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Criminal Law
Q:
If there is a general media effect on criminal justice policy, it is to decrease punitiveness and surveillance.
Q:
Associated with offender provided performance crime material, social media videos have supplied suspect identifications as well as incriminating visual evidence for criminal investigations.
Q:
Judicial applications of new medias capabilities revolve around court administration issues.
Q:
The dilemma for lawyers is that failure to explore on-line presence of clients, victims, and witness may result in findings of ineffective counsel on appeal.
Q:
The value of social media based evidence is that it can provide the best evidence of what an individual was thinking and doing at a specific time.
Q:
Contemporary social media are the first crime news source for many and, thus, are powerful crime and justice social construction engines.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT difference between legacy and new media?
a. Access to content
b. Distribution of content
c. Creation of content
d. Quality of content
Q:
The medias construction of the criminal justice system appears to lead the public to evaluate the overall system as fair.
Q:
By depicting a predatory violent social environment, the media show the public that due process considerations hamper the police.
Q:
The good versus evil perspective on crime and justice is reflected in the common media crime fighter who primarily motivated by upholding the law, rather than individual retribution.
Q:
In addition to the medias focus on individual factors as the cause of crime, the portrait typically includes social and structural conflicts, such as racism, sexism, and economic inequality.
Q:
The media-criminal justice policy model that predicts that the medias coverage of an external event and the event may both influence criminal justice policy is called _______________________.
a. No media influence external even
b. Simultaneous media influence external event
c. Direct media influence
d. None of the above
Q:
Unexpected effects arise from the novel manner in which the media related to criminal justice policy. One such effect refers to the tendency for officials to treat defendants in unpublicized cases harshly if the press has been demanding such treatment for defendants in publicized cases. This is called the ________________.
a. Anticipatory effect
b. Echo effect
c. Counterproductive effect
d. Reflection effect
Q:
If DUI prosecutions increase due to an investigatory media series suggesting that lenient treatment for DUI offenders is common, this is an example of a media-related change ____________________.
a. Due to a criminal justice policy change directly lobbied for by the media
b. In anticipation of a policy being changed
c. In anticipation of media attention
d. In response to the publics outcry
Q:
The relationship between the media, policies, and theory can be modeled in a four-step process. Choose which of the following depicts the steps of the process in the correct order.
a. social attitudes, perceptions, and behavior ; medias crime-and-justice content ; social construction reality process ; criminal justice policy.
b. social construction reality process ; social attitudes, perceptions, and behavior ; medias crime-and-justice content ; criminal justice policy.
c. criminal justice policy ; social attitudes, perceptions, and behavior ; social construction reality process ; medias crime-and-justice content.
d. medias crime-and-justice content ; social construction reality process ; social attitudes, perceptions, and behavior ; criminal justice policy.
Q:
The media could improve the portrayal of crime and justice by providing comprehensive, contextual cover, as is done for ________________. a. Sporting events b. Entertainment events c. Political events d. Weather coverage
Q:
Media effects on the criminal justice system are always perceived as bad.
Q:
Which of the following conceptual frameworks, which helps us understand the criminal justice system and mass medias effects on the system, can be defined as: perceiving the criminal justice system as an assembly line along which defendants should be processed as quickly and as efficiently as possible?
a. Crime control model
b. Retribution model
c. Due process model
d. Community justice model
Q:
News stories rarely place criminal justice information in the contexts of history, sociology, or politics by highlighting trends, persistent problems, or other systematic phenomena, which is known as a ____________________.
a. Compounded format
b. Impermanent format
c. Thematic format
d. Episodic format
Q:
More than one hundred years ago, the medias ecological image of crime was populated by which of the following images?
a. Wolves, sheep, and sheepdogs
b. Wolves, chickens, and hunters
c. Wolves, lambs, and shepherd dogs
d. Bears, cows, and border collies
Q:
Todays media-constructed crime-and-justice ecology is populated with what type of offenders, victims, and heroes?
a. ideal
b. unpredictable
c. predictable
d. irrational
Q:
The belief that a divine higher power will intervene, and reveal and punish the guilty while protecting the innocent is known as which of the following?
a. Distributive justice
b. Procedural justice
c. Retributive justice
d. Immanent justice
Q:
When a correlation is looked for between media attention on a social issue and public concern, what kind of relationship is found?
a. none
b. weak to moderate
c. moderate to strong
d. strong
Q:
Research indicates that media effects ______________________.
a. Appear to increase with exposure
b. Are more significant the less direct experience people have with an issue
c. Are more significant for newer, concrete issues than for older abstract ones
d. All of the above
Q:
It is theorized that media are homogenizing society, influencing heavy television consumers. The hypothesis that the media affect some viewers more than others regardless of exposure level is called ___________________.
a. inclusion
b. worldview cultivation
c. mainstreaming
d. none of the above
Q:
The most relevant crime-and-justice attitude that has been linked to the media is fear of criminal victimization. Fear-of-crime levels are socially important because _______________.
a. they encourage support for punitive criminal justice policies
b. they increase crime
c. they increase incivility
d. the affect police strategies
Q:
Which of the following conceptual frameworks, which helps us understand the criminal justice system and mass medias effects on the system, can be defined as: seeing the criminal justice system as an obstacle course in which the government must prove an accused persons guilt while conforming to strict procedural rules?
a. Crime control model
b. Retribution model
c. Due process model
d. Community justice model
Q:
Early anti-drug campaign ads were equally effective at influencing public opinion and changing offender behavior.
Q:
The media appear best able to deter offenders involved in victimless crimes by increasing their fear of punishment, rather than increasing their fear of health and social consequences.
Q:
Advertisements such as Crime Stoppers portray criminality similar to that of the general entertainment media that of a dangerous, crime-ridden world where violent attacks are common.
Q:
Advertisements such as Crime Stoppers have been supported by court rulings, but they are not viewed as being cost effective due to high operational costs.
Q:
The impact of media technology on the legitimacy of the judicial system is related to concerns of the loss of the symbolic qualities of the criminal justice system and personnel.
Q:
There is greater concern with the use of media technology in the use of court case processing, rather than with law enforcement.
Q:
Only camera surveillance systems which are clearly marked take advantage of the surveillance effect.
Q:
Surveillance systems are more effective in reducing planned crimes, rather than emotional crimes.
Q:
There is no question as to whether the reduction in crime and protection against terrorist attacks, through the use of surveillance programs, are enough to warrant the loss of privacy.
Q:
Although videotaped vehicle stops and interrogations have been found to be efficient and cost-effective, there are concerns over potential social costs, such as increases in citizens suspicions of surveillance.
Q:
Which of the following groups is most likely to support the usage of videotaped interrogations because it ensures that police more strictly follow legal procedures?
a. Police
b. Prosecutors
c. Defense attorneys
d. None of the above
Q:
Which of the following best defines surveillance effect?
a. The increased usage of surveillance cameras since 2001
b. The increase in arrests resulting from surveillance
c. The psychological effect of feeling safer because you might be under observation
d. The psychological effect of fearing that you might be under observation
Q:
No Western democracy has embraced police surveillance systems more than ______.
a. The United Kingdom
b. The United States of America
c. France
d. Italy
Q:
Closed circuit television (CCTV) was initially used sparingly as a means of apprehending and deterring _______________.
a. terrorists
b. domestic violence abusers
c. shoplifters
d. corrupt police officers
Q:
The specter of surveillance abuse was noted by Earl Warren and William Brandies in the 1900s. They were referring to which of the following?
a. Photograph surveillance
b. Telephone wiretaps
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b
Q:
Increased surveillance may result in which of the following concerns? a. The displacement of crime b. Net-widening from police c. Profiling, polarization, and radicalization d. All of the above
Q:
Which of the following is a concern over the usage of media technology and alteration of the reality of the judicial system?
a. The effect on working relationships among courtroom personnel
b. The impact on the legitimacy of the judicial system
c. The depersonalization of the criminal justice system
d. All of the above
Q:
Media technology in the courtrooms will result in a criminal justice system that will become a more __________________.
a. Closed system
b. Natural system
c. Open system
d. Rational system
Q:
The development and widespread acceptance of videotaped evidence and testimony by police personnel began in the _______.
a. 1960s
b. 1970s
c. 1980s
d. 1990s
Q:
If correctional institutions are constructed as understaffed, underfunded places where humane correctional officers are trying to supervise large numbers of offenders, some of whom are redeemable, then public monies for these institutions and their programs will make more sense.
Q:
One concern in corrections is that negative portrayals of corrections officers will result in fewer people wanting to start a career in corrections.
Q:
Despite negative portrayals of corrections in the media, there is no concern of the general public losing confidence in the ability of the corrections institution in deterring, rehabilitating, or retaining criminals.
Q:
Mass media developed in the 1970s with the expectation of positive social effects. As a result, crime reduction messages were created with all of the following messages EXCEPT _________.
a. Law enforcement financing ads
b. Victimization reduction ads
c. Citizen cooperation ads
d. Offender reduction (deterrence) ads
Q:
Antidrug media campaigns have a historical tie to which one of the following?
a. Cocaine madness
b. LSD madness
c. Reefer madness
d. Methamphetamine madness
Q:
A local police agency publicizes the implementation of an aggressive, special anti-DUI enforcement effort, but they do not actually have an anti-DUI unit. The publicity about the phantom unit alone yields a deterrence effect for a short period of time. Which term does this BEST exemplify?
a. Diffusion of benefits
b. Announcement effect
c. Displacement effect
d. Public service announcement
Q:
The McGruff Crime Dog campaigns are an example of which of the following?
a. Canine adoption ads
b. Law enforcement participation ads
c. Offender reduction ads
d. Victim reduction ads
Q:
Crime Stoppers is the reenactment of crimes to obtain information through anonymous phone calls and reward money, and is an example of which of the following?
a. Offender reduction ads
b. Victim reduction ads
c. Law enforcement financing ads
d. Citizen cooperation ads
Q:
Using media technology in the courts has several advantages, which include all EXCEPT which one of the following?
a. Saves time and money
b. Digital manipulation tools can be used to crop, retouch, and edit images
c. Judges and attorneys can now be in a courtroom, defendant in a jail, and witnesses in another state, all simultaneously participating in a live hearing
d. The knowledge that a permanent record is being created makes law enforcement and judicial personnel more conscientious in following due process rules
Q:
Corrections fares well in the news because news media journalists traditionally have access to numerous corrections sources.
Q:
The day-to-day administration of punishment as a loss of freedom and attempts to rehabilitate are common narratives in corrections news and media.
Q:
When corrections does appear in the news, focus is primarily on the inmates and not on the staff.
Q:
As with law enforcement and court news stories, corrections news does not focus on policy questions.
Q:
Correctional media typically portray correctional officers as which of the following?
a. Local heroes
b. Bureaucratic flunkies
c. Smug hacks
d. None of the above
Q:
Which of the following is true of media-constructed criminal justice personnel? a. Law enforcement personnel are most likely to be portrayed as heroic personnel b. Corrections personnel are least likely to be portrayed as heroic personnel c. Both A and B are true d. Neither A or B is true
Q:
Corrections institutions have contributed to their poor image.
Q:
Part of correctional films popularity comes from the fact that correctional films are marketed as being based on true stories and/or actual events.
Q:
In television entertainment programming, shows focused on corrections have been more numerous than shows focused on courts.
Q:
Which of the following prison film narratives was popular from 1929-1942 and presents inmates as victims of injustice?
a. Nature of confinement correctional films
b. Authority and control correctional films
c. Freedom and release correctional films
d. Pursuit of justice correctional films
Q:
In which of the following prison film narratives are offenders personally responsible for their own actions?
a. Nature of confinement correctional films
b. Authority and control correctional films
c. Freedom and release correctional films
d. Pursuit of justice correctional films
Q:
Which of the following prison film narratives is currently popular and can be exemplified by early era portraits such as The Shawshank Redemption?
a. Nature of confinement correctional films
b. Authority and control correctional films
c. Freedom and release correctional films
d. Pursuit of justice correctional films
Q:
Which of the following prison film narratives is characterized by extreme violence?
a. Nature of confinement correctional films
b. Authority and control correctional films
c. Freedom and release correctional films
d. Pursuit of justice correctional films
Q:
Television representations of corrections imply an inability of the correctional system to rehabilitate offenders by presenting what ratio of first-time offenders to habitual offenders?
a. 1:2
b. 1:4
c. 1:10
d. 1:20
Q:
Which of the following percentages is accurate in regards to news reports of criminal justice institutions?
a. Approximately 50 percent focus on stories on law enforcement activities
b. Approximately 30 percent focus on court proceedings
c. Less than 5 percent focus on corrections
d. All of the above
Q:
How often are correctional personnel quoted in news stories?
a. 1 percent of the total
b. 5 percent of the total
c. 10 percent of the total
d. 12 percent of the total
Q:
Which of the following justifications is available to prison administrators who are looking to limit media access?
a. Claims of institutional security needs
b. Ongoing investigations
c. Bureaucratic red tape
d. All of the above
Q:
Which of the following is LEAST likely to leak news information about correctional conditions?
a. Elected officials
b. Researchers and academics
c. Defense attorneys
d. None of the above
Q:
Which of the following components of the media is most influential in regards to the social construction of corrections?
a. Television shows
b. Films
c. Newspaper articles
d. Books
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the narrative staples of characters in the corrections film genre?
a. Convict buddies
b. Evil wardens
c. Gang affiliates
d. Bloodthirsty convicts
Q:
A defendants personality and character helps to establish factual information about them in regards to their innocence or guilt.
Q:
Jurors can be exposed to extensive media content regarding a case and still be considered impartial.
Q:
A judicial contempt-of-court ruling, which deters and punishes those who ignore judicial order regarding media publicity, is the ultimate reactive judicial remedy for media publicity.
Q:
Journalists/reporters feel that their rights are well-protected by shield laws, which protect them from forced divulgence of information.
Q:
Which of the following areas of the criminal justice system is the least popular in society?
a. Law enforcement
b. The courts
c. Corrections
d. Each area of the criminal justice system is equally popular