional, the counselor could be sued for a. slander. b. libel. c. malicious harm. d. absolute privilege. e. insubordination.

Q: If you believe your supervisor at your work setting is forcing you to act in what you consider to be an unethical manner, you should a. report your supervisor to the state licensing board. b. report your supervisor to the American Counseling Association Ethics Committee. c. resign your position immediately to avoid being held in violation of your professional code of ethics. d. hire an attorney who will attempt to force your employer to allow you to practice in an ethical manner. e. try to work with your supervisor to resolve the problem.

Q: Which of the following behaviors would constitute insubordination? a. refusing to carry out a directive of a psychiatrist who works for a different company. b. refusing to carry out a directive of a police officer who is investigating a crime at your place of work.. c. refusing to carry out a directive of your co-worker who has seniority. d. refusing to carry out a directive of your immediate supervisor when that directive does not violate any laws or company policies. e. refusing to carry out a directive of a state inspector who is visiting your work site to perform a legally required inspection.

Q: With respect to what mental health professionals are qualified to diagnose using the DSM system a. only psychologists and psychiatrists are qualified to utilize this system b. counselors do not receive adequate training at the master's degree level to be qualified to use this system c. only psychiatrists should use the DSM system, because it is based on the medical model d. managed health care companies will reimburse only psychiatrists for DSM diagnoses e. the DSM manual specifically includes counselors as users of the DSM system

Q: All of the following statements are true, EXCEPT a. employers cannot force employees to take actions that are illegal. b. employees do not have to do anything they consider to be unethical. c. when disputes arise between employer and employees, the law generally favors the employer. d. by accepting a job, an employee agrees to perform the tasks assigned. e. counselors have a legal right to be free in the workplace of discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age and disabilities.

Q: The potential benefits of diagnosis include all of the following, EXCEPT a. accurate diagnosis can help counselors and clients predict the course of the disorder b. it facilitates communication among treatment professionals c. diagnosis can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy d. it can help counselors identify a client's medical condition so that the client can be referred to a physician e. it can assist counselors to develop effective treatment plans

Q: According to the text, counselors often are uncomfortable with diagnosing mental disorders because a. they would prefer to avoid dealing with managed care companies. b. they are concerned that doctorate-holding psychologists will challenge the accuracy of their diagnoses. c. the diagnostic system is grounded in the medical model, as opposed to the wellness model. d. they do not believe they are qualified to diagnose mental disorders. e. it is difficult to accurately explain a diagnosis to a client.

Q: Studies regarding cultural bias in diagnosis have shown that a. because most clients in counseling are women, diagnosis tends to be less accurate for male clients than for female clients b. African American clients are more likely to be diagnosed with severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia c. Hispanic clients are less likely to be diagnosed with depressive disorders d. counselors, compared to other mental health professionals, are less likely to allow gender stereotypes to influence their diagnoses e. female clients are less likely to be prescribed psychotropic medications

Q: The ACA Code of Ethics requires counselors to explain to clients, before testing takes place, all of the following EXCEPT a. that clients may ask questions while they are taking the test if any items are confusing to them. b. the nature and purposes of the tests. c. whether test results will be used as a screening tool for membership in a counseling group. d. what conditions produce the best test results. e. that they will receive feedback about the test results.

Q: The standard used to determine whether a particular counselor is qualified to administer and interpret a particular test a. has been developed by the American Psychological Association. b. is so broad that any professional can administer and interpret any test. c. is established by each state by the state licensure board for psychologists. d. is not absolute and each counselor must make that determination for himself/herself. e. is based on a formula that includes graduate courses taken, number of administrations of that particular test previously, and amount of supervised experience giving that particular test.

Q: The attorney for the other side will minimize the impact of an expert witness's testimony by each of the following actions EXCEPT a. objecting to the expert's credentials, arguing that the counselor is not expert enough to give an opinion in court. b. offering another expert witness's testimony to disagree with the counselor's conclusions and recommendations. c. offering the counselor more money to not testify. d. arguing that the counselor completed an inadequate evaluation. e. claiming that the expert witness's testimony is biased.

Q: The testimony of expert witnesses a. is neutral and does not take a position in a legal controversy. b. usually supports one side in a legal controversy and damages the position of the other side. c. supports the defendant's side in a controversy. d. supports the plaintiff's side in a controversy. e. is accepted by judges and juries as facts and experts cannot be cross-examined by lawyers after they have testified.

Q: The most accurate statement below regarding counselors serving as expert witnesses is a. counselors have the education necessary to conduct certain types of evaluations and then serve as expert witnesses. b. only counselors who have had specialized training as expert witnesses are qualified to give expert testimony in court. c. counselors should always refuse to serve as expert witnesses d. it is unethical for counselors to be prepared by lawyers before they testify as expert witnesses. e. counselors do not have enough education to serve as expert witnesses.

Q: Child custody evaluations must be all of the following EXCEPT a. unbiased. b. objective. c. conducted by a counselor other than the parent's individual counselor. d. reported to the judge. e. approved by each of the child's parents.

Q: The best evaluator in a child custody evaluation situation is a. a counselor who has previously counseled the mother, father, and children because that counselor knows the family members well. b. a counselor who has previously counseled only one of the parents because that counselor can compare the other parent's skills to those of the parent who has received counseling services. c. a counselor who has no previous information about the family. d. a counselor who has counseled one of the children at school. e. a counselor who does not counsel children.

Q: Individuals who are being evaluated often are confused about the nature of their meetings with counselors because a. the person doing the evaluation is a counselor and the process seems a lot like counseling. b. evaluations are always court ordered, and counseling is often court ordered as well. c. counselors are very non-directive during evaluations. d. counselors do not tell clients they are being evaluated because they do not want the clients to act differently than they normally do. e. evaluations often include testing.

Q: Key points with respect to diagnosis include all of the following EXCEPT a. clients should not be told the diagnosis that has been assigned to them. b. counselors must be alert to sources of bias against women and minority group members in the diagnostic process. c. counselors should cooperate with physicians when clients may have a physical condition that is contributing to their mental or emotional problems or when they could benefit from taking medications for their condition. d. multicultural considerations are of paramount importance in diagnosis because all mental disorders occur in and are defined by a cultural context. e. counselors are guilty of insurance fraud when they do not diagnosis honestly and accurately and they can be subject to both civil and criminal liability.

Q: Proper maintenance of test security by counselors includes all of the following EXCEPT a. letting clients take tests home to complete. b. locking up all tests and test results in a secured file cabinet. c. supervising the test taking process. d. releasing test records only to those individuals who are qualified to receive them. e. not allowing clients to copy testing materials.

Q: The primary purpose of diagnosis is to a. label clients. b. facilitate effective treatment. c. help clients gain future employment. d. obtain insurance reimbursement. e. show that a particular client has a verifiable mental disorder.

Q: When a member expresses a desire to drop out of an ongoing group, the counselor should a. persuade the member to stay in the group for the good of the group b. bring the group to a close and start over with members who wish to continue c. encourage the member to discuss the decision with the group d. notify the remaining members in writing of that member's decision e. assume that the group is dysfunctional

Q: Counselors who intend to conduct family counseling as part of their professional practice should a. complete a degree program in marriage and family counseling rather than in counseling b. disclose their own family of origin issues as part of the informed consent process c. advocate for the preservation of a couple's marriage d. seek separate licensure as Marriage and Family Therapists e. gain specific training in marriage and family counseling, including supervised experience

Q: When counseling victims of domestic violence, counselors should a. avoid encouraging the victim to leave the relationship until safety can be assured b. report the abuser to the police c. try to persuade the victim to leave the abuser d. remember that the abuser is probably himself or herself a victim of abuse e. never see the members of the couple separately, to avoid deceit

Q: Informed consent in group counseling should include a. a reassurance that the counselor will not allow any events to occur that might put group members at physical or psychological risk. b. a clear statement that there is no confidentiality in group settings. c. an explanation that once the group starts, no one will be allowed to exit the group for the first month. d. an explanation of ways the group may be congruent and incongruent with individual members' cultural values. e. an explanation that the members themselves are fully responsible for setting the goals, purpose, and ground rules of the group.

Q: In the process of explaining informed consent in family counseling, counselors should a. describe possible changes in family relationships that could occur as a result of family counseling. b. explain that one family member will be designated as the "identified patient" for insurance reimbursement purposes. c. assure family members that any changes made in family functioning as a result of counseling will be acceptable to all family members. d. counsel separately, on an individual basis, any family member who expresses reluctance to participate in family counseling. e. require each family member to sign a confidentiality pledge and agree not to discuss topics raised in session during the intervals between sessions.

Q: In order for a counselor to be competent to engage in group work, the counselor a. must be a member of ASGW. b. must have the training outlined in the ASGW Professional Standards for the Training of Group Workers. c. must have had a minimum of group work preparation and supervised experience. d. must be certified by ASGW. e. must have had at least two graduate courses in group work and have completed a 600 hour internship in group counseling.

Q: When one spouse in a married couple demands that a counselor testify in court as to what occurred in counseling sessions, and the other spouse insists that the counselor not testify, the best course of action is for the counselor a. to agree to testify because one spouse is demanding that. b. refuse to testify because one spouse is insisting that the counselor not testify. c. call the state licensure board for advice. d. contact the ACA Ethics Committee and request an opinion. e. consult with an attorney and follow his or her advice.

Q: Because children cannot give their legal consent to participate in family counseling a. parental consent should be obtained in writing from both biological parents. b. they should not be included in family counseling prior to age 18. c. it is illegal to include them in a family counseling session unless their parents have consented in writing. d. a court order should be obtained before including a child in a family counseling situation. e. they should be informed of the process of family counseling and their consent should be secured even though it is not legally required.

Q: Pre-screening of group members a. is a good idea, but is not required by the ACA Code of Ethics. b. is required by the ACA Code of Ethics. c. is recommended, but not required by the ACA Code of Ethics. d. is an ethical practice that all counselors adhere to. e. is an ethical standard that is meant to protect counselors from being sued.

Q: A counselor who is beginning a group a. should require all group members to sign a pledge to keep information from the group confidential. b. should explain that nothing is confidential because group members do not have the same obligation as professional counselors to keep information private. c. should explain that while the counselor will keep things confidential, there is no guarantee others in the group will do the same. d. should guarantee all information in the group will remain private. e. should explain that group members who violate the confidentiality of other group members will be reported to the counselor licensure board.

Q: When married couples divorce, a. almost all states allow joint custody and in a few state courts, joint custody is the preferred arrangement; while in some other state courts, joint custody is avoided if possible. b. all states prefer joint custody. c. joint custody is preferred by judges in all state courts except for Montana. d. although almost all states allow joint custody, only one state court favors joint custody as the preferred arrangement. e. judges in almost all states prefer joint custody.

Q: Regarding the law of privileged communication in relation to family and group counseling, a. most privilege laws cover all family members and group members who are being counseled at one time. b. privilege among group or family members in counseling is the same as it is between the counselor and individual clients. c. generally, privilege is waived if there is a third party present during counseling. d. privilege never exists during family or group counseling in any state. e. privilege always exists during family or group counseling in all states.

Q: A family counselor who uses paradoxical directives or interventions could get into trouble because clients who follow their prescriptions for behavior may be a. confused. b. harmed. c. engaging in illegal activities. d. suspicious of the counselor's motives. e. distracted.

Q: If a counselor wants a person other than a biological parent (such as a step-parent or grandparent) to have confidential information regarding a child client, a simple solution is to a. tell the step-parent or grandparent to go to court and get a court order giving them access to the information. b. get a signed statement from the step-parent or grandparent that they will not reveal the information to anyone else once it is given to them. c. get a signed statement from the child allowing the counselor to disclose information to the step-parent or grandparent. d. get a signed statement from one of the biological parents allowing the counselor to disclose information to the step-parent or grandparent. e. ask the step-parent or grandparent to prove the child is living with them and then it is acceptable to give them access to confidential information regarding the child.