Q&A Hero

Q: Family counselors often view the family system as their client and treat the family as one entity, as opposed to treating individual family members, and our laws a. favor the rights of families as a whole over the rights of individual family members. b. support family counselors by also viewing the family system as one entity. c. create a "fiction" that a family is a person under the law. d. view family members as having separate and distinct rights and responsibilities that are individual in nature. e. do not recognize that families exist in our society.

Q: Research has shown that school counselors are unanimous in believing that a. confidentiality must be breached when students reveal they are using cocaine b. "delicate cutting" is such risky behavior that parents must be notified c. even young children are capable of giving informed consent to counseling d. suicidal behavior poses a level of threat that requires breaching confidentiality e. they should refer all children with serious depression when possible

Q: With respect to counseling minor clients who are considering abortion a. counselors should be aware that most teens avoiding talking to their parents about pregnancy because adolescents need to rebel against parental authority b. that these clients may need to process issues of abuse, loss, love, and hopes for the future c. counselors should advocate their own moral position regarding abortion d. counselors should exercise care when assisting a minor to obtain an abortion e. counselors should immediately refer these clients to medical professionals

Q: The current ACA Code of Ethics a. contains few standards specifically related to counseling children b. advises counselors to develop specialty competences before attempting to counsel children c. advises counselors to consider that adolescents are more concerned about privacy than adult clients d. requires counselors to notify parents or guardians when teens disclose they have used marijuana e. advises counselors to report to police any instances of "sexting" among adolescents

Q: When counseling clients who are terminally ill and wish to explore end-of-life decisions, counselors should always do all of the following EXCEPT a. help the clients clarify their thoughts and feelings about end-of-life choices. b. assist the clients to deal with grief and loss issues. c. examine their own values and beliefs about death and dying before agreeing to counsel terminally ill clients. d. ensure that they have the competencies needed to work with terminally ill clients. e. inform the terminally ill client's family that the client is considering various end of life options, and involve the family in the decision making process.

Q: The 2005 ACA Code of Ethics advises counselors to a. uphold the confidentiality rights of their minor clients even when parents object. b. avoid legal liability by including parents in counseling sessions with their children. c. avoid legal liability by disclosing to parents any risky behavior of a minor client, such as experimenting with drugs or alcohol. d. establish collaborative relationships with parents. e. obtain minor clients' legal informed consent for counseling services.

Q: Each of the following groups might be considered to be vulnerable adults who are protected from abuse in some states by statute EXCEPT a. developmentally disabled adults. b. severely mentally ill adults. c. elderly adults. d. physically disabled adults. e. emotionally distressed adults.

Q: As a professional counselor, you are required by law in all states to report a. a client's threat to commit a burglary. b. suspected child abuse or neglect. c. unethical behavior of a colleague. d. knowledge that a client has tested positive for HIV. e. all of the above.

Q: When it comes to determining who has the right to make decisions regarding a child's life, the law favors a. the adult with whom the child is living. b. grandparents, if they are raising the child. c. biological parents. d. the child himself or herself. e. the child's adult sibling.

Q: Dual relationships in school settings a. seldom cause problems. b. don"t usually create misunderstandings. c. help students gain trust and respect for the counselor if the counselor has disciplinary functions in the noncounseling relationship. d. generally should be avoided . e. rarely occur when dealing with child abuse issues.

Q: Many states have laws requiring reports of suspected abuse of all of the following EXCEPT a. children. b. elderly persons. c. incompetent persons. d. abused spouses or domestic partners . e. developmentally disabled persons.

Q: When reporting suspected child abuse in good faith, counselors should review their particular state statute to determine all of the following EXCEPT a. who must make the report. b. when the report must be made. c. counselor liability for defamation of character. d. whether past abuse must be reported. e. whether a written report is required in addition to an oral report.

Q: School counselors have a legal obligation to do all of the following EXCEPT a. obtain written parental permission before counseling students in most circumstances. b. report child abuse if it is suspected. c. inform parents if the counselor determines the child is at risk for suicide. d. inform parents if the counselor determines the child is a danger to others. e. secure parents' informed consent before providing unusual counseling services.

Q: Parents who object to their child's participation in counseling a. have no legal rights. b. have limited legal rights if there is a statute in the state that addresses the issue. c. may have the right to demand that services be discontinued. d. should be reported for suspected child abuse. e. can win a law suit if they sue based on violation of their first amendment rights.

Q: In determining whether a child is a danger to self or others, the counselor should do all of the following EXCEPT a. consult with a colleague. b. consider the age and maturity level of the client. c. follow the institutional policy on the issue. d. assure the client of complete confidentiality. e. document any actions taken.

Q: Minor clients have a. an ethical right to privacy and confidentiality, but no legal right in most states. b. an ethical and a legal right to privacy and confidentiality in most states. c. a legal right to determine when parents should become involved in the counseling process. d. no ethical or legal rights. e. a legal right to remain in counseling over their parents' objections.

Q: Counselors who work in the military may encounter unavoidable dual relationship issues because a. military counselors are rarely asked to evaluate service members whom they counsel b. military counselors may have a superior-subordinate relationship with their clients c. counselors who work in the military usually practice off-base d. it is difficult for someone steeped in military training to feel empathy e. they are less comfortable with role blending than are counselors in other settings

Q: All of the following statements regarding dual relationships are true, EXCEPT a. it can be difficult to recognize potential dual relationships before they occur b. the counseling profession has little consensus about their propriety, with the exception of sexual dual relationships c. all dual relationships are avoidable if the counselor practices conscientiously d. traditional notions about the propriety of dual relationships are being challenged by newer, innovative approaches to counseling e. the potential outcomes of dual relationships range from beneficial to harmful

Q: A definition of a "boundary" that is offered in the text is a. a limit that promotes nonmaleficence b. a frame around the therapeutic relationship that defines the participants' roles in the relationship c. a situation in which a counselor enters into two or more roles with a help seeker d. an inappropriate intimacy between counselor and client e. a potentially beneficial interaction between counselor and client

Q: When counseling clients who have been sexually exploited by a previous mental health professional, counselors should a. report the offending professional to the appropriate state licensing board. b. report the offending professional to the ACA Ethics Committee. c. encourage the client to file a lawsuit against the offending professional. d. respect the client's decision to take action or not to take action against the offending professional. e. advocate for the client by filing an ethics complaint on the client's behalf.

Q: Alice is a Licensed Professional Counselor who has counseled Thomas for several months. An issue to which they have devoted considerable time is Thomas' fear of failure, particularly in terms of his ability to succeed academically and complete his G.E.D. When Thomas learns that he has passed his G.E.D. exam, he asks Alice to attend the ceremony at which he will receive his G.E.D. diploma, and she accepts the invitation. This is an example of a. poor professional judgment. b. a boundary violation. c. a boundary crossing. d. a detrimental dual relationship. e. a violation of the code of ethics standard on non-professional relationships.

Q: The typical counselor who enters into a sexual relationship with a client is a. one who has had a number of ethical complaints filed against him/her in the past. b. is a professionally isolated male counselor who is experiencing distress or crisis in his personal life. c. is a male counselor under the age of 30. d. is a counselor who has few friends and who has low self-esteem. e. is a person who has a number of emotional problems and who has been in counseling for a number of years.

Q: Counselors who hug their clients a. would never get into trouble as long as the counselor can justify the hug as part of the therapeutic process. b. are doing what almost all counselors do at some point in their careers. c. will never be able to obtain professional liability insurance. d. expose themselves to serious claims of ethical violations because of the prohibition against touching clients in the professional literature. e. should be cautious and ensure the client is comfortable with the touching.

Q: A counselor's self-disclosure in a counseling session a. may be acceptable if the counselor believes the disclosure will benefit the client. b. is acceptable if the client is not uncomfortable with the counselor's disclosure. c. is encouraged to demonstrate that the counselor is genuine and human. d. usually results in harm to the client. e. is a practice that is universally accepted by counseling professionals.

Q: The primary difference between a boundary crossing and a boundary violation is a. everyone agrees when a boundary has been violated, whereas it is hard to reach agreement as to whether a boundary has been crossed. b. a violation involves a sexual relationship. c. a crossing occurs in almost every counseling session, while violations are less frequent. d. in a crossing, a boundary is shifted to meet the needs of the counselor, making sure the client is not harmed in the process. e. a violation involves a serious breach of the code of ethics that results in a client being harmed.

Q: To be a culturally sensitive counselor, when a client from a different culture offers a counselor a gift, the counselor a. should never accept the gift. b. should always accept the gift. c. should take into primary consideration the monetary value of the gift. d. should evaluate the meaning the client attaches to the offering of the gift. e. should consider offering a similar gift in return.

Q: The only dual relationships that are prohibited by the ACA Code of Ethics are those a. involving loans from the client to the counselor. b. involving a sexual relationship between the client and the counselor. c. that a reasonable person would object to. d. in which the counselor and client both knew before the dual relationship began knew that it might be problematic, but went ahead and entered into it anyway. e. involving business relationships between the counselor and the client .

Q: Regarding dual relationships between counselors and clients a. counselors are in agreement that such relationships are always wrong. b. experts all agree that such relationships are always harmful to clients. c. there is no consensus among professionals as to which dual relationships are acceptable and which are not. d. most counselors agree that dual relationships invite greater authenticity and congruence from counselors and can improve their professional judgments. e. experts agree that if clients assent to dual relationships, the dual relationships are acceptable to the profession.

Q: Boundaries serve to protect the welfare of clients because a. counselors are vulnerable in counseling relationships. b. clients are vulnerable in counseling relationships. c. counselors and clients would often become friends if boundaries did not exist. d. counselors and clients naturally are attracted to each other. e. clients might use counselors to get their personal needs met if there were no boundaries.

Q: Friendships with former clients a. are prohibited by the ACA Code of Ethics. b. specifically are allowed, under specified conditions, by the ACA Code of Ethics. c. generally should be avoided because they create a potential for problems d. occur infrequently because most counselors disapprove of them in all circumstances. e. have been entered into by about 95% of all counselors.

Q: It would be ethically permissible for you to consider entering into a bartering arrangement with a prospective client if a. bartering is an acceptable practice among other professionals in your community. b. you cannot afford to provide pro bono service. c. you suggest bartering and the client agrees to this arrangement. d. the client does not have mental health insurance. e. you are designing and plan to build a new house and the client is an architect whose skills you can use.

Q: The court cases in Ward and Keeton have raised the question to whether a. counseling students should be allowed to repeat practicum if they do not demonstrate adequate counseling skills b. values-based referrals are ever acceptable c. counselors can be sued when their clients commit suicide d. counselor registry is an effective way to ensure practitioner competence e. counselors should provide counseling over the Internet

Q: A concern about continuing education that was raised by the authors of the text is that a. continuing education seminars can be very expensive b. busy counselors are tempted to cheat by claiming to have completed continuing education activities that they didn"t have time to attend c. consultation can"t really be considered as continuing education d. some state licensure boards have unreasonable continuing education requirements e. it is difficult to assess the comparative worth of different continuing education activities such as attending aworkshop or reading a journal article

Q: Competence is most closely related to the moral principle of a. fiduciary relationships b. professionalism c. integrity d. do no harm e. autonomy

Q: With respect to a counselor's legal liability when a client commits suicide a. very few lawsuits are filed against counselors due to client suicide. b. when lawsuits have been brought against counselors due to client suicide, the counselors usually have been found negligent. c. the case of Eisel v. Board of Education established that school counselors cannot be held responsible for a student's suicide. d. counselors are held to the legal standard that they must correctly assess suicide risk. e. counselors should not document consultations regarding suicidal clients, because the documentation could later be used against them in a lawsuit.

Q: Factors that can increase counselors' vulnerability to impairment include all of the following EXCEPT a. personal trauma in the counselor's life. b. pre-existing conditions. c. working with a significant number of clients who have managed health care plans. d. working with a significant number of traumatized clients. e. having a history of substance abuse or depression.

Q: When a counselor determines that a client may be at risk for harming self or others, the counselor always must a. call the police. b. take the steps necessary to prevent harm. c. call an ambulance to take the client to the hospital emergency room. d. notify individuals with whom the client lives. e. notify the parents of the client.

Q: Distressed counselors or counselors suffering from burnout are terms used to refer to a. incompetent counselors. b. counselors who have committed malpractice. c. counselors who have had their licenses revoked. d. impaired counselors. e. counselors who have recently been fired from their jobs.

Q: Malpractice is a type of civil lawsuit that can be filed against counseling professionals for practicing in a manner that leads to a. injury to a recipient of their services. b. dissatisfaction with the result of the counseling experience. c. divorce, when a married couple has sought counseling. d. the development of new behaviors that are counterproductive to clients, but not injurious. e. injury to other counselors.

Q: In return for the privilege of practicing autonomously, counselors must a. attend no less than 20 hours of continuing education experiences each year. b. limit themselves to practicing within the areas in which they are competent. c. agree to see all clients who ask for their services. d. join the American Counseling Association. e. become certified as National Certified Counselors.

Q: Legislators agree to license a professional group, such as counselors, only when it can be shown that a. other professional groups that are already licensed do not oppose the licensing of this new group. b. the public cannot determine which practitioners are competent, and they might be harmed by incompetent members of that profession. c. the public cannot determine which practitioners are competent, and the services the professional group provides require extensive education. d. the rates for services of the professional group will go down if they are licensed. e. the professional group needs to be licensed in order to gain the recognition it needs to be recognized as a legitimate profession in society.

Q: An argument AGAINST licensing specialties within the counseling profession (such as marriage and family counselors, rehabilitation counselors, career counselors, etc.) is a. it would confuse the public. b. it would be very expensive for counselors to get multiple licenses instead of just one. c. the other professions, such as medicine and law, license professionals to practice their profession generally, and those who are licensed decide which areas they are competent to practice in. d. counselors who practice in various specialty areas are so different from each other that each specialty within counseling is like a separate and distinct profession. e. the public should be counseled only by individuals who are specialists within the counseling profession and they will be harmed if they are counseled by counselors who have not proven their specialty expertise.

Q: Registration is the form of state regulation of a profession that a. is the most rigorous form of regulation, in that only those who are registered may practice the profession in a state. b. protects a title, such as "Professional Counselor," but anyone can practice the profession without being registered. c. requires members of a profession to sign up with the government if they practice the profession in the state, but anyone may sign the registry without a review of their credentials. d. grants a state credential if a person has a national certification. e. is issued by a state agency, but never by an independent state board.

Q: Graduate degree programs in counseling attempt to ensure their graduates are competent counselors by doing all of the following EXCEPT a. selecting and admitting individuals who are likely to succeed at developing the skills, knowledge, and characteristics needed to become effective counselors. b. using personal interviews, written essays, or other subjective criteria in selecting candidates for admission. c. providing a curriculum for master's students that prepares students to be effective counselors. d. eliminating from graduate programs any students who have their own emotional issues. e. requiring successful supervised experience as a part of the graduate program.

Q: Which of the following statements regarding counselor competence is FALSE? a. once counselors have become licensed, the burden of ensuring competent services falls on the counselors themselves. b. competence in counseling is difficult to define. c. there is a continuum of professional expertise with gross negligence at one end and maximum effectiveness at the other extreme. d. licensure ensures that practitioners are competent to do what their licenses permit them to do. e. counselors are ethically required to counsel only within the boundaries of their competence.

Q: Counselor competency can be assured if a. a counselor is licensed by his or her state licensure board. b. a counselor has graduated from a CACREP-accredited master's degree program. c. a counselor is a National Certified Counselor (NCC). d. a counselor has earned a master's degree in counseling from a regionally accredited university. e. there is no way to assure counselor competency.

Q: Counselors who use social media profile sites for professional purposes should NOT a. "friend" their clients b. establish an effective method for verifying client identity c. provide a list of all their licenses and links to the licensing boards d. post a photo of themselves on the site e. use the site to advertise their specialty areas

Q: The practice of providing counseling services over the Internet a. has been determined to be unethical by the American Counseling Association Ethics Committee. b. is never as effective as providing counseling services face-to-face. c. is controversial. d. is rare. e. is risky because no guidelines have yet been developed by professional associations.

Q: Internet sites that contain career information that might be helpful to clients a. can be counted on for quality because all are approved by the federal government before they are allowed to be created. b. contain better, up-to-date information than printed sources. c. should be avoided because they usually contain inaccurate information. d. are not monitored for content or quality. e. have little practical use for clients because they are so technical in the way they present career information.

Q: When a counselor communicates with a client using e-mail a. the counselor should never include anything that is confidential because it is unethical to do so. b. the client's business e-mail address should never be used because employers often read the e-mail messages of their employees. c. the client should be told to avoid using e-mail to set or change appointment times because it is impossible to tell whether the counselor received the message that was sent. d. the client should be advised that e-mail messages can always be retrieved and that e-mail systems are not as secure as other means of communication. e. the counselor should never print out the e-mail messages because the client's confidentiality would be compromised by the existence of paper copies.

Q: When a counselor uses a networked or shared computer for the storage of confidential information on clients, the counselor should a. never let anyone else know or be able to access the password. b. Store confidential records on a portable storage device rather than on the computer's hard drive. c. only use computers that are kept behind locked doors. d. have a manual lock placed on the computer that requires a key. e. never print out confidential information because it might be read by others.

Q: Subpoenas are used a. to obtain copies of records. b. to cause potential witnesses to testify at a deposition, hearing, or trial. c. to ask potential witnesses to respond in writing to written questions. d. to require witnesses to appear at a deposition, hearing, or trail and to bring their records with them. e. all of the above.

Q: If a subpoena for the counseling records of a client is received, a counselor who works in a mental health agency should a. ask his or her supervisor to obtain a legal opinion as to whether the records should be copied for the attorney who has issued the subpoena. b. immediately turn the records over to the attorney who has issued the subpoena. c. call the attorney who has issued the subpoena and request that the subpoena be withdrawn. d. consult with a counselor colleague before deciding how to respond. e. hire an attorney in private practice and ask the attorney to tell the counselor whether the records should be copied for the attorney who has issued the subpoena.

Q: HIPAA rules state that if clients are first informed and given an opportunity to orally object a. psychotherapy notes created by the counselor may be transferred to insurance companies. b. insurance companies may pay counselors directly for the services they render to clients. c. their records may be transferred to another mental health professional. d. their records may be destroyed at the end of the counseling relationship. e. counselors may give health care information to family members or others assisting in the client's care.

Q: The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), which is sometimes referred to as the "Buckley Amendment," affects all a. community mental health centers in the United States. b. public educational institutions. c. private or parochial educational institutions. d. public hospitals. e. private hospitals.

Q: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires that a. counselors give clients a clear written explanation of how they use, keep, and disclose their health care information. b. clients have access to their records. c. a written process exists for clients to request amendments to their records. d. a written history of most disclosures of client information be available to clients. e. all of the above.

Q: When documenting for self-protection a. documentation should be relatively vague so as not to reveal too much information. b. as much detail as possible (e.g., dates, times of events, and exact words spoken) should be included. c. in the event a counselor realizes that documentation should have been occurring sooner, the counselor should back-date the documentation rather than write a summary of what has happened up to that point in time. d. counselors document to avoid responsibility for clinical decisions that were made or actions that were taken. e. counselors should avoid including information related to disagreements they have had with a client.

Q: Which of the following statements is most appropriate regarding clinical case notes? a. counselors should not take clinical case notes if they are worried about the notes being subpoenaed or later being seen by the client or anyone else. b. counselors should take the clinical notes they need in order to function effectively as professionals. c. it is reasonable to assume that clinical case notes will not be read by anyone other than the counselor who wrote them. d. writing illegible case notes is a protection against being called upon to reveal sensitive information pursuant to a subpoena. e. if clinical case notes are kept at the home of the counselor, they cannot be subpoenaed.

Q: Generally, counselors create clinical case notes a. to protect themselves in the event they are later sued. b. for their own use, so that they may be effective counselors. c. for insurance companies who reimburse clients for the cost of mental health services. d. to keep up with whether the client attended sessions on particular days and whether the client paid for the sessions that were rendered. e. so that they may reflect upon their counseling sessions and improve their skills.

Q: When counselor trainees make audiotapes or videotapes of counseling sessions for supervision purposes a. trainees must retrieve the tapes after the supervisors have reviewed them, and then erase the tapes. b. supervisors must handle the tapes appropriately during the time the tapes are in the supervisors' possession. c. supervisors should return tapes to trainees after the tapes have been reviewed. d. the tapes should be labeled simply, in a manner that does not bring attention to the fact that the tapes are confidential records. e. all of the above.

Q: Legal principles view the contents of a client's counseling records as belonging to a. the client's counselor. b. the agency where the counseling took place. c. the client. d. the court that has requested the records.. e. the insurance company that paid for the counseling sessions.

Q: During the time that a counseling student is counseling clients in a practicum or internship setting, the student counselor a. should not reveal the names of clients to the practicum/internship supervisor b. has the same ethical obligations to uphold confidentiality as does a licensed counselor c. should refer all clients who engage in risky behaviors d. should maintain absolute confidentiality of participants in groups the student is facilitating e. should not videotape counseling sessions so that client confidentiality is protected

Q: Counselors do NOT have an ethical obligation to uphold the confidentiality of information revealed to them when a. a family member of an adult client asks for information the client has revealed in an individual counseling session b. a client reveals that he committed a burglary two years ago and was never caught c. they encounter a client in the grocery store and the client reveals information about an event that occurred in the client's life between sessions d. a client has refused to sign a release of information giving the counselor permission to communicat with the client's former counselor e. an adult client discloses that she was sexually abused ten years ago by her father who is now deceased

Q: The Supreme Court ruling in Jaffe v. Redmond indicated that a. a societal stigma is still associated with seeking counseling b. counselors can assert privilege on behalf of a client even when the client has waived the privilege c. psychiatrists are more likely to be granted privileged communication on a case-by-case basis than are counselors d. counselors have aduty to warn intended victims of clients who threaten those who are endangered e. communications between ministers and their congregants are usually not privileged

Q: All of the following statements are true, EXCEPTa. counselors should consult with colleagues when they are uncertain about an exception to confidentiality.b. confidentiality and privilege belong to the client, not the counselor.c. confidentiality and privilege are not absolute.d. counselors should consult with colleagues when they are uncertain about an exception to privileged communication.e. both confidentiality and privileged communication are based on the client's right to privacy.

Q: It is TRUE that a. the majority of the complaints filed with state licensing boards against counselors involve claims of breach of confidentiality. b. research clearly demonstrates that counselor assurances of confidentiality encourage client disclosures of personal and intimate information. c. when counselors share confidential client information with other professionals involved in a client's care, the counselors should first obtain client permission to share the information. d. counselors should make the same guarantees of confidentiality in group counseling that they make when counseling individuals. e. due to concerns about confidentiality, counselors should never use a family member as an interpreter when counseling a client who does not speak the same language as the counselor.

Q: When a client accuses a counselor of wrongdoing through a complaint with the counselor's licensure board or through a malpractice law suit filed in court, a. the client automatically waives his or her privacy rights and the counselor can reveal private information related to providing counseling services to the client. b. the client's written permission must be obtained before the counselor can reveal private information related to providing counseling services to the client. c. counselors are barred from revealing any information about the client when defending themselves. d. counselors may reveal only information the client agreed may be revealed when defending themselves. e. counselors can use no information from the counseling relationship with the client in defending themselves.

Q: When a husband subpoenas a counselor to reveal information in a court hearing that was provided by the wife in joint couples counseling sessions, and the wife objects to the information being revealed, the counselor a. should refuse to do so because the counselor would violate the wife's privacy. b. agree to reveal the information because to refuse to do so would not be in the best interest of the husband. c. has to reveal the information because privileged communication statutes never cover married couples counseling. d. should consult with an attorney because laws and court cases vary as to whether the counselor will have to reveal the information over the wife's objection. e. should ask the wife to waive her privacy rights.

Q: Disclosure of confidential information is acceptable under all of the following conditions EXCEPT a. the counselor suspects abuse or neglect of a child. b. a client poses a danger to self or others. c. a counselor is in clinical supervision with another counselor. d. a client has a fatal, communicable disease and the client's behavior is putting others at risk. e. an attorney sends a counselor a subpoena.

Q: When uncertain about the privileged status of information requested for disclosure through a subpoena, a counselor should consult with a. the client whose information is being requested. b. other mental health professionals. c. another licensed counselor. d. an attorney who represents the counselor or his or her employer. e. the attorney who sent the subpoena.

Q: In order to get a privileged communication statute passed that protects the privacy of clients who are in professional relationships with counselors, legislators must be convinced that a. counseling relationships are more important than physician-patient relationships. b. counseling relationships are similar to the relationships between a priest and penitent, or between a minister and congregation member. c. making an exception to the general rule that all evidence must be presented in court is vital to the well being of society. d. law suits can be as easily resolved without the benefit of information that clients tell their counselors in confidential relationships. e. counseling has met all the tests to demonstrate that it is a true profession.

Q: When the client is deceased and there is no statutory language dealing with privilege and the death of the holder, the individual who usually is allowed to assert the privilege is a. the client's last counselor. b. the executor of the client's estate. c. the client's spouse or next of kin. d. the judge hearing the case. e. a guardian ad litem appointed by a judge for that particular purpose.

Q: If a counselor is asked to disclose privileged information about a client who cannot be located, then the obligation to assert the privilege rests with a. the client's next of kin. b. the counselor. c. the client's attorney. d. the client's spouse, if any. e. the executor of the client's estate.

Q: Breaches of client confidentiality by counselors a. are the most common basis of malpractice cases against counselors. b. are the foundation for most complaints against counselors to their licensure boards. c. occur rarely, and when they do occur are the result of counselors intentionally informing others of what a client said in a counseling session. d. occur rarely, and when they do occur are required by state statutes. e. occur rarely, and when they do occur usually are inadvertent.

Q: Privileged communication statutes a. ensure that counselors will never have to repeat information clients tell them in a counseling session. b. protect clients from having confidential communications with their counselors disclosed in a court of law without their permission. c. protect the privacy of counselors. d. make it a crime for counselors to reveal confidential communications with their clients unless their clients give them written permission to disclose the information. e. state that counselors will lose their licenses if they reveal confidential information clients tell them in counseling sessions.

Q: With respect to confidentiality and privileged communication a. confidentiality and privileged communication are both primarily ethical issues. b. confidentiality and privileged communication are both primarily legal issues. c. confidentiality is primarily a legal issue, and privileged communication is primarily an ethical issue. d. confidentiality is primarily an ethical issue, and privileged communication is primarily a legal issue. e. it depends on the context as to whether confidentiality and privileged communication are ethical or legal issues.

Q: Research has shown that a. clients are unlikely to drop out of counseling prematurely if their counselors are warm and empathic b. counselors are generally willing to continue to counsel clients, at no cost to clients, when the clients' insurance benefits have run out c. at least 30% of clients in counseling drop out prematurely d. clients very rarely drop out of counseling without giving the counselor an explanation e. the average adult client completes 6 counseling sessions no matter how many sessions are authorized by the client's health insurance provider

Q: When choosing and implementing a counseling technique to use when counseling clients, counselors should be aware that a. research has demonstrated that some techniques are more effective than others in working with particular concerns and mental disorders b. conversion or reparative therapy should be used cautiously c. counselors should avoid choosing techniques based on the counselors' theoretical orientation d. clients depend on counselors to choose the best techniques and should not be asked to help select the techniques to be implemented e. it is best not to discuss potential risks of counseling techniques as clients might be frightened into terminating counseling prematurely

Q: In two recent court cases, students in counseling master's degree programs were dismissed from their training programs because they failed to a. demonstrate basic listening skills b. change their religious beliefs c. learn to counsel LGBTQIQ clients effectively d. complete the required number of direct contact hours working with clients during practicum e. refer clients whose diagnoses were so severe that they lacked competence to counsel these clients

Q: To avoid being sued by a client for abandonment, counselors are advised toa. terminate a counseling relationship if the client becomes angry with the counselor.b. refer the client if the client gets into a life-threatening crisis situation.c. give notice of termination orally, but put nothing in writing.d. give the client adequate notice that the counselor is terminating the counseling relationship.e. continue to see the client if the client refuses a referral to another counselor.