Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Criminology
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for a hadd theft?
a. The value of the item taken
b. Whether or not the item was taken from a secured location
c. Whether the offender was male or female
d. Whether the act occurred in a concealed or sneaky manner
Q:
Defendants in Japan cannot be found guilty solely on the basis of a confession.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Why is adultery considered one of the hudud offenses?
a. It violates the property rights of the husband whose wife engaged in the adultery
b. It prevents religious officials from being able to control who is engaged in sexual relations
c. If left unchecked it could disrupt the social fabric of the community
d. Actually, adultery is not a hadd
Q:
Japan's police detention centers (daiyo kangoku) are praised by human rights organization for their humane processing and treatment of criminal suspects awaiting trial or sentencing.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a category of crime as identified in the Shari`a?
a. Hudud
b. Hanafi
c. Qisas
d. Tazir
Q:
Koban vary in size and shape but have one feature in commona round, red lamp hung over the front door.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The German and French theft codes:
a. show that civil law countries believe that codes provide specific solutions to particular problems.
b. supply general principles from which logical deduction provides a resolution in each case.
c. are limited in scope due to restrictions on how much can be written for any one offense.
d. exemplify the high degree of specificity typically found in procedural law from civil legal tradition countries.
Q:
Koban in downtown Tokyo are called chuzaisho.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When comparing laws of theft in the common legal tradition (represented in the text by Colorado) and civil legal traditions (represented by Germany and France), which jurisdiction had the most detailed definition?
a. Colorado
b. Germany
c. France
d. They were all about equal in detail
Q:
Like most industrialized countries, the primary means of police deployment in Japan is by patrol car.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Since common law was unwritten law, to what did judges "turn" as they decided if an act was criminal or not?
a. Immemorial custom
b. Oral historians
c. Church documents
d. A fifteenth-century French code
Q:
Japan's position as a world power is especially surprising since it is considerably smaller than countries like Italy and the United Kingdom.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Muslim scholars distinguish between general and specific criminal intent. Which of those may have to be proved to show that the act under question was committed without justification or excuse?
a. General criminal intent
b. Specific criminal intent
c. Both of the above
d. None of the above
Q:
When American cities use neighborhood"‘based foot patrols, substations, and other programs that place police officers more fully in the community, it can be argued that those cities are borrowing an idea from Japan's:
a. koban.
b. tatemae.
c. use of deferred patrol.
d. reliance on private policing.
Q:
Identify and explain the primary source of law for each of the four legal traditions.
Q:
The Regional Parole Board (RPB) makes the decision regarding release on parole in Japan. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors used by the RPB in making that decision?
a. The prisoner has served at least one-third of the sentence
b. The prisoner repents and has shown progress during confinement
c. The prisoner has confirmed a place to work and to live upon release
d. Society will accept the parole
Q:
One can find both common law and civil law in written form, but common law is referred to as "unwritten" and civil law as "written." Explain the distinction between unwritten and written law in this context.
Q:
By what procedure is parole initiated in Japan?
a. The prisoner requests a parole hearing
b. The head of the prison requests a parole hearing for the prisoner
c. The prisoner's family requests a parole hearing for the prisoner
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
The text distinguishes between Bracton's use of prior cases to show custom and the later use of citing prior cases as binding (i. e., stare decisis). Explain that distinction.
Q:
For summary proceedings in Japan:
a. the defendant does not have to agree to the procedure.
b. both prosecution and defendant are present while the judge reviews the case.
c. penalties are limited to fines and cannot include any detention.
d. both defense and prosecution have the right to a formal trial if either is dissatisfied with the ruling.
Q:
Distinguish a legal system from a legal tradition.
Q:
Which Japanese court handles criminal matters wherein an adult is accused of violating a child's well-being?
a. Summary Court
b. Family Court
c. District Court
d. High Court
Q:
The primary source of law in the common legal tradition is _____.
Q:
With the advent of a system of citizen judges, Japan's courts now:
a. have an American-style jury system.
b. use a mixed panel with 3 professional judges and 6 citizens.
c. allow citizens, whether legally trained or not, to serve as judges in summary courts.
d. use the British model of magistrates' courts for minor offenses.
Q:
One's sense of self can be described in either individual or _____ terms.
Q:
Because so many defendants have confessed, what is the primary role of defense counsel during a trial in Japan?
a. Convince the court that the confession was coerced
b. Challenge the police on cross-examination
c. Present mitigating circumstances that may evoke sympathy for the defendant
d. Console the defendant
Q:
When a country's legal institutions are mostly non-bureaucratic, minimize the use of professionals, and prefer substantive and procedural norms that are vague and flexible, that country is said to be using legal _____.
Q:
In Japan the government is not obligated to provide defense assistance for an indigent arrested or detained person. Why?
a. There is no actual status of "arrested" nor "detained" in the Japanese system
b. Japanese courts have ruled that there is no likelihood of police misconduct at this stage
c. At that stage, assistance of counsel is only a privilege rather than a right
d. None of the above
Q:
_____ was a fifth-century BCE teacher whose philosophy had great influence in China, Korea, and Japan.
Q:
Suspension of prosecution in Japan is:
a. used for offenses ranging from homicide to gambling.
b. infrequently used (less than 5 percent of the criminal cases).
c. under the authority of police rather than the prosecutor.
d. used only for traffic offenses.
Q:
It seems that the closest thing Islamic law might have to common law's stare decisis is _____, or reasoning by analogy.
Q:
Japanese police report a higher crime clearance rate than do American police. A primary reason for the difference is:
a. Japanese police are better trained as investigators.
b. Japanese police get more assistance from the public in catching suspects.
c. to clear a crime in America an arrest must be made, but in Japan a crime can be cleared without making an arrest.
d. American police probably clear more crimes than do Japanese police, but political considerations prevent American police from accurately reporting these statistics.
Q:
A basic source of Shari"a is the _____, which refers to the way the Prophet Muhammad lived his life.
Q:
The textbook emphasizes three items linked to policing that may help explain Japan's low crime rate. Which of those three does the koban exemplify?
a. Police emphasis on order maintenance
b. Disengagement of the police from the community
c. Deployment of police officers
d. Suppression of corruption
Q:
Codes exist in common law jurisdictions, but codification in the civil legal tradition is distinguished by its revolutionary nature and _____ form.
Q:
Japanese cultural patterns downplay the role of individuals and the result is a legal system with particular characteristics. Which of the following is seen as resulting especially from the de-emphasis of individuals?
a. Informality
b. Formality
c. Punitiveness
d. Forgiveness
Q:
_____ law was the universal law of the spiritual realm and was administered by the church courts.
Q:
In the 1880s, when Japan was looking for models upon which to base its own criminal code, Germany's was especially appealing because the German code:
a. was the only European code that included a jury system.
b. was heavily influenced by Chinese law and was therefore more compatible with Japanese culture.
c. provided for a controlling role to be played by a legislature.
d. seemed to share Japan's view of law as a system imposed by an absolute monarch.
Q:
Of the four major legal traditions, the _____ is the oldest, relies on codification, and has roots in Roman law.
Q:
Whereas Western systems seek rehabilitation by encouraging the offender to become independent and responsible, the Japanese system encourages the offender to:
a. integrate voluntarily into the structured social order.
b. isolate himself/herself from all social groups except her family.
c. attend "resocialization" classes operated by Shinto priests.
d. become emotionally dependent but financially independent.
Q:
Whereas the term civil law is frequently used in America to refer to a type of law dealing with _____ wrongs, it is understood in most of the rest of the world as referring to written codes.
Q:
In Japan, a person's self"‘worth and identity are best described as stemming from the:
a. personal achievements of the individual.
b. occupation of the person's parents.
c. groups to which the person belongs.
d. person's age.
Q:
When countries are distributed on a pie chart according to their type of legal tradition, the single category holding the most countries is the _____ legal tradition.
Q:
When discussing the Japanese cultural pattern of "contextualism and harmony" the textbook distinguishes the concept of _____, which refers to "how things appear" from the concept of _____, which refers to the underlying reality.
a. tatemae / burakumin
b. burakumin / wa
c. tatemae / honne
d. honne / boryokudan
Q:
Flexibility is provided in the Eastern Asia legal tradition through reliance on the strict interpretation of formal codes.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Store owner Sugawara has caught Otoki shoplifting. When Sugawara takes Otoki to the privacy of his office and allows Otoki to avoid further embarrassment by simply returning the stolen item, we can say that:
a. honne was achieved by Sugawara's actions.
b. tatemae was achieved by Sugawara's actions.
c. Otoki was probably a boryokudan.
d. wa was destroyed by Sugawara's actions.
Q:
The primary source of law in the Eastern Asia legal tradition is divine revelation.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Because of their continued underprivileged status, substantial numbers of buraku in Japan:
a. must resort to working in butcher shops.
b. are hired as police officers to ensure a reasonable standard of living.
c. frequently serve as volunteer probation officers.
d. are forced into associations with boryokudan.
Q:
When li is successfully implemented in society there is no need to call upon fa.
a. True
b. False
Q:
After peaking in the early 2000s, Japan's crime rate:
a. has remained steady at post-World War II highs.
b. has declined and is now back to levels seen twenty years earlier.
c. remains among the highest of all industrialized countries.
d. increases and decreases in tandem with Japan's imprisonment rate.
Q:
Shi"a Islam started as the larger and politically stronger Muslim group and today is estimated as comprising 85% to 95% of the world's Muslims.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Were Japan superimposed on a map of the United States, Japan's islands would:
a. be about the same size as California.
b. be about the same size as Florida.
c. extend from New York's border with Canada to the Florida panhandle.
d. extend from California's border with Mexico to the most northern part of Alaska.
Q:
In its purest form, the Shari"a consists of canon law and the principles of Confucianism.
a. True
b. False
Q:
What three reforms are planned for how China responds to juvenile offenders?
Q:
The civil legal tradition is also considered to be an example of the religious/philosophical legal family.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Describe the welfare and justice aspects of China's juvenile justice system that result in its placement along the continuum of juvenile justice models.
Q:
The Twelve Tables were the earliest form of written Roman law.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Describe the findings regarding delinquency around the world as reported in the two International Self-Report Delinquency Studies.
Q:
One aspect of custom, according to Blackstone, is that no one can remember its beginning.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The youth court in England and Wales is actually a regular _____ court that is reconfigured for the juvenile's case.
Q:
Feudalism referred to a political system wherein a lord provided his vassals with land in exchange for military and other services.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In England and Wales, a Parenting _____ is used by a Youth Offending Team (YOT) as a formal way to work with parents of a misbehaving child on a voluntary basis.
Q:
Indigenous law refers to a culture's original law.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Overseeing the youth justice system in England and Wales is the _____ Board.
Q:
One of the few things about which comparative criminal justice scholars agree is that there are four legal traditions in the world today.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The justice component of China's juvenile justice system comes from the _____ principle that humans are basically good and act only after thinking (i.e., human are rational).
Q:
Although countries do not duplicate legal systems, it is possible for countries to share legal traditions.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Responses to juvenile misbehaviors in China (e.g., truancy, gambling, watching pornographic material) often fall to the _____, who have the authority to reprimand parents and order them to discipline the juveniles.
Q:
A technique by which flexibility is achieved under common law is:
a. legal tradition.
b. mazalim.
c. canon law.
d. particularization.
Q:
New Zealand's _____ Group Conference operates as an alternative to courts for young people who have not been arrested and as a mechanism for making sentence recommendations to judges for young people who have been arrested.
Q:
The primary source of law in the Islamic legal tradition is:
a. custom.
b. written code.
c. divine revelation.
d. principles of Confucianism.
Q:
Using the textbook's concept of countries falling along a continuum of juvenile justice models, _____ is the country used to show the welfare model end of the continuum.
Q:
The primary source of law in the civil legal tradition is:
a. custom.
b. written code.
c. divine revelation.
d. principles of Confucianism.
Q:
The _____ model of juvenile justice views juveniles as rational beings who must be held accountable for their behavior.
Q:
Under which legal tradition do legal rights and obligations always lie with the individual?
a. Common legal tradition
b. Eastern Asia legal tradition
c. Islamic legal tradition
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
Despite its seemingly commonsense nature, the parenting order in England and Wales does not appear to be having any positive affect on parenting skill, on parent-child relationships, or on reconviction rates of the young people whose parents were in the program.
a. True
b. False
Q:
For purposes of comparative criminal justice, the essential principles of Confucianism lie in the concepts of:
a. li and fa.
b. individualism and religion.
c. moral philosophy and oral tradition.
d. socialism and collectivism.
Q:
The age of criminal responsibility in China is 16. However, persons ages 14"16 who commit serious crimes such as murder can be held criminally responsible but be subject to lesser punishment.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The three major subtraditions forming the Eastern Asia tradition are:
a. fusion, philosophy, and individualism.
b. Corpus Juris Civilis, socialism, and codification.
c. Confucianism, collectivism and context, and legal informalism.
d. precedent, harmony, and formal justice.
Q:
As one moves toward the justice end on the continuum of juvenile justice models, we expect to find juvenile justice systems that consider children and youngsters to be rational individuals who are responsible for their actions.
a. True
b. False