Q&A Hero

Q: If a juvenile's case is going to be transferred to adult court, it must be transferred ________. a. after the adjudicatory hearing, but before the dispositional hearing b. before intake c. immediately after the dispositional hearing d. after intake, but before the adjudicatory hearing

Q: A written document describing the losses, suffering, and trauma experienced by the crime victim or by the victim's survivors is known as a victim-impact statement.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court established the public safety exception to the Miranda rule in New York v. Quarles.

Q: Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are ________. a. status offenders b. neglected children c. dependent children d. juvenile delinquents

Q: The severity of an inmate's crime is the primary determinate of the actual amount of time served under an indeterminate sentence.

Q: A "knowing waiver" of rights requires that the defendant be able to understand the consequences of not invoking the Miranda rights.

Q: A child who has no parents or whose parents are unable to care for him or her is called a(n) ________. a. dependent child b. undisciplined child c. neglected child d. abused child

Q: In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a decision that rendered the federal sentencing guidelines merely advisory.

Q: Analyze the role of the FBI in today's enforcing of the laws. What are the main duties of the FBI, both in the field and in the laboratory?

Q: The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a(n) ________. a. disposition b. adjudication c. writ of certiorari d. petition

Q: When a prisoner is executed the Constitution demands that all risk of pain be avoided.

Q: Define and analyze the relationship between traditional policing and the role of private security in America and the world today.

Q: The juvenile system is more likely to maximize the use of discretion and ________ than the adult system. a. employ diversion from further formal processing b. apply the death penalty for first-degree murder c. protect the offender's due process rights d. focus on legal issues of guilt or innocence

Q: Rehabilitation depends on a fear of the consequences of violating the law.

Q: Directed patrol is a police-management strategy designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques. Comment on how effective this strategy is and whether or not it actually works.

Q: Government agencies that function to investigate, supervise, adjudicate, care for, or confine youthful offenders and other children subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court make up the ________ system. a. status b. juvenile petition c. juvenile justice d. juvenile disposition

Q: State police agencies are generally separated into two models. Compare and contrast the two models and define their functions within the states and communities they serve.

Q: New York's first "house of refuge" in the 1820s was intended to shelter the most serious juvenile delinquents in the city.

Q: In what ways might pretrial news coverage be damaging to the objective outcome of a criminal trial?

Q: The Kansas City studies had an impact on several traditional views about police patrol work. Comment on and explain the study and specifically the affect they had on preventative patrol and traditional response to calls for service.

Q: During the Enlightenment, at the end of the eighteenth century, society became increasingly concerned about the well-being of children.

Q: Compare and contrast the roles of the professional and nonprofessional courtroom work groups. Analyze how they work together to ensure a successful completion to a case before the court. Do their individual roles intertwine to make the system work?

Q: Evidence-Based Policing is being used to implement guidelines and evaluate police agencies, units, and police officers. Define evidence-based policing, how it works, and its effect on law enforcement and crime solving.

Q: The 1899 Illinois Juvenile Court Act emphasized retribution in place of reformation.

Q: List and define three members of the nonprofessional courtroom participants and their roles in the day-to-day process in the court room.

Q: List and define the three levels of law enforcement. Give examples of each level.

Q: Kent v. U.S. was a landmark decision for juveniles.

Q: The intentional making of a false statement as part of the testimony by a sworn witness in a judicial proceeding is called ________. a. probative value b. perjury c. hearsay d. reasonable doubt

Q: ________ is when law enforcement officers exercise choice while carrying out their duties. a. Police presence b. Legal input c. Directed patrol d. Police discretion

Q: When compared with adult justice, the juvenile justice system emphasizes punishment rather than treatment.

Q: How many states allow the use of videotaped testimony for child witnesses? a. 32 b. 24 c. 37 d. 12

Q: Which of the following is true of the ILP era? a. It is characterized by close ties between police and public officials. b. It began around 1930 and lasted until the 1970s. c. It is still evolving and involves efforts to deal with threats to the homeland. d. It stresses the service role of police officers.

Q: A juvenile who commits a status offense has also committed a crime.

Q: The Batson decision laid out the requirements defendants must prove when seeking to establish ________. a. ineffective assistance of counsel b. an exception to the hearsay rule c. the right to a free lawyer d. the discriminatory use of peremptory challenges

Q: Which of the following is NOT an element of community policing? a. emphasis on nonemergency services b. increased police accountability to the public c. centralization of command d. community-based crime prevention

Q: In 2005, in the case of Roper v. Simmons, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an offender may not be executed for his or her crime if the crime was committed before the offender turned 18 years of age.

Q: Evidence that requires interpretation or that requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates is called ________. a. circumstantial evidence b. exculpatory evidence c. real evidence d. direct evidence

Q: What may be the definitive book on community policing? a. Bayley and Skolnick's The New Blue Line b. Skolnick's Justice Without Trial c. Trojanowicz's Community Policing d. Wilson's Varieties of Police Behavior

Q: Before the modern era, children who committed crimes in the Western world received no preferential treatment because of their youth.

Q: Juries in most states are composed of how many members? a. 12 b. 23 c. 6 d. 8

Q: A neighborhood resource officer asks residents to clean up litter, remove graffiti, and install better lighting in a nearby park that is known for extensive drug dealing. Such a request is characteristic of what type of policing? a. strategic b. problem-solving c. rural d. crime-fighting

Q: A juvenile court is any court that has jurisdiction over matters involving juveniles.

Q: A jury that is isolated from the public has been ________. a. challenged b. subpoenaed c. sequestered d. preempted

Q: Which era is said to have grown out of national concerns with terrorism prevention? a. reform era b. political era c. community policing era d. new era

Q: Status offenders are children who violate laws written for both adults and children.

Q: A written order issued by a judicial officer requiring an individual to appear in court to give testimony is called a ________. a. warrant b. motion c. subpoena d. verdict

Q: If state troopers were instructed to write a ticket for any motorist going 1 mph over the speed limit, one could argue that this department was operating under what style of policing? a. watchman b. reform c. legalistic d. service

Q: Many states exclude certain serious, violent crimes from the jurisdiction of the juvenile court.

Q: Who is responsible for swearing in witnesses? a. clerk of court b. bailiff c. court recorder d. judge

Q: Which policing style was in use when the Rodney King beating occurred in Los Angeles? a. reform b. legalistic c. service d. watchman

Q: Juvenile courts place more emphasis on privacy than adult courts do.

Q: Who creates a record of all that occurs during the trial? a. court administrator b. clerk of court c. court reporter d. bailiff

Q: Some authors have warned that the police subculture focuses almost exclusively on ________. a. community relations b. crime fighting c. public relations d. personality improvement

Q: More than 40% of the juveniles in confinement are charged with homicide.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a bailiff? a. to announce the judge's entry into the courtroom b. to prevent the escape of the accused c. to cross-examine witnesses d. to ensure order in the courtroom

Q: In what era of policing did police departments focus most of their resources on solving "traditional" crimes such as murder and rape? a. the community policing era b. the reform era c. the political era d. the strategic era

Q: A neglected child is a child who has engaged in activity that would be considered a crime if the child were an adult.

Q: Which of the following witnesses provides information about the personality, family life, business acumen, and so on of the defendant in an effort to show that this is not the kind of person who would commit the crime with which he or she is charged? a. character witnesses b. secure witnesses c. eyewitnesses d. expert witnesses

Q: Police"community relations (PCR) as a police practice ________. a. recognizes that the police derive their legitimacy from the community they serve b. emphasizes the need for less citizen participation in law enforcement c. emerged during the 1930s d. has been used exclusively in metropolitan areas

Q: A juvenile is a youth at or below the upper age of juvenile court jurisdiction in a particular state.

Q: What percentage of state inmates represent themselves at trial? a. 50% b. 3% c. 1% d. 6%

Q: The legalistic style of policing ________. a. is marked by the order-maintenance function of the police b. requires police action in disruptive situations even if no law is broken c. enforces the letter of the law d. seeks to legalize controversial forms of deviant behavior

Q: The author has raised several major issues facing prisons today. Define and comment on three of those major issues and how they affect prison life, society, and the inmates in the future. Analyze the issues you feel are the most pressing for corrections to face in the future.

Q: What is the single most important criterion for determining the level of proof necessary for conviction in criminal trials? a. standards for criminal justice b. reasonable doubt standard c. standards of professional responsibility d. ethical and procedural standards

Q: What name is most closely associated with the concept of "policing styles"? a. J. Edgar Hoover b. Egon Bittner c. James Q. Wilson d. Jerome Skolnick

Q: Define and explain the 1996 Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA). Why was this act needed? Who benefitted from the passage of this act? Be comprehensive in your response.

Q: A BJS survey found the majority of both state- and county-based public defender offices ________. a. employed private attorneys b. had appropriately sized caseloads c. paid their attorneys over $80,000 a year d. employed substantially fewer than needed support staff

Q: What is the best way to describe police subculture? a. a particular set of values characteristic of the police b. the characteristics that officers bring to the job c. the borrowing of norms and behaviors by officers from society d. groups of deviant officers who mask their illegal activity

Q: List and define the three different lifestyles researcher Esther Heffernan found as indicative of lifestyle adaptation in female prisons.

Q: A defendant would be entitled to counsel if she were too poor to afford an attorney in each of the following situations, EXCEPT if ________. a. she were charged with a misdemeanor with a maximum penalty of six months in jail b. she were charged with a felony c. she were charged with a capital crime d. she were charged with a misdemeanor with a maximum penalty of a $100 fine

Q: Community policing is best characterized by which of the following? a. providing service to citizens b. providing assistance to federal agencies c. providing strict law enforcement to the community d. police officers being primarily concerned with political interests

Q: List and define the four different types of prison lifestyles researchers describe as adaptations to prison life for male inmates. Do you agree with the terminology? Cite reasons for or against these defined lifestyles.

Q: Which of the following terms describes an attorney who works for a law firm? a. court-appointed counsel b. public defender c. prosecuting attorney d. private attorney

Q: Semipermanent assignment of officers to particular neighborhoods is called ________. a. intensive policing b. partner policing c. block policing d. team policing

Q: Describe the causes of prison riots. Explain what steps corrections administrators can take to eliminate or minimize riots in the future.

Q: One study suggests that some prosecutors have an inherent tendency to be lenient toward ________ defendants but discriminate against ________ defendants when deciding whether to prosecute. a. male; female b. minority; female c. female; minority d. minority; male

Q: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the reform era of American policing? a. Police stressed their role of service to the community. b. It lasted from the 1930s to the 1970s. c. Police prided themselves on being professional crime fighters. d. Police focused most of their resources on fighting "traditional" crimes.

Q: Correctional systems can prevent the transmission of AIDS through ________. a. vaccinations b. education c. good nutrition d. punishment of HIV-positive prisoners

Q: The most important form of prosecutorial discretion lies in the power to ________. a. test the credibility and the memory of the witness b. handle certain matters relating to individuals declared mentally incompetent c. serve as a judge of probate to oversee wills and the administration of estates d. charge, or not to charge, a person with an offense

Q: The political era of American policing was characterized by ________. a. police officers running for political office b. police, citizens, and politicians developing a close working relationship c. police serving the interests of politicians d. politicians funding police research