Q&A Hero

Q: The problem analysis triangle includes all of the following except: a. likely offenders. b. likely victims. c. suitable targets. d. time and space.

Q: According to the text, the definition of a problem draws attention to six required elements of a problem. The acronym is: a. PEEPER. b. CHEERS. c. SARA. d. HUDDLE

Q: Problem-oriented policing places a high value on new processes that: a. are not dependent on the criminal justice system. b. are dependent on the criminal justice system. c. focus directly on the community. d. enable law enforcement to assist communities with their specific problems.

Q: In crime-specific planning, the response is the responsibility of the: a. criminal justice system.. b. community. c. victim d. all of the above

Q: Using the SARA model, the final step in problem solving is: a. assessment. b. analysis. c. arbitration. d. assistance.

Q: The primary work unit in the professional model of policing is the: a. citizen concern. b. criminal issue. c. organizational value. d. incident.

Q: A community includes all of the following except: a. individuals. b. businesses. c. government. d. All of the above are examples of a community.

Q: Community-oriented policing means changing the daily work of the police to include -investigating problems as well as incidents. It means: a. targeting past problems. b. focusing on future problems. c. working with the bad guys and not just the good guys. d. working with the good guys and not just against the bad guys.

Q: Crime mapping focuses on: a. the criminal. b. the location of crimes. c. the victim. d. the police response

Q: According to the text, crime-specific planning is a more precise strategy than: a. reactive policing. b. POP c. community policing. d. categorized response.

Q: The least-effort principle proposes that: a. criminals tend to commit crimes near but not too close to their residence. b. criminals tend to target victims who offer the least resistance. c. criminals tend to target areas near major roads that offer escape routes. d. criminals tend to be lazy.

Q: According to the text, community policing focuses on: a. efficiency. b. doing things right. c. effectiveness. d. both a and b

Q: In the DOC model, the "C" stands for: a. community. b. consequences. c. crime. d. conflict.

Q: A problem-solving approach to policing was developed partially in response to concerns for: a. efficiency and effectiveness. b. effectiveness and synergy. c. efficiency and completeness. d. control and function.

Q: Which of the following would not be used in an impact evaluation? a. reduced instances of repeat victimization b. decreases in related crimes or incidents c. reduced citizen fear d. the conclusion that the response was implemented as planned

Q: Recent research on residential burglary in England has shown: a. that victims were more likely than nonvictims to be victimized again. b. that victims were not more likely than nonvictims to be victimized again. c. that prior victimization had no impact on predicting future revictimization. d. that interventions targeted at repeat victims resulted in displacement.

Q: Eck suggests several nontraditional measures that indicate if a problem has been affected by the intervention and include all of the following except: a. reduced instances of repeat victimization. b. reduced citizen fear related to the problem. c. decreased citizen satisfaction. d. increased profits for legitimate businesses in the target area.

Q: The mission of the Problem-Oriented Policing Center is to advance the concept and -practiceof: a. the SARA model. b. community-oriented policing. c. problem-oriented policing. d. traditional policing.

Q: Crime-specific planning involves all of the following except: a. the offense. b. the target. c. the community. d. the response.

Q: The first step in analysis, determining what information is needed, should: a. be guided by past perspectives. b. ask whether or not answers can be obtained. c. ask questions that lead to tangible results. d. be skipped if the nature of the problem seems obvious.

Q: Problem solving is based on the belief that patterns and trends can be discovered that reflect the causes of the problem. The five principles of analysis include all of the following except: a. individual problems require individual analysis. b. analysis does not need to be complex. c. analysis is based on common sense. d. there is one way to do the analysis.

Q: According to the text, some practitioners view community policing and problem-oriented policing as two: a. short-term solutions. b. long-term solutions. c. opposing approaches. d. definite approaches to policing.

Q: According to the text, neighborhood theories and street theories are examples of: a. hot-spot theories. b. theories of differential association c. routine activities theory. d. classical school theories.

Q: Which of the following is not one of the four stages of the SARA problem-solving model? a. scanning b. analysis c. reporting d. assessment

Q: The first step in problem-oriented policing is: a. studying all possible responses to incidents. b. efficient handling of calls. c. staffing all squad cars with two officers. d. grouping incidents as problems.

Q: A departmental-wide strategy aimed at solving persistent community problems is called: a. community-wide policing. b. reactive policing. c. the SARA model. d. problem-oriented policing.

Q: Problem-solving policing requires police to: a. group incidents. b. identify underlying causes c. both a and b d. neither a nor b of problems.

Q: Which of the following is not a basic element in a problem-solving approach? a. grouping incidents as problems b. adopting a reactive stance c. seeking the ultimate goal of effectiveness d. focusing on substantive problems as the heart of policing

Q: Discuss and give examples of how technology has become an indispensable tool for law enforcement.

Q: Describe the four factors of crime-specific planning.

Q: Several theories exist about the concentration of crime and disorder and are used to -explain different types of crime phenomena that occur at different geographic levels. List and -describe the various crime hot spot theories.

Q: Mediation, sometimes called alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is shared problem solving by parties in a dispute guided by a neutral person. Describe how police use this in problem solving.

Q: Describe and explain formal and informal power structure in most communities.

Q: List and describe, as listed in the text, activities commonly performed by citizen patrols.

Q: Outline and discuss the arguments on both sides of the citizen review debatethose favoring civilian review and those opposed to it. Can a balance be reached? Support your answer.

Q: Discuss the differences between the traditional retributive approach to justice and restorative justice.

Q: Explain the concept of social capital and discuss the community factors that affect it.

Q: Incivilities and social disorder occur when _________________ have eroded.

Q: _________________ is a system that removes juvenile status offenders and delinquents from the jurisdiction of the courts.

Q: The _________________ refers to a striking decline in social capital and civic engagement in the United States.

Q: The _________________ provides that for everyone to receive justice, each person must relinquish some freedom.

Q: According to the text, _________________ along with the police plays a major role in -safeguarding Americans and their property.

Q: The _________________ includes divisions of society with wealth and political influence such as federal, state, and local agencies and governments, commissions, and regulatory agencies.

Q: According to the text, The Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) is -committed to promoting law enforcement - _________________ partnerships.

Q: The widening of the gap between those with wealth (the "haves") and those living in poverty (the "have-nots"), with a shrinking middle class, is known as a _________________

Q: The approach to sentencing that holds offenders accountable not to the state but to the victim harmed and the community that has been disrupted is _________________ justice.

Q: Cracking down on crime often results in _________________, the relocation of crime and criminals to neighboring areas outside the enforcement zone.

Q: When prosecutors charge a defendant with a lesser charge in exchange for a guilty plea, it is called _________________.

Q: NIMBY stands for _________________.

Q: A _________________ is an area of a city usually inhabited by individuals of the same race or ethnic background who live in poverty and, to outsiders, apparent social disorganization.

Q: The "_________________" is the point at which an ordinary, stable phenomenon can turn into a crisis.

Q: According to the text, law enforcement frequently works with the Guardian Angels to help protect citizens from criminal activity.

Q: A theory called "the ecology of crime" explains how criminal opportunities are created in neighborhoods.

Q: Improving the image of the police and increasing the public's willingness to cooperate is a positive outcome of citizen police academies.

Q: Citizen patrols are a twentieth-century phenomenon.

Q: Most communities have only a formal power structure.

Q: Ghettos are the focus of many anticrime efforts, which is perceived as a bias on the part of law enforcement.

Q: Increases in incivilities may increase the fear of crime and reduce citizens' sense of safety.

Q: Networks that link individuals to various levels of government, including the police, would be considered local social capital.

Q: According to the text, the "civic" generation born in the first third of the 20th century is -being replaced by baby boomers and Generation X-ers who have been characterized as -beingmuch more civic-minded.

Q: Citizen police academies train citizens to be police officers when the police are not -available.

Q: A good relationship between private and public policing is important.

Q: The focus of restorative justice is on establishing blame and guilt.

Q: Local police are usually happy to have the Guardian Angels in their community because they have a calming effect on the areas they patrol.

Q: Citizens who demand to be involved in the review process maintain that internal police -discipline is tantamount to allowing the "fox to investigate thefts in the chicken coop."

Q: If the community is unresponsive, community policing cannot succeed, no matter how hard the police work.

Q: A group of signs, causes, and symptoms that occur together to foster specific crimes is called the NIMBY syndrome.

Q: Some citizen review boards require police officials to sit on them as members, which may result in the perception of impartiality.

Q: Government policies can destroy social capital.

Q: In Zimbardo's "broken windows" experiment, the car parked on an upscale street was left alone until it was towed away.

Q: According to the text, citizens' police academies are designed to familiarize citizens with law enforcement.

Q: VIPS stands for: a. very important person security. b. volunteers in police service. c. volunteers in public service. d. none of the above

Q: The _________ includes divisions of society with wealth and political influence such as -federal, state, and local agencies and governments; commissions; and regulatory agencies. a. criminal justice system b. informal power structure c. formal power structure d. none of the above

Q: The ABP was formed as a mechanism to help: a. combat street-level drug dealing in middle-class neighborhoods. b. guard entrances to buildings and ask visitors to sign in. c. patrol the U.S. borders, finding and detaining illegal immigrants. d. walk the streets to deter prostitution.

Q: According to Coleman, the two most important elements in social capital are: a. honesty and integrity. b. crime and punishment. c. trustworthiness and obligations. d. public and private enforcement.

Q: Who shares the same goals as law enforcement? a. citizens b. government c. private security d. all of the above

Q: According to the text, police opposition to civilian review boards occurs because: a. civilians can"t understand the complexities of police work. b. police are able to objectively review actions of their colleagues. c. it is a sign of distrust by the public to be reviewed by an outside source. d. police discipline is handled internally.

Q: According to the text, civilian oversight is: a. a recent development in American policing, having first been used in the 1970s. b. becoming more prevalent. c. not accepted by police agencies. d. all of the above

Q: The face of America is changing rapidly; in the next few years: a. the elderly population will decrease. b. white dominance will end; minorities will increase. c. the number of immigrants will decrease. d. all of the above

Q: A restorative justice model: a. views offenders as victims of society. b. insists that individuals are accountable to the victim and the victim's community. c. is primarily concerned with ensuring a fair system. d. none of the above