Accounting
Anthropology
Archaeology
Art History
Banking
Biology & Life Science
Business
Business Communication
Business Development
Business Ethics
Business Law
Chemistry
Communication
Computer Science
Counseling
Criminal Law
Curriculum & Instruction
Design
Earth Science
Economic
Education
Engineering
Finance
History & Theory
Humanities
Human Resource
International Business
Investments & Securities
Journalism
Law
Management
Marketing
Medicine
Medicine & Health Science
Nursing
Philosophy
Physic
Psychology
Real Estate
Science
Social Science
Sociology
Special Education
Speech
Visual Arts
Criminology
Q:
According to the You Should Know box in Chapter 4, Iran can be grouped with the religious states and _____ can be grouped with the secular states in terms of how each applies Islamic law.
a. Indonesia
b. Jordan
c. Saudi Arabia
d. Turkey
Q:
In Italy, to avoid upsetting the accused juvenile, the magistrate directly questions the juvenile but no cross-examination takes place.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Why do some people consider the jurist Shafi"a to be the father of Muslim jurisprudence?
a. He was the first person elected the Islam's highest court of law
b. He provided a creative solution to the weight that should be given to the oaths taken by victims and those taken by the accused
c. He proposed a compromise between those believing that all rules must be derived from the Qur"an or Sunna, and those believing that the law should be elaborated through the use of human reason and personal opinion
d. He served as Muhammad's scribe and put into writing each of Muhammad's rulings
Q:
New Zealand's Family Group Conference is criticized for not involving the victims as much as had been hoped for.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The process by which Islamic legal scholars reach a consensus regarding how to handle a case that does not appear to be answered by either the Qur"an or Sunna is called:
a. qiyas.
b. hadd.
c. analogy.
d. ijma.
Q:
For the most part, countries of similar legal traditions follow similar models of juvenile justice (e. g., common legal traditions use the welfare model, civil the justice model).
a. True
b. False
Q:
Hadiths, which provide a narration about the life of the Prophet Muhammad, contain three important parts. Which of the following is NOT one of those three?
a. The statement itself
b. An indication of its authority by reference to the chain of reporters
c. A seal affixed by Muhammad himself or one of his direct decedents
d. A comment regarding the report as being something Muhammad did, said, or approved.
Q:
Although there is considerable variation around the world as to what the age is, every country has identified some age at which criminal responsibility begins.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In Islam, the book that is considered the word of God (Allah) is the:
a. Sunna.
b. Qur"an.
c. Qiyas.
d. Ijma.
Q:
All states in the United States have set age 18 as the minimum age of criminal responsibility.
a. True
b. False
Q:
One of the several reasons that common law codes are not the same as civil law codes is that common law codes do not abolish all prior law for that topic. Which of the following is the textbook's way to describe this difference?
a. Codes under common law are not revolutionary
b. Codes under common law replace, rather than extend, prior law
c. Codes under civil law are not revolutionary
d. Codes under civil law extend, rather than replace, prior law
Q:
The United States was one of the first countries to sign (in 1990) the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
a. True
b. False
Q:
During the Fifth and Sixth Centuries, __________ courts administered state law, while ________ courts managed canon law.
a. ecclesiastical / tribal
b. civil / ecclesiastical
c. French / papal
d. Roman / Italian
Q:
Throughout the world, youths are most likely to misbehave when they are with their peers.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The three major subtraditions forming the civil legal tradition are:
a. precedent, equity, and feudal practices.
b. Roman law, canon law, and codification.
c. comitia centuriata, comitia tributa, and concilium plebes.
d. Code Napoleon, Corpus Juris Civilis, and precedent.
Q:
Delinquency is considered a problem in all regions of the world except Latin America.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In most parts of the world, the term civil law refers to a legal tradition based on ________; but in the United States, civil law more commonly refers to _________.
a. custom / violations against the state
b. canon law / indigenous law
c. wrongs against individuals / violations against public morals
d. written codes / a specific type of law dealing with private wrongs
Q:
The parenting order, which is a way to sanction parents of misbehaving young people in England and Wales, has two elements. Which of the following is one of those?
a. Parents must pay restitution to their child's victim
b. Parents must relinquish control of their child to a social worker who will set and enforce standards of behavior for the child
c. Parents must attend counseling or guidance sessions, for up to 3 months, where they receive help in dealing with their children
d. At least one parent must be confined in the local jail for 3 hours every Saturday for a period, decided by the court, of up to 18 months
Q:
Why is precedent considered a basic concept in the common legal tradition?
a. It provides a way to identify custom through reference to earlier case decisions
b. It forces judges to follow the written code
c. It allows laypeople (jurors) to influence the law
d. It refers to the process legislators must follow when they create common law
Q:
Sarah has been sentenced by the youth court in England to repair the window she broke when vandalizing Mr. Wilson's home, and to also weed his garden that she damaged when riding her bicycle across his property. Which type of "order" has Sarah most likely received?
a. Reparation order
b. Action plan order
c. Supervision order
d. Detention and training order
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a feature of legal custom as conceived by Blackstone?
a. It is ancient (no one can remember its beginning)
b. It is intermittent (it may be abandoned or interrupted but always returns)
c. It is compulsory (it is not obeyed at option)
d. It is consistent (one custom cannot contradict another)
Q:
Young Simon is being diverted from England's formal juvenile justice system with a pre-court order that requires him to stop causing a nuisance. What type of pre-court order is this?
a. Final warning
b. Acceptable behavior contract
c. Antisocial behavior order
d. Reparation order
Q:
During the reign of Henry II, attempts were made to return order to England through the Constitutions of Clarendon, which:
a. established a court of equity.
b. ended feudalism.
c. provided custom as a basis for building order.
d. merged church and state courts.
Q:
Young Agatha is being diverted from England's formal juvenile justice system with a pre-court order that requires her to stop going to the local arcade. What type of pre-court order is this?
a. Final warning
b. Acceptable behavior contract
c. Antisocial behavior order
d. Reparation order
Q:
The three major subtraditions forming the common legal tradition are:
a. Roman law, canon law, and precedent.
b. feudal practices, Corpus Juris Civilis, and mazalim.
c. custom, feudal practices, and equity.
d. canon law, ecclesiastical law, and jus honorarium.
Q:
With the legislative changes made in 1998, a person is considered criminally responsible in England & Wales at age:
a. 10.
b. 12.
c. 16.
d. 21.
Q:
When we refer to legal institutions, procedures, and rules, we are referring to a:
a. legal system.
b. justice entity.
c. legal tradition.
d. justice process.
Q:
In England and Wales, the Youth Offending Team:
a. is a special police unit responsible for determining if a juvenile offender should be arrested or placed in diversion.
b. has responsibility for coordinating and providing youth justice services at the local level.
c. works out of the schools and provides an alternate education program for students suspended from regular classes.
d. is a notorious juvenile gang whose criminal behavior forced Parliament to lower the age of criminal responsibility.
Q:
Which term refers to deeply rooted and historically conditioned attitudes about things such as the nature of law and the role of law in society?
a. Legal system
b. Legal tradition
c. Due process
d. Attitudinal jurisprudence
Q:
Three reforms are planned for how China responds to juvenile offenders. Which of the following is NOT one of those three?
a. Establish more independent juvenile courts
b. Create laws specifically for juveniles
c. Increase the penalties for juvenile offenders
d. Expand the use of suspension of prosecution measures
Q:
Distinguish the concept of legal guilt from the concept of factual guilt.
Q:
China's Law on Delinquency Prevention classifies juvenile offenses into three categories. For which one is the official response most likely to involve sending the juvenile to Work and Study School for a period of 2-3 years?
a. Childish acts
b. Juvenile misbehavior
c. Serious juvenile misbehavior
d. Juvenile criminal law violations
Q:
The text explains that Packer warns us not to think of the presumption of guilt as the opposite of the presumption of innocence. The concepts are different, he says, rather than opposite ideas. Explain the distinction.
Q:
China is positioned toward the justice end of the continuum of juvenile justice models because of its emphasis on the responsibility and accountability aspect of the justice model. China is not more clearly an example of the justice model because:
a. the police in China serve as the magistrate in juvenile court.
b. of the relative absence in China of due process for juveniles.
c. young offenders are sanctioned by school officials rather than by court officials.
d. the communist party does not acknowledge the policy of parens patriae.
Q:
Law is said to be a body of specific rules regarding human conduct, which have been promulgated by political authority, which apply uniformly to all members of the classes to which the rules refer, and which are enforced by punishment administered by the state. Identify and explain each of the general characteristics of law as found in this definition.
Q:
During criminal proceedings against minors in Italy, the prosecutor and magistrate must obtain information about the juvenile's personal, family, financial, and social circumstances. That information is used for all the following purposes EXCEPT:
a. determining if the juvenile can be charged.
b. determining the extent to which he or she is responsible.
c. identifying whether or not the case should be transferred to the "school court."
d. ascertaining the appropriate penalty.
Q:
Between the United States and Europe, wiretapping as a crime-fighting technique seems to be more regularly practiced and with less oversight in _____.
Q:
Three conditions must be present before an Italian judge can use the option of dismissing a case as insufficiently serious. Which of the following is NOT one of those?
a. The offense must be minor
b. The child's misbehavior must be only an occasional occurrence
c. Continuing prosecution would interfere with the juvenile's education
d. The victim must agree that the harm was not serious
Q:
_____wiretaps, which specify a person rather than a particular phone line for surveillance, authorize law enforcement to follow a suspect as he or she moves from home to cell phone to cybercaf to pay phone.
Q:
Who, among the following, is NOT a participant in New Zealand's Family Group Conference?
a. The offending young person
b. The victim
c. The judge
d. The police
Q:
Of the two procedural criminal law models, the _____ model is more likely to believe that the greatest threats to citizens' freedom are government agents such as police officers and prosecutors.
Q:
Legislation in New Zealand established who/what as the locus for authority and expertise on matters of juvenile delinquency?
a. The family, including extended family members
b. The nuclear family (father and mother)
c. The juvenile court
d. The local department of social services
Q:
The bifurcation of procedural criminal law results in consideration of the due process model and the _____ model.
Q:
Which juvenile justice model is followed in a country that takes a paternalistic and protectionist approach that shows a preference for treatment?
a. Welfare
b. Justice
c. Patriae
d. Pragmatic
Q:
The _____ test, developed in the thirteenth century, was among the first methods used to determine insanity.
Q:
Which of the following best defines the concept of parens patriae?
a. The state must protect its citizens from misbehaving young people.
b. The state must defer to a child's parents when that child misbehaves.
c. The state is obliged to serve as guardian over children who are in such adverse conditions that their health or law"‘abiding nature is in jeopardy.
d. The state must hold parents responsible for the misbehavior of their children.
Q:
Between intent and motivation, criminal law's focus is on _____.
Q:
Although generally imprecise, the various international standards and guidelines for a country's juvenile justice system do agree that:
a. rehabilitation of the juvenile should be given greater weight than punishment.
b. punishment of the juvenile should be given greater weight than rehabilitation.
c. violent juveniles should be punished but juvenile property offenders should be rehabilitated.
d. whether punished or rehabilitated, the juvenile justice system should handle only persons younger than 14.
Q:
When the Court in McBoyle v. United States ruled that taking an airplane did not qualify as the taking of a "self-propelled vehicle," the general characteristic of criminal law that the Court emphasized was _____.
Q:
At age _____, India has one of the youngest ages of criminal responsibility, whereas Argentina, at age _____ has one of the oldest.
a. 3 / 7
b. 7 / 16
c. 10 / 22
d. 13 / 22
Q:
When one is interested in the creation and definition of rules, she is interested in _____ criminal law.
Q:
According to Chapter 9's breakdown of minimum ages of criminal responsibility around the world, what is the most frequently used age of criminal responsibility?
a. 9
b. 11
c. 14
d. 16
Q:
When one is interested in the manner in which laws are enforced, he is interested in _____ criminal law.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the four instruments/documents developed to assist and encourage countries to respond to young offenders in a humanitarian manner?
a. Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules)
b. Europol Agreement on Juvenile Justice Standards (Schengen Agreement)
c. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
d. Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (Riyadh Guidelines)
e. Rule for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (JDLs)
Q:
The USA PATRIOT Act is unique in American history because it is the only time substantive law has been modified as a reaction to a traumatic event such as war.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to international research on self"‘reported delinquency around the world:
a. in all countries, the less parental supervision, the more delinquent behavior.
b. boys and girls were equally likely to commit violent offenses in all the countries.
c. boys and girls were equally likely to commit property offenses in all the countries.
d. juvenile delinquency mostly involves serious offenses.
Q:
The United States and Canada are two countries that have successfully balanced the sometimes competing goals of crime control and due process by achieving both goals simultaneously.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Chapter 8 suggests there is considerable similarity in the way women prisoners are responded to around the world. Describe the three factors used in the chapter to show that similarity.
Q:
The crime control model, but not the due process model, is interested in repressing crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Describe what is required by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and its Optional Protocol as they relate to foreigners being arrested outside their country of residence.
Q:
Under the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule, evidence obtained through an illegal warrant need not be excluded at trial if the police can show that they got the evidence while reasonably believing they were acting in accordance with the law.
a. True
b. False
Q:
List and explain each of the justifications for punishment covered in the textbook.
Q:
The primary purpose of the exclusionary rule was to deter police misconduct.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In 2010, the United Nations adopted the Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders. These rules will be known as the _____ Rules for the city where they were drafted.
Q:
The term actus reus refers to a person having a "guilty mind."
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to Walmsley's research, about half of the more than 9 million people held in penal institutions throughout the world are in the three countries of Russia, China, and _____.
Q:
For an act to qualify as a crime there must be some punishment attached that the government will administer.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Amnesty International has reported that _____ is the country that has consistently had the greatest number of executions each year.
Q:
Politicality refers to the fact that only violations of rules made by a government authority can be crimes.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Corporal punishment, when applied as a sentence for criminal behavior, is more accurately called _____ corporal punishment.
Q:
Which of the following is a common technique now found in antiterrorism legislation in many European countries?
a. Re-introduction of death penalty statutes
b. Restricting and even prohibiting access to legal counsel for suspects in terrorist acts
c. Extending the length of time that government authorities can detain suspects without charge
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
When the U.S. military provides condolence payments to Iraqi and Afghan civilians for loss of life resulting from combat actions by U.S. and coalition forces, those payments are consistent with the Shari"a compensation policy called _____.
Q:
The "sneak and peek" provision of the USA PATRIOT Act:
a. authorizes delayed notice of the execution of criminal search warrants.
b. allows federal agents to plant listening devices in a suspected criminal's home, but requires that agent to inform the suspect about the devices.
c. can only be used for crimes of terrorism.
d. was repealed in 2006.
Q:
Unlike the tariff-type fines in the United States that base a fine amount on the severity of the offense, the European _____ fine links the fine amount to both the severity of the offense and the offender's ability to pay.
Q:
A court wiretap order that specifies a person rather than a particular phone line to be tapped is called a:
a. roving wiretap.
b. hardwired wiretap.
c. record wiretap.
d. transmit wiretap.
Q:
When a judge sentences a shoplifter to prison so that other people will be kept from shoplifting, the judge's sentence is best explained as meeting the goal of _____ deterrence.
Q:
Sammy Kim confessed to (and truly committed) purse snatching; but due to the exclusion of particular evidence at trial, the jury found Sammy not guilty. We can say that Sammy is:
a. legally guilty but not factually guilty.
b. factually guilty but not legally guilty.
c. both legally and factually guilty.
d. neither legally nor factually guilty.
Q:
A state Director of Corrections structures his various departments around a philosophy that encourages the reforming of offenders into productive members of society. The punishment philosophy being expressed by the director is _____.
Q:
What features from the crime control model are seen by the due process model as simply inviting abuse of governmental power?
a. Number and frequency
b. Speed and finality
c. Slowness and vagueness
d. Consensus and conflict
Q:
America's Black and Hispanic populations make up about 13 percent and 16 percent of the nation's total population, respectively, and make up about the same percentage of its prison population.
a. True
b. False