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Q:
The Chinese agency that is the largest, the oldest, and has responsibility for day-to-day policing activity is the Public Security Police.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Koban vary in size and shape and are all found in rural areas.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Chuzaisho are the koban of Korea.
a. True
b. False
Q:
One of the reasons that Japan is said to be a decentralized single system is that police at each of the Japanese Prefectural Headquarters are employed by the National Police Agency (highest level officials) and the local prefecture (all other officers).
a. True
b. False
Q:
Koban is one of Japan's three main law enforcement organizations.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to the textbook's coverage of centralized single police forces, the most likely variable to explain which countries adopt this police form is geography (e. g., country size and population density).
a. True
b. False
Q:
Bayley's criterion for identifying a police system as either centralized or decentralized is the stated locus of control.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Following a basic principle of the American republic, primary responsibility for maintaining law and order in the United States falls to the federal government.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The National Central Bureau set up in each of Interpol's member countries is responsible for all the following EXCEPT:
a. maintaining open communication channels to all police units in the country.
b. crime investigation and criminal apprehension for cases originating in other countries.
c. maintaining connections with NCBs of all other member countries.
d. serving as liaison with the General Secretariat.
Q:
Interpol's authority to act comes from:
a. an international treaty.
b. an international convention.
c. ratification of Interpol's constitution by member nations.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
What three structures currently operate to aid cross"‘national police cooperation in Europe?
a. Interpol; Europol; United Nations
b. Europol; Schengen Convention; League of Nations
c. FBI"‘Europe; Interpol; Scotland Yard
d. Interpol; Europol; Schengen Convention
Q:
Police misconduct occurs in which type of police structure?
a. Decentralized single
b. Centralized single
c. Decentralized multiple uncoordinated
d. Decentralized multiple coordinated
e. All the above
Q:
Each of Mexico's municipios (i. e., local level government) may have its own police force, but it must be of the _____ type.
a. preventive
b. judicial
c. investigative
d. volunteer
Q:
What single factor best explains Canada's contracting system of policing?
a. Economics
b. Politics
c. Religion
d. Bilingualism
Q:
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the FBI are similar agencies in that each:
a. can perform contract services for local governments.
b. has primary responsibility for drug enforcement in their respective countries.
c. is only one of more than 40 federal law enforcement agencies in their respective country.
d. is a federal agency dedicated to the enforcement of federal statutes and executive orders.
Q:
Very few countries have a policing system wherein many police departments operate in a rather uncoordinated manner without any central authority providing administrative direction. Mexico is one such country. Which of the following is another?
a. United States
b. Poland
c. Japan
d. Nigeria
Q:
Why is Spain, with three different law enforcement systems, considered centralized?
a. All three forces operate under the authority of the national government
b. All three forces report to local authorities
c. The Spanish Supreme Court has ultimate control of all three agencies since all police in Spain are members of the judicial police
d. All three forces are deployed from Madrid on the first of each month and serve one month duty at either the civilian, military, or local level
Q:
Today, Spain has three major law enforcement systems. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
a. Policia Municipal
b. Gendarmerie
c. Guardia Civil
d. Cuerpo Nacional de Policia
Q:
The country of "Justiceland" has five national police forces with two reporting to one government ministry and three to another ministry. All five forces have rather broad duties and there is often disagreement regarding which force is responsible for enforcing the law in any particular jurisdiction. Justiceland would probably be categorized as having a _____ police structure:
a. centralized single
b. centralized multiple coordinated
c. centralized multiple uncoordinated
d. decentralized multiple coordinated
Q:
While vacationing in Germany, you meet a uniformed city police officer. Which police division is this officer with?
a. Schupo
b. Kripo
c. Bereitschaftspolizei
d. Deutsche Volkspolizei
Q:
The country of "Justiceland" has police forces operating at the federal, state, and local levels with the appropriate government authorities having independent control over the police at each level. Each police type has specific laws to enforce, and there is no appreciable overlapping of jurisdiction among the three. Justiceland would probably be categorized as having a _____ police structure:
a. centralized single
b. decentralized single
c. centralized multiple coordinated
d. decentralized multiple coordinated
e. decentralized multiple uncoordinated
Q:
Despite the presence of locally controlled police, the textbook places France in the centralized command category because those local police forces:
a. are comprised of citizen volunteers.
b. do not wear a uniform.
c. merely supplement, rather than replace, the Police Nationale.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
If you were visiting a small village in France and needed a police officer, you would most likely contact a member of the:
a. Police Nationale.
b. Gendarmerie Nationale.
c. Foreign Legion.
d. village police.
Q:
Bayley distinguishes between multiple coordinated and multiple uncoordinated systems to separate those countries in which several forces operate with defined jurisdictions from countries in which several forces:
a. have overlapping authority.
b. have prosecution but not investigation authority.
c. share training duties but not arrest authority.
d. operate completely independently of each other in well-delineated areas.
Q:
The smallest area(s) of police deployment in Japan is (are) the:
a. koban and chuzaisho.
b. police station.
c. regional police bureau.
d. prefectural police headquarters.
Q:
Which country does your textbook offer as an example of a centralized single police structure?
a. Ghana
b. Mexico
c. Japan
d. Spain
Q:
Which of following has a police structure most like that of Mexico?
a. Japan
b. United States
c. Canada
d. Austria
Q:
What dimension of analysis does Bayley use to describe the structure of police systems?
a. The locus of control and command type
b. Centralized and decentralized supervision
c. Actual locus of control and stated locus of control
d. Command type and number of forces to be supervised
Q:
Describe the three steps that are necessary for achieving the Rule of Law.
Q:
Using the sport analogy offered by Pizzi in Chapter 5, explain some of the ways that the adversarial and inquisitorial systems differ.
Q:
Some observers may think that Islamic law has less appreciation for the seriousness of murder (a qisas crime) than for theft or drinking alcohol (found in the higher-category hudud offenses). Why, according to your textbook, would that be an inaccurate assumption?
Q:
The process by which governments are held accountable to the law is called judicial _____.
Q:
A(n) ______ is a particularly powerful form of testimony in Islamic law, and can even result in the case being dismissed.
Q:
In general terms, the common legal tradition makes use of the adversarial process whereas the _____ legal tradition follows the inquisitorial process.
Q:
In the inquisitorial system, power is concentrated more in the position of _____ than in the position of prosecutor.
Q:
Under the _____ system, truth is said to arise from competition between opposing sides, so the emphasis is on the trial phase.
Q:
Under the _____ system, truth is said to arise from a continuing investigation, so the emphasis is on the screening process.
Q:
Under Islamic law, _____ is the type of crime that requires equivalent retaliation by the victim or the victim's family.
Q:
The most serious of French criminal offenses are called _____.
Q:
While England is considered the home of the common legal tradition, _____ can argue for a similar heritage regarding the civil legal tradition.
Q:
Under Islamic law, criminal capacity is believed to start at age 7 then increase until the onset of _____.
Q:
Under the diffuse model of judicial review, determining issues of constitutionality of laws is restricted to a specific state agency.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Judicial review refers to the power of a court to find any law to be unconstitutional and unenforceable.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The formal Chinese process is clearly inquisitorial in nature because the three stages of the criminal process (investigation, charging, adjudication) are completely separate and independent from each other.
a. True
b. False
Q:
For a confession to be admissible under Islamic law, it can be vague regarding the act but must at least be voluntary.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Under Islamic law, the primary way to ensure that the witness is testifying truthfully is through a statement of family lineage.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A 2009 German law is considered to be a move toward negotiated pleas and, just like the negotiated plea process in the United States, negotiations are initiated by the prosecution or the defense.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Probably the easiest and most accurate way to explain the inquisitorial process is to simply note its similarity to the Spanish Inquisition.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Under the adversarial system truth is said to arise from a continuing investigation, so the emphasis is on the screening process.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Why is it important to understand how Japanese procedural law distinguishes between the terms "defendant" (or accused) and "suspect"? Explain how the situation is improving for suspects.
Q:
Under the adversarial system, the defendant is expected, but not required, to cooperate with investigation and court officials.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The textbook emphasizes three items linked to policing that may help explain Japan's low crime rate. List and explain those three items.
Q:
When deciding the appropriate punishment for tazir offenses, judges are encouraged to be flexible and choose a punishment that will help the offender and deter others from committing the same crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The text argues that individualism is present in Japan but that it takes a different form than in America. Explain Japan's version of individualism.
Q:
France's placement of crimes into three categories not only refers to the seriousness of the offenses but also indicates which court will hear the case.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Much of the day-to-day probation work in Japan is carried out by _____ Probation Officers, who number some 50,000 across the country and assist both probation officers and rehabilitation coordinators to encourage a successful adjustment.
Q:
Scotland provides an especially good contemporary example of substantive criminal law in the common legal tradition because Scottish courts take an active role in judge-made law.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In Japan's _____ Court, the judge reviews evidence related to the case, but neither defense nor prosecution is present.
Q:
Why can Venezuela and Portugal be described as having two of the most extensive systems of judicial review in the world?
a. All courts in each country can declare a law to be unconstitutional.
b. Each country has a specific constitutional court that can declare laws unconstitutional.
c. All courts in each country can determine the constitutionality of laws, but each country also has a specific court charged with that responsibility.
d. Determining constitutionality of laws is handled by the legislature in each country, so no law is passed until it is considered constitutional.
Q:
Adjudication proceedings in Japan have both adversarial and inquisitorial aspects, but there is greater emphasis on the _____ model as seen in the active role taken by the prosecutor in developing the facts of the case.
Q:
The diffuse model of judicial review gives the duty of constitutional control to:
a. a special Constitutional Court.
b. the country's Supreme Court.
c. the legislature.
d. all the courts in the country.
Q:
When a prosecutor in Japan _____ prosecution in a case, the prosecution is actually terminated, so the term itself is a bit misleading.
Q:
Place in order, from first step to final step, the stages for achieving "rule of law." (1) Values are reduced to written form; (2) Certain values are recognized as supreme; (3) Procedures are provided for holding the government to a nation's fundamental values.
a. (1), (2), (3)
b. (3), (2), (1)
c. (2), (1), (3)
d. (2), (3), (1)
Q:
The saying: "in the Halls of Justice, justice is in the _____" is said to be especially relevant to Japan because of the country's aversion to formal courtroom activities.
Q:
Islamic procedural law is best described as:
a. inquisitorial.
b. adversarial.
c. a combination of inquisitorial and adversarial.
d. None of the above
Q:
Japanese police officers are addressed by the public as _____ (the Honorable Mr. Walkabout); a very descriptive name given for the police officers' tendency to "walk around" their patrol area instead of riding in a patrol car.
Q:
The adversarial system is said to have developed from the trial by ordeal wherein disputes were settled by having the parties fight each other. The winner was presumed to have "truth" on his side. In a sense, swords were used to oppose testimony. Today, _____ has taken the place of swords to challenge testimony.
a. questioning by judges
b. questioning by jurors
c. an indictment
d. cross-examination
Q:
The services provided at the koban and by the koban officers truly reflect the concept of _____ policing.
Q:
An admission of guilt (i.e., a confession) in common law jurisdictions eliminates the need for a trial. In civil law jurisdictions, an admission of guilt:
a. also eliminates the need for a trial.
b. is required before the offender can be sentenced.
c. is simply treated as additional evidence to be evaluated.
d. is the only way a convicted person can receive any leniency at sentencing.
Q:
In Japan, the _____ are a minority group even though they are culturally and physically indistinguishable from other Japanese citizens.
Q:
A trial under the inquisitorial process is most like a(n):
a. contest between opposing sides.
b. continuing investigation.
c. inhumane (at least by American standards) process wherein torture is used to extract confessions.
d. Middle Ages trial technique especially popular for church trials.
Q:
As in the United States, Japan's aging prison population results mostly from long mandatory sentences and restricted parole.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When Japan's laws avoid making any formal distinction regarding levels of culpability, they exemplify which aspect of substantive law in the Eastern Asia legal tradition?
a. Specificity
b. The reliance on fa over li
c. The influence of communism
d. The preference for informal justice
Q:
Japan's new saiban-in system means that defense counsel will now be provided to indigent suspects at government expense.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Restitution can replace retaliation under Islamic law as found in the use of:
a. diyya.
b. dinero.
c. tazir.
d. re"‘attachment of amputated fingers.
Q:
To emphasize the reluctance in Japan to impose formal sanctions, the textbook's flowchart of 1,000 hypothetical cases shows that about half of the cases would either have prosecution suspended or that no action toward prosecution would even be attempted.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Although theft is a hadd requiring amputation of the offender's hand, only theft of the following item is likely to result in that punishment.
a. Dry wood
b. Automobile
c. Fruit
d. Alcohol
Q:
The Japanese constitution distinguishes between the right to counsel for suspects and the right to counsel for the accused.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In which of the following ways does Shari`a try to balance the harsh penalties required for hudud crimes?
a. The penalty can only be imposed by a jury of other Muslims
b. The offender is anaesthetized before the penalty is applied
c. Rigorous rules of evidence make conviction for hudud crimes difficult
d. The penalty is only imposed on male offenders
Q:
Japanese police use informal tactics to handle minor infractions and the main tactic used is to require the offender to apologize to the victim.
a. True
b. False