Q&A Hero

Q: Counselor competency can be assured if a. a counselor is licensed by his or her state licensure board. b. a counselor has graduated from a CACREP-accredited master's degree program. c. a counselor is a National Certified Counselor (NCC). d. a counselor has earned a master's degree in counseling from a regionally accredited university. e. there is no way to assure counselor competency.

Q: Per State v. Brown, 1985 and State v. Magnuson, 1984, ­­___________ can be used against clients in criminal investigations, and is not protected by the Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1972. a. clinical case notes b. counselor direct observations c. information gathered through psychological assessments d. psychiatric medication records e. direct quotations from counseling sessions

Q: In compliance with the Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1972, federally funded substance abuse programs can disclose client records under the following circumstances: a. when the client gives written consent b. in the event of a medical emergency c. for an audit or evaluation d. to avert substantial risk of death or serious bodily harm if a court order is secured e. all of the above

Q: The three major types of records that counselors keep are a. clinical case notes, financial, and treatment plan b. phone and other correspondence, clinical case notes, and treatment plan c. administrative, financial, and clinical case notes d. recordings, clinical case notes, and administrative e. typed, hand-written, and audio

Q: When documenting for self-protection, counselors should not include a. exact times and dates b. counselors' thoughts, diagnoses, and conclusions c. direct quotations and statements d. a great deal of detail e. factual information

Q: Keeping good records can benefit both counselors and clients in the following ways, EXCEPT: a. proving that the counselor is not impaired or suffering for burnout b. providing continuity of care if a client is transferred to another provider c. measuring progress in treatment d. creating an accurate history of diagnosis, treatment, and recovery e. offering self-protection for counselors

Q: Subpoenas are used a. to obtain copies of records. b. to cause potential witnesses to testify at a deposition, hearing, or trial. c. to ask potential witnesses to respond in writing to written questions. d. to require witnesses to appear at a deposition, hearing, or trail and to bring their records with them. e. all of the above.

Q: If a subpoena for the counseling records of a client is received, a counselor who works in a mental health agency should a. ask his or her supervisor to obtain a legal opinion as to whether the records should be copied for the attorney who has issued the subpoena. b. immediately turn the records over to the attorney who has issued the subpoena. c. call the attorney who has issued the subpoena and request that the subpoena be withdrawn. d. consult with a counselor colleague before deciding how to respond. e. hire an attorney in private practice and ask the attorney to tell the counselor whether the records should be copied for the attorney who has issued the subpoena.

Q: HIPAA rules state that if clients are first informed and given an opportunity to orally object a. psychotherapy notes created by the counselor may be transferred to insurance companies. b. insurance companies may pay counselors directly for the services they render to clients. c. their records may be transferred to another mental health professional. d. their records may be destroyed at the end of the counseling relationship. e. counselors may give health care information to family members or others assisting in the client's care.

Q: The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA), which is sometimes referred to as the "Buckley Amendment," affects all a. community mental health centers in the United States. b. public educational institutions. c. private or parochial educational institutions. d. public hospitals. e. private hospitals.

Q: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) requires that a. counselors give clients a clear written explanation of how they use, keep, and disclose their health care information. b. clients have access to their records. c. a written process exists for clients to request amendments to their records. d. a written history of most disclosures of client information be available to clients. e. all of the above.

Q: When documenting for self-protection a. documentation should be relatively vague so as not to reveal too much information. b. as much detail as possible (e.g., dates, times of events, and exact words spoken) should be included. c. in the event a counselor realizes that documentation should have been occurring sooner, the counselor should back-date the documentation rather than write a summary of what has happened up to that point in time. d. counselors document to avoid responsibility for clinical decisions that were made or actions that were taken. e. counselors should avoid including information related to disagreements they have had with a client.

Q: Which of the following statements is most appropriate regarding clinical case notes? a. counselors should not take clinical case notes if they are worried about the notes being subpoenaed or later being seen by the client or anyone else. b. counselors should take the clinical notes they need in order to function effectively as professionals. c. it is reasonable to assume that clinical case notes will not be read by anyone other than the counselor who wrote them. d. writing illegible case notes is a protection against being called upon to reveal sensitive information pursuant to a subpoena. e. if clinical case notes are kept at the home of the counselor, they cannot be subpoenaed.

Q: Generally, counselors create clinical case notes a. to protect themselves in the event they are later sued. b. for their own use, so that they may be effective counselors. c. for insurance companies who reimburse clients for the cost of mental health services. d. to keep up with whether the client attended sessions on particular days and whether the client paid for the sessions that were rendered. e. so that they may reflect upon their counseling sessions and improve their skills.

Q: When counselor trainees make audiotapes or videotapes of counseling sessions for supervision purposes a. trainees must retrieve the tapes after the supervisors have reviewed them, and then erase the tapes. b. supervisors must handle the tapes appropriately during the time the tapes are in the supervisors' possession. c. supervisors should return tapes to trainees after the tapes have been reviewed. d. the tapes should be labeled simply, in a manner that does not bring attention to the fact that the tapes are confidential records. e. all of the above.

Q: Legal principles view the contents of a client's counseling records as belonging to a. the client's counselor. b. the agency where the counseling took place. c. the client. d. the court that has requested the records.. e. the insurance company that paid for the counseling sessions.

Q: During the time that a counseling student is counseling clients in a practicum or internship setting, the student counselor a. should not reveal the names of clients to the practicum/internship supervisor b. has the same ethical obligations to uphold confidentiality as does a licensed counselor c. should refer all clients who engage in risky behaviors d. should maintain absolute confidentiality of participants in groups the student is facilitating e. should not videotape counseling sessions so that client confidentiality is protected

Q: Counselors do NOT have an ethical obligation to uphold the confidentiality of information revealed to them when a. a family member of an adult client asks for information the client has revealed in an individual counseling session b. a client reveals that he committed a burglary two years ago and was never caught c. they encounter a client in the grocery store and the client reveals information about an event that occurred in the client's life between sessions d. a client has refused to sign a release of information giving the counselor permission to communicat with the client's former counselor e. an adult client discloses that she was sexually abused ten years ago by her father who is now deceased

Q: The Supreme Court ruling in Jaffe v. Redmond indicated that a. a societal stigma is still associated with seeking counseling b. counselors can assert privilege on behalf of a client even when the client has waived the privilege c. psychiatrists are more likely to be granted privileged communication on a case-by-case basis than are counselors d. counselors have aduty to warn intended victims of clients who threaten those who are endangered e. communications between ministers and their congregants are usually not privileged

Q: All of the following statements are true, EXCEPT a. counselors should consult with colleagues when they are uncertain about an exception to confidentiality. b. confidentiality and privilege belong to the client, not the counselor. c. confidentiality and privilege are not absolute. d. counselors should consult with colleagues when they are uncertain about an exception to privileged communication. e. both confidentiality and privileged communication are based on the client's right to privacy.

Q: It is TRUE that a. the majority of the complaints filed with state licensing boards against counselors involve claims of breach of confidentiality. b. research clearly demonstrates that counselor assurances of confidentiality encourage client disclosures of personal and intimate information. c. when counselors share confidential client information with other professionals involved in a client's care, the counselors should first obtain client permission to share the information. d. counselors should make the same guarantees of confidentiality in group counseling that they make when counseling individuals. e. due to concerns about confidentiality, counselors should never use a family member as an interpreter when counseling a client who does not speak the same language as the counselor.

Q: When a client accuses a counselor of wrongdoing through a complaint with the counselor's licensure board or through a malpractice law suit filed in court, a. the client automatically waives his or her privacy rights and the counselor can reveal private information related to providing counseling services to the client. b. the client's written permission must be obtained before the counselor can reveal private information related to providing counseling services to the client. c. counselors are barred from revealing any information about the client when defending themselves. d. counselors may reveal only information the client agreed may be revealed when defending themselves. e. counselors can use no information from the counseling relationship with the client in defending themselves.

Q: When a husband subpoenas a counselor to reveal information in a court hearing that was provided by the wife in joint couples counseling sessions, and the wife objects to the information being revealed, the counselor a. should refuse to do so because the counselor would violate the wife's privacy. b. agree to reveal the information because to refuse to do so would not be in the best interest of the husband. c. has to reveal the information because privileged communication statutes never cover married couples counseling. d. should consult with an attorney because laws and court cases vary as to whether the counselor will have to reveal the information over the wife's objection. e. should ask the wife to waive her privacy rights.

Q: Disclosure of confidential information is acceptable under all of the following conditions EXCEPT a. the counselor suspects abuse or neglect of a child. b. a client poses a danger to self or others. c. a counselor is in clinical supervision with another counselor. d. a client has a fatal, communicable disease and the client's behavior is putting others at risk. e. an attorney sends a counselor a subpoena.

Q: When uncertain about the privileged status of information requested for disclosure through a subpoena, a counselor should consult with a. the client whose information is being requested. b. other mental health professionals. c. another licensed counselor. d. an attorney who represents the counselor or his or her employer. e. the attorney who sent the subpoena.

Q: In order to get a privileged communication statute passed that protects the privacy of clients who are in professional relationships with counselors, legislators must be convinced that a. counseling relationships are more important than physician-patient relationships. b. counseling relationships are similar to the relationships between a priest and penitent, or between a minister and congregation member. c. making an exception to the general rule that all evidence must be presented in court is vital to the well being of society. d. law suits can be as easily resolved without the benefit of information that clients tell their counselors in confidential relationships. e. counseling has met all the tests to demonstrate that it is a true profession.

Q: When the client is deceased and there is no statutory language dealing with privilege and the death of the holder, the individual who usually is allowed to assert the privilege is a. the client's last counselor. b. the client's legal representative. c. the client's spouse or next of kin. d. the judge hearing the case. e. a guardian ad litem appointed by a judge for that particular purpose.

Q: If a counselor is asked to disclose privileged information about a client who cannot be located, then the obligation to assert the privilege rests with a. the client's next of kin. b. the counselor. c. the client's attorney. d. the client's spouse, if any. e. the executor of the client's estate.

Q: Breaches of client confidentiality by counselors a. are the most common basis of malpractice cases against counselors. b. are the foundation for most complaints against counselors to their licensure boards. c. occur rarely, and when they do occur are the result of counselors intentionally informing others of what a client said in a counseling session. d. occur rarely, and when they do occur are required by state statutes. e. occur rarely, and when they do occur usually are inadvertent.

Q: Privileged communication statutes a. ensure that counselors will never have to repeat information clients tell them in a counseling session. b. protect clients from having confidential communications with their counselors disclosed in a court of law without their permission. c. protect the privacy of counselors. d. make it a crime for counselors to reveal confidential communications with their clients unless their clients give them written permission to disclose the information. e. state that counselors will lose their licenses if they reveal confidential information clients tell them in counseling sessions.

Q: With respect to confidentiality and privileged communication a. confidentiality and privileged communication are both primarily ethical issues. b. confidentiality and privileged communication are both primarily legal issues. c. confidentiality is primarily a legal issue, and privileged communication is primarily an ethical issue. d. confidentiality is primarily an ethical issue, and privileged communication is primarily a legal issue. e. it depends on the context as to whether confidentiality and privileged communication are ethical or legal issues.

Q: Research has shown that a. clients are unlikely to drop out of counseling prematurely if their counselors are warm and empathic b. counselors are generally willing to continue to counsel clients, at no cost to clients, when the clients' insurance benefits have run out c. at least 30% of clients in counseling drop out prematurely d. clients very rarely drop out of counseling without giving the counselor an explanation e. the average adult client completes 6 counseling sessions no matter how many sessions are authorized by the client's health insurance provider

Q: When choosing and implementing a counseling technique to use when counseling clients, counselors should be aware that a. research has demonstrated that some techniques are more effective than others in working with particular concerns and mental disorders b. conversion or reparative therapy should be used cautiously c. counselors should avoid choosing techniques based on the counselors' theoretical orientation d. clients depend on counselors to choose the best techniques and should not be asked to help select the techniques to be implemented e. it is best not to discuss potential risks of counseling techniques as clients might be frightened into terminating counseling prematurely

Q: In two recent court cases, students in counseling master's degree programs were dismissed from their training programs because they failed to a. demonstrate basic listening skills b. change their religious beliefs c. learn to counsel LGBTQIQ clients effectively d. complete the required number of direct contact hours working with clients during practicum e. refer clients whose diagnoses were so severe that they lacked competence to counsel these clients

Q: To avoid being sued by a client for abandonment, counselors are advised to a. terminate a counseling relationship if the client becomes angry with the counselor. b. refer the client if the client gets into a life-threatening crisis situation. c. give notice of termination orally, but put nothing in writing. d. give the client adequate notice that the counselor is terminating the counseling relationship. e. continue to see the client if the client refuses a referral to another counselor.

Q: With respect to a client's right to choose the time and means of his or her death, the ACA Code of Ethics a. requires counselors to uphold the client's confidentiality when the client discloses such an intention. b. does not address this issue directly. c. allows counselors the option to maintain confidentiality depending upon applicable laws and the specific circumstances of the situation after seeking consultation or supervision from appropriate professional and legal parties. d. requires counselors to warn a physician or family member that the client is considering taking his or her own life. e. acknowledges that counselors are not properly trained to assist clients with a medical issue such as end-of-life decision making.

Q: Informed consent documents that clients sign before counseling sessions begin a. are not required under the federal HIPAA rules. b. are required by law in every state. c. are mandated by the ACA Code of Ethics. d. are a good way to inform clients of their rights and responsibilities and are required by some federal rules and state laws. e. serve no useful purpose if counselors have put considerable effort into carefully explaining the information to their clients orally and have assured themselves that their clients understand.

Q: When involuntary clients are required to sign documents waiving their privacy before beginning counseling sessions, a. counselors should refuse to counsel these clients who have been forced into counseling. b. the client in these situations is the agency forcing the client into counseling, not the client himself or herself. c. counselors then have no responsibility to maintain the client's privacy. d. counselors should warn clients that they should never say anything in counseling sessions that may put them in a difficult situation with the person or agency that has mandated their counseling sessions. e. counselors should carefully explain to clients the limits of their privacy within the counseling relationship.

Q: All of the situations below may lead to client dependency EXCEPT a. managed care programs that limit the number of counseling sessions. b. the requirement in internship that counselors in training have a minimum number of client contact hours. c. the belief that a counselor is effective if the client returns for counseling sessions on a regular basis. d. a counselor has a strong need to be needed by others. e. it is less risky for clients to maintain close relationships with counselors than with others in their lives .

Q: Regarding counselors' personal values, counselors a. must always avoid disclosing their own personal values to their clients. b. should avoid discussions of values if their own values conflict with those of their clients. c. could disclose their values to a client, if it is possible to do so in a way that conveys to the client that the client's values can be accepted or rejected without risking the relationship. d. could disclose their values to a client, but only if the counselor holds the same values as the client. e. should disclose their values to clients so that clients see the counselor as genuine and authentic.

Q: When clients seek counseling related to issues such as abortion, assisted suicide, interracial marriage, premarital sex, or sexual identity, counselors a. must accept such clients for counseling services even if these issues distress counselors on a personal level. b. must be able to rise above any personal feelings they have about such issues and have an obligation to assist all clients who come to them for services. c. must examine their own values regarding these issues to ensure they can provide counseling services without allowing their own beliefs to interfere. d. should immediately refer such clients to other counselors who specialize in counseling persons with those particular concerns. e. should accept such clients for counseling only if the counselor has experienced such issues in his or her personal life and has successfully resolved them.

Q: It is vital for counselors to become aware of their own personal needs and values so that they a. know which of their values they can encourage clients to adopt. b. can avoid accepting clients who hold values that are different from their own values. c. can avoid getting their own personal needs met through their counseling relationships. d. can give clients advice that is congruent with the counselor's value system. e. can choose a counseling specialty that allows them to get their personal needs met while providing counseling services to others.

Q: Because counselors have a fiduciary relationship with their clients, counselors must a. ensure their client's finances are being handled properly. b. protect the best interests of their clients and not benefit inappropriately from the counselor-client relationship. c. ensure that clients do what is best for themselves. d. act as the client's guardian if the client cannot care for himself or herself. e. make arrangements for clients to be taken care of by family members or close friends if their clients can no longer care for themselves.

Q: It is ethically permissible for counselors to terminate a counseling relationship for all of the following reasons EXCEPT a. the client does not pay the fees charged. b. it is clear the client is no longer benefitting from counseling. c. agency limits do not allow services to continue. d. insurance benefits for mental health care have been exhausted. e. the client experiences a crisis.

Q: Because clients may have emergencies between counseling sessions, it is usually wise for counselors to a. instruct clients to call a 24-hour mental health hotline number or report to a hospital emergency room. b. give clients their home phone number. c. supply clients with a pager number by which the counselor may be reached. d. avoid accepting clients for counseling who may have between session emergencies. e. explain to clients that any situation they are dealing with can be resolved at the next regularly scheduled counseling session.

Q: The court cases in Bruff and Walden demonstrated that a. counselors with strong religious beliefs against abortion should refer clients who wish to explore whether or not to terminate a pregnancy b. counselors who work in secular community agencies should not discuss religion with clients c. counselors should carefully explain each possible exception to privacy before beginning the counseling relationship. d. counselors may be terminated from their employment if they take rigid positions regarding referring LGBTQIQ clients e. counselors can successfully claim that their Title VII of the Civil Rights Act have been violated if they refuse to counsel LGBTQIQ clients

Q: Cultural competencies in working with LGBTQIQ clients includea. realizing that sexual orientation is likely to be the focus of counselingb. understanding that some clients will need to be referred for conversion therapyc. having a comfort and familiarity with LGBTQIQ sexuality and how it is expressedd. understanding the dichotomous nature of sexualitye. understanding that LGBTQIQ individuals no longer experience a significant degree of societal stigmatization

Q: As advocates, counselors are aware that a. clients' mental health is affected by their experiences of discrimination and marginalization b. race transcends other cultural dimensions such as class and gender c. a working-class bias is prevalent in counselor training d. because most master's level counselors are female, they are able to counsel other females more effectively than are male counselors e. gay and lesbian clients are less likely to seek counseling than are heterosexual clients

Q: A new and notable development in the 21st century has been a. a growing awareness of multicultural differences. b. the development of multicultural competences for the counseling profession. c. attention to cultural differences in counselors' codes of ethics d. a focus on cultural bias in assessment e. an emphasis on social justice and advocacy

Q: To be effective when counseling clients with physical disabilities, counselors should a. focus on the clients' adjustment to disability. b. take a more directive, behavioral approach in working with the clients. c. refer these clients to a rehabilitation counselor. d. focus on the clients' abilities rather than limitations. e. assume that the clients' presenting problems are related to their disability.

Q: Because most counselors come from a middle class background, they a. tend to be aware of their class biases. b. realize that some clients do not speak English well because of limited education or immigrant status. c. find it difficult to hear class conditioning when listening to some clients' stories. d. should emphasize the importance of education when counseling clients from low socio-economic backgrounds. e. should focus on personal relationships and rapport building when counseling low SES clients.

Q: Because race, ethnicity, gender, and social class are salient cultural variables for all people, a. individuals who are members of racial minority groups experience oppression related to all of their cultural variables. b. privilege is experienced only by White males. c. social class is the primary variable that determines whether individuals experience privilege or oppression. d. race is the primary variable that determines whether individuals experience privilege or oppression. e. individuals simultaneously experience both privilege and oppression.

Q: If a Southeast Asian client refuses to seek police assistance when he or she has been the victim of a crime, the counselor should a. become an advocate and contact the police for the client. b. insist that the client seek police assistance despite his or her reluctance. c. explain to the client that police help people in the United States. d. understand that the client may have negative feelings toward police because of police oppression in his or her native country. e. contact a family member and tell the family member that it is very important that the police are notified of the crime so that others can be protected.

Q: When a counselor determines that a gay or lesbian client may have been illegally discriminated against, the counselor should a. insist that the client seek immediate legal advice. b. help the client determine whether or not to seek legal advice. c. tell the client that he or she has been discriminated against and that the client should seek to have the situation rectified. d. offer to find out the legal ramifications of the situation and report them back to the client. e. inform the client that he or she should seek legal advice from an attorney who advocates for gay rights

Q: Multicultural considerations were not given extensive attention in the ACA Code of Ethics until a. the first version adopted in 1961. b. the second version adopted in 1974. c. the third version adopted in 1981. d. the fourth version adopted in 1988. e. the fifth version adopted in 1995.

Q: Counselors who work with female clients should have an understanding of the high-prevalence problems and issues experienced by women, including each of the following EXCEPT a. domestic violence. b. tendency to be passive-aggressive. c. sexual assault and harassment. d. body image and objectification. e. conflicts between work and family responsibilities.

Q: The most important resource for counselors to use in learning about different racial, cultural, or ethnic groups is a. their clients. b. their colleagues who are from racial, cultural, or ethnic groups different from their own. c. professional associations that focus on multicultural counseling issues. d. books on multicultural counseling. e. professional journal articles on multicultural counseling.

Q: According to McIntosh, examples of White privilege include all of the following EXCEPT a. being able to watch television and see people of the White race widely represented. b. seeing on television White people positively represented. c. knowing that if legal or medical help is needed, race will not work against the White person. d. growing up in a White middle or upper class family environment. e. not needing to teach White children about systemic racism for their own daily protection.

Q: When counseling a client from a racial, ethnic, or cultural group different from the counselor's, it is important for the counselor to remember that a. basically, all people are alike although they may look different. b. although certain groups share similar traits or beliefs, each individual is unique and may not be like most others from his or her group. c. since certain groups share similar traits or beliefs, the counselor should begin by assuming that this particular person is like most others. d. stereotyping is often useful in understanding differences. e. the counselor should demonstrate that she or he understands the client by using words or phrases associated with the client's racial, ethnic, or cultural group.

Q: According to Ridley, examples of unintentional racism included all of the following EXCEPT a. avoiding the issue of cultural differences by claiming to be color blind and treating all people as if they were alike. b. assuming that a client's problems are due to the client's cultural background. c. interpreting a lack of trust in the counselor to the fact that the counselor is of a different race than the client d. facilitating co-dependency relationships with ethnic clients out of a need to be accepted e. misinterpreting a client's culturally learned patterns of communicating or behaving.

Q: The term "culturally encapsulated counselor" refers to a counselor who a. counsels in a setting where the clients are not diverse. b. defines reality according to one set of cultural assumptions and fails to evaluate other viewpoints, which renders the counselor insensitive to cultural variations. c. understands that all counseling is cross cultural. d. considers evidence that challenges his or her assumptions. e. has internalized some of society's biases.

Q: The primary difference between counselors and other mental health professionals is a. only counselors provide mental health counseling services b. only counselors use the term "counseling" to describe the service that they provide to clients c. counseling is the primary professional service that counselors provide d. counselors do not diagnose mental illnesses e. the primary service that counselors provide to clients is to connect them with resources in their communities that can help the clients achieve greater wellness

Q: The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) a. sets standards for preparing counselors, social workers, and school psychologists b. requires that an individual hold a doctoral degree in order to be CACREP-certified c. encourages faculty who train counselors to have diverse backgrounds as counselors, counseling psychologists, and clinical social workers d. requires that training programs offer a 100-clock-hour practicum and a 300-clock hour internship e. has been generally accepted as the model curriculum for training counselors

Q: A fundamental tenet of the wellness model is that a. traditionally, it has been espoused y members of all the helping professions (e.g., counselors, social workers, and psychologists) rather than by medical professionals b. the primary goal is to alleviate suffering c. people can transcend their environmental limitations d. mental health exists along a continuum e. scientific principles are applied to cure the client's identified mental illness

Q: Professionalism in counseling includes all of the following EXCEPT a. being intrinsically motivated to achieve best practices in counseling. b. taking pride in one's profession. c. holding a doctorate in counseling or a related area. d. understanding the history and philosophy of the profession. e. representing the profession to the public in a positive and vigorous manner.

Q: All of the following statements about advertising one's services in an ethical manner are true, EXCEPT a. the ACA Code of Ethics imposes strict criteria and restrictions on advertising. b. counselors must correct misrepresentations of their qualifications if they learn about such misrepresentations. c. counselors are required to distinguish between paid and volunteer work experience when they advertise their qualifications. d. counselors must present their credentials accurately. e. many counselors hold multiple credentials and it is ethical to list all relevant credentials on their business cards.

Q: The most significant problem within the counseling profession today, according to the authors of the text, appears to be a. receiving third party reimbursement. b. increasing salaries for master's level clinicians. c. becoming a united and societally recognized profession. d. conducting more experimental designed research studies. e. convincing legislators to make counseling services available to everyone for a reasonable charge.

Q: Certification is a process a. for school counselors exclusively. b. through which official state agencies certify individuals as qualified to hold certain state jobs. c. that protects the title of "counselor" in some states. d. is always voluntary, whereas licensure is required. e. that prevents individuals from practicing counseling unless they hold at least a master's degree.

Q: All of the following are steps toward professionalization EXCEPT a. getting state laws passed that regulate the practice of the profession. b. changing names to reduce identification with other professions c. developing a code of ethics. d. requiring members of the profession to possess specialized knowledge and skills. e. offering services that are identical to services offered by other similar professions.

Q: Within the counseling profession the primary national voluntary certification agency is a. American Mental Health Counselors Association b. American Counseling Association. c. American Association for Counseling and Development. d. National Board for Certified Counselors. e. National Registry of Certified Counselors.

Q: The school counseling movement in the United States resulted as a consequence of which major event? a. the Russians launching Sputnik. b. the assassination of John F. Kennedy. c. the Cuban Missile Crisis. d. APA's declaration that only psychologists at the doctoral level would be recognized as professionals. e. the national legislation that ensured education for all handicapped persons.

Q: Counseling aims to help clients a. become autonomous and not need other people in their lives. b. have a place to go that is comforting and supportive. c. learn to counsel themselves. d. have a person who can solve their problems for them. e. be empowered to problem-solve independently.

Q: Counselors who practice from a developmental perspective a. focus on the physical development of their clients because physical development has a significant impact on the emotional well-being of clients. b. focus on the intellectual development of their clients because clients must be taught to understand themselves and function more effectively. c. see personal development as a difficult goal to attain that requires the help of counselors who understand the human condition. d. view most problems people encounter as natural and normal because all developmental stages of life bring challenges. e. believe that all stages of life traumatize clients and the counselor's role is to treat the trauma their clients have experienced.

Q: Within the counseling profession, the primary goal of counseling is to a. help clients accomplish wellness. b. cure illnesses of clients. c. identify and treat mental illnesses. d. understand the illnesses with which clients present for counseling. e. help clients understand unresolved emotional issues.

Q: A core belief that members of the counseling profession hold concerning helping others with their mental health concerns is a. it is important to identify the illness presented by the person asking for assistance. b. the goal is to help the individual return to the level of functioning enjoyed before the illness occurred. c. remediation is the most appropriate means in dealing with emotional and personal problems. d. prevention and early intervention are the most appropriate means to deal with emotional and personal problems. e. giving support often is all that is necessary for people to resolve their personal crises.

Q: Counselors with a strong professional identity are able to do all of the following EXCEPT a. describe the services their profession renders to the public. b. articulate the similarities and differences between their profession and other similar groups. c. show pride in belonging to the counseling profession. d. demonstrate that they hold a master's degree from a CACREP-accredited program. e. explain the philosophy that underlies the activities of counselors.

Q: When a counselor discovers that a client holds values that are dramatically different from the counselor's own values, the counselor should a. try to gently persuade the client to re-examine his or her values. b. respect the client's values even though the counselor disagrees with them. c. immediately refer the client to another counselor. d. give the client some reading material that will broaden his or her perspective. e. ask the client how he or she would feel if people discriminated against him or her because of values held.

Q: The ACA Code of Ethics a. helps to stabilize the profession b. answers nearly all questions that a counselor might have c. sets forth ethical responsibilities that never change d. is the single, universally accepted code of ethics for counselors e. is updated every two or three years

Q: External forces that can support counselors in their efforts to practice ethically include all of the following EXCEPT a. supervision. b. intentionality. c. consultation. d. ethics codes. e. continuing education workshops and seminars.

Q: Laws a. always support professional values and behaviors. b. dictate maximum standards of behavior for professionals in a position of trust who provide services to the public. c. are similar to ethics in that they represent ideal standards. d. often conflict with an ethical standard related to a similar issue. e. are agreed upon rules that are set forth by principles allowing people to live together in a society.