Q&A Hero

Q: A common indicator of suicide using a knife is a. no weapon present. b. defensive wounds. c. wounds made through clothing. d. hesitation wounds.

Q: The first priority in a preliminary homicide investigation is to a. render aid to the victim. b. keep the media away from the area. c. identify the suspect. d. secure the safety of the scene.

Q: A dead body that sinks in water usually remains immersed for a. 5 to 7 days in warm water and 3 to 4 weeks in cold water. b. 8 to 10 days in warm water and 2 to 3 weeks in cold water. c. 2 to 3 weeks in warm water and 5 to 6 weeks in cold water. d. none of these choices.

Q: Deaths are classified by type as a. natural, accidental noncriminal, suicide, homicide noncriminal and criminal. b. natural, accidental, suicide, murder. c. Accidental, suicide, murder, voluntary. d. either by accident or by the hands of another.

Q: Rigor mortis is at its maximum at about ____________ hours after death. a. 6 to 8 hours b. 8 to 9 hours c. 12 to 24 hours d. 36 to 48 hours

Q: Briefly outline some of the ways that surveillance can aid an investigation.

Q: If a suspect is at the scene of a crime, what methods can an officer use to identify the suspect at the scene?

Q: Briefly outline some of the options available to an officer for controlling someone with non-lethal force.

Q: After arresting a suspect, under what conditions are officers allowed to search the arrestee's home?

Q: How do the police establish the legal requirements for staging a raid?

Q: Outline some of the suggestions discussed in the text for officers who are preparing to go undercover.

Q: How does an officer determine whether photographic identification or lineup identification should be used to identify a suspect?

Q: Explain how geographic profiling can be used in criminal investigations.

Q: Compile a list of some of the key items to ask about when helping a witness describe a suspect.

Q: Define the term de facto arrest.

Q: Describe the uses and value of psychological profiling.

Q: At what point should an arrested individual be advised of his or her constitutional rights?

Q: What precautions should be taken when conducting raids?

Q: Define entrapment.

Q: Define reasonable force.

Q: ____________ profiling takes place when an officer focuses on an individual as a suspect based solely on that person's race.

Q: _____________ identification is on-the-scene identification of a suspect by a victim or witness to a crime.

Q: Victims and witnesses should view ______ shots, as this may help identify a suspect believed to have a record.

Q: In __________ profiling, also known as criminal profiling, an attempt is made to identify an individual's mental, emotional and psychological characteristics.

Q: Suspects may ____________ to participate in a lineup, but this decision can be used against them in court.

Q: Stopping a vehicle when the officer's intent was not the real reason for the stop is called a ____________ traffic stop.

Q: Identifying a weapon as less-lethal does not imply that it is _________ lethal.

Q: Graham v. Connor held that plaintiffs alleging excessive use of force need show only that the officer's actions were ___________________ under the standards of the Fourth Amendment.

Q: Police powers to arrest or search are restricted by the _________ Amendment.

Q: In moving surveillance, the surveillant may be referred to as a ____________.

Q: Research has found that officers were significantly more likely to use higher levels of force with suspects encountered in disadvantaged neighborhoods.

Q: Facts gathered after an arrest to justify probable cause are legally admissible as evidence of probable cause.

Q: Planning, organizing and executing a raid are somewhat similar to undertaking a small military attack on a specific target.

Q: Investigators should keep in mind that eyewitness identification is highly fallible.

Q: Some officers carry insurance to protect themselves against lawsuits.

Q: Officers working undercover should keep their real first name and date of birth.

Q: Gordon v. Warren Consolidated Board of Education (1983) ruled that using undercover officers in high schools was unreasonable and therefore illegal.

Q: Pen registers and trap-and-trace devices are not considered forms of searches and do not need probable cause and a court order because subscribers waive their rights to privacy when using devices such as cell phones or telephones.

Q: TWS (through-the-wall surveillance) technology helps officers to determine if someone is in a room before putting themselves in harm's way and to save lives by using motion and images to differentiate between a hostage and a hostage taker.

Q: Electronic surveillance and wiretapping are considered forms of search and are therefore permitted only with probable cause and court order.

Q: Police officers are authorized to make an arrest for any criminal activity of which they are suspicious.

Q: Because race is part of a suspect's general description, racial profiling has been upheld by the courts as legal and constitutional.

Q: Fixed surveillance is used when you know or suspect that a person is at or will come to a known location.

Q: The amount of time it takes to identify a suspect is directly correlated to the length of time it takes to solve a crime.

Q: As far back as Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, the courts authorized court-ordered electronic surveillance of organized crime figures.

Q: In Katz v. United States, the Supreme Court reversed the California decision, saying: "The Fourth Amendment protects people not places. . . ."

Q: The Supreme Court defined entrapment in Sorrells v. United States (1932) as essentially resting on whether or not the conception and planning of an offense was by an officer, not a suspect.

Q: Investigators should use at least five people of comparable race, height, weight, age and general appearance in police lineups.

Q: In Schmerber v. California (1966), the Court ruled that suspects may refuse to participate in a lineup, and such refusal may not be used against them in court.

Q: A suspect does not have the right to a lawyer if a photographic lineup is used.

Q: In Saucier v. Katz (2001), the Supreme Court held that the guide for use of excessive force is that a. the officer fears for his or her safety. b. the force is objectively reasonable under Fourth Amendment excessive force analysis. c. the suspect is armed. d. the suspect presents a dangerous risk to the public.

Q: Florida v. Riley (1989) approved the warrantless aerial surveillance, noting that a. there had to be at least 10,000 feet between the police airplane and the suspects. b. there should be no reasonable expectation of privacy from the skies above. c. this was a test case and was only approved once. d. it must be in conjunction with a simultaneous ground-level surveillance.

Q: In United States v. Knotts (1983), the Court ruled that installing and monitoring a bird dog tracking device in a public location a. violates a suspect's rights. b. is illegal. c. does not violate a suspect's rights. d. is inadmissible.

Q: The requirement of providing counsel to a suspect in a lineup that occurs after indictment or arraignment is known as the a. Miranda rule. b. Wade-Gilbert rule. c. exclusionary rule. d. "fruits of the poisoned tree" rule.

Q: In the DEA smuggling case United States v. Weaver (1992), what did the Court rule? a. that race can be considered among other factors to use in developing suspects b. that only agents of the same race as a suspect can work undercover to avoid racism charges c. that race can never be used as a factor in developing suspects d. that racial profiling is always illegal

Q: This 1985 court case eliminated the "fleeing-felon rule," banning law enforcement officers from shooting to kill a fleeing felon unless an imminent danger to life exists. a. Argersinger v. Hamlin b. Brown v. Mississippi c. Terry v. Ohio d. Tennessee v. Garner

Q: In Whren v. United States (1996), the Supreme Court affirmed that officers could stop vehicles to allay any suspicions even though they have no evidence of criminal behavior. This type of stop is referred to as a a. pretextual stop. b. silver platter stop. c. Terry stop. d. racial profiling stop.

Q: Making a legal arrest, gaining information for warrants or even preventing crime can all be the result of a. criminal profiling. b. surveillance. c. entrapment. d. pretextual traffic stops.

Q: A field identification is also called a a. hot stop. b. follow-up. c. shake-down. d. show-up.

Q: Wiretaps are legal when there is probable cause and they are a. ordered by the chief of police or sheriff. b. authorized by the district attorney. c. reviewed by a grand jury. d. authorized by a court.

Q: What must be established before an arrest can be made? a. occurrence of a crime b. finding of a victim c. notification of suspect's lawyer d. probable cause

Q: In United States v. Wade, the Court said that a suspect must be informed of his or her right to have a lawyer present during what type of process? a. booking b. Terry stops c. invasive searches d. lineups

Q: Psychological profiling a. is no longer used in police work. b. is used only in conjunction with a psychic. c. is 95 percent accurate in all cases. d. can help eliminate and develop suspects.

Q: Live lineups generally contain a. two to three individuals. b. four to five individuals. c. six to seven individuals. d. five to ten individuals.

Q: Force necessary to overcome resistance offered during an arrest is referred to as a. extraneous force. b. reasonable force. c. the Blue Hammer. d. extralegal force.

Q: Which of the following are considered "nonlethal" weapons?a. aerosols b. ECDs c. impact weaponsd. all of these choices

Q: Which of the following means is not used to develop suspects? a. informants b. physical evidence left at the crime scene c. information in police files d. none of these choices

Q: Which 2007 case established the use of "ramming" in pursuit as a use-of-force doctrine that the police use today?a. Mapp v. Ohio b. Kim Wong Ark v. United States c. Scott v. Harrisd. United States v. Weeks

Q: Which method is not used to identify suspects? a. field or show-up identification b. mug shots c. photographic identification or lineups d. hearsay evidence

Q: Field or show-up identification is on-the-scene identification of a suspect by a victim or witness of a crime. The show-up must be a. close in time to the incident. b. close in location to the incident. c. based on a warrant. d. in conjunction with an attorney's consent.

Q: When a person suddenly dies in police custody, it is often calleda. excited delirium. b. use of deadly force. c. de facto arrest.d. nightcap provision.

Q: On a linear use-of-force continuum, where do "hard empty hand techniques" fall in relation to the use of a TASER or chemical agent? a. They fall to the left (i.e., they are more forceful). b. They fall to the right (i.e., they are less forceful). c. They are equivalent. d. They are not on the same use-of-force continuum.

Q: Which would not be one of the precautions for undercover agents? a. Write no notes that the subject can read. b. Carry police identification in case you need to make an arrest. c. Ensure that communication with headquarters is covert. d. Use drugs and alcohol to get in with the gang.

Q: The objective of surveillance is to a. obtain information that can be used to solve narcotics-related crimes. b. obtain information about people, their associates and their activities that may help solve a criminal case or protect a witness. c. obtain information about anyone or anything. d. punish the offenders.

Q: Surveillance, undercover assignments and raids are used only when a. the case is important. b. the case is a felony. c. normal methods of continuing the investigation fail to produce results. d. terrorist activity or drug traffic are suspected.

Q: Discuss the importance of rapport when interviewing a witness or interrogating a suspect.

Q: How are foreign nationals to be treated when under detention or arrest, and why?

Q: Select one of the approaches to interrogation outlined in the text and describe how it might be used by an officer in dealing with a suspect.

Q: Describe the circumstances that must accompany a legally obtained confession.

Q: Discuss the legality of third-degree tactics in police interrogations.