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Criminology
Q:
Which model emphasizes individual rights?
a. Consensus model
b. Conflict model
c. Crime-control model
d. Due-process model
Q:
Racial and ethnic minorities are consistently overrepresented in prisons around the world.
a. True
b. False
Q:
To operate successfully, the crime control model requires a high rate of _____ and _____ following a process that emphasizes speed and finality.
a. intrusion / restriction
b. effectiveness / legitimacy
c. apprehension / conviction
d. none of the above
Q:
In India, a detenu is a person awaiting trial.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The crime control model emphasizes _____ of action, whereas the due process model emphasizes _____ of action.
a. efficiency / legitimacy
b. legislation / politicalization
c. judicial authorization / executive authorization
d. mediocrity / fallacy
Q:
About 30% of the prison population in South Africa is actually pretrial detainees.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the crime control model?
a. Administrative emphasis
b. Emphasis on finality
c. Presumption of guilt as an orienting attitude
d. Emphasis on the primacy of the individual
Q:
It is apparent from the textbook's figure showing the imprisonment rate of more than 20 countries that those countries following the common legal tradition have much higher rates than do countries following the civil legal tradition.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The U. S. Supreme Court has the authority to tell individual states how to conduct criminal prosecutions because:
a. violation of state law is also a violation of federal law.
b. the Third Amendment to the U. S. Constitution provides for a defendant's guarantee of federal prosecution in state felony prosecutions.
c. the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution made the Bill of Rights applicable to the individual states.
d. None of the abovethe U. S. Supreme Court cannot tell individual states how to conduct criminal prosecutions.
Q:
In many countries around the world, there is no separate facility for persons awaiting trial. They are simply housed in the same facility as are convicted prisoners.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The "wild beast test," which developed in the thirteenth century, was a method used to find:
a. guilt of murder.
b. insanity.
c. guilt of rape.
d. poaching.
Q:
When the death penalty was abolished in Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, the majority of citizens in each country actually favored its use.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following tests for insanity requires, in part, that the defendant did not know the act was wrong?
a. Wild beast test
b. M"Naghten rule
c. Irresistible-impulse rule
d. Brawner rule
Q:
Executions in Japan are carried out at a secret (even to the condemned) time and location.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following is an example in many states of a "strict liability" crime?
a. A person over age 14 commits shoplifting
b. A father uses excessive force to discipline his child
c. A death occurs, unintentionally, while an offender is committing a felony
d. While obeying the speed limit along a residential road, a driver hits and seriously injures a young girl who runs into the street
Q:
The penalty for highway robbery in Saudi Arabia is cross-amputation, which means the convicted person is placed upside down on a cross as both hands are amputated.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The four features comprising the general characteristics of Western criminal law are:
a. politicality, penal sanction, uniformity, and specificity.
b. politicality, specificity, penal sanctions, and formality.
c. specificity, punishment, restitution, and vagueness.
d. probation, deterrence, restitution, and rehabilitation.
Q:
Despite their frequent use in the United State, financial penalties are infrequently used in most other countries.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The part of law that creates, defines, and regulates rights is:
a. procedural law.
b. civil law.
c. substantive law.
d. tort law.
Q:
Agreements that are truly international (in the sense that all world's countries have joined in) remain only theoretically possible.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Substantive law serves two purposes. They are:
a. defining the behavior subject to punishment and specifying the rules to follow when enforcing the law.
b. specifying the rules to follow when enforcing the law and specifying what the punishment will be.
c. defining the behavior subject to punishment and specifying what the punishment will be.
d. explaining the general principles of law and defining law's major principles.
Q:
Australia is the only continent settled as a penal colony.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following refers to the category of law that determines how rules are enforced?
a. Enforcement law
b. Substantive law
c. Procedural law
d. Specificity
Q:
In most of the world's countries, new mothers are allowed to keep their infants with them in prison. Among the following countries, which is least likely to allow this?
a. Mexico
b. Spain
c. Hong Kong
d. United States
Q:
An institutionalized pattern of justice rests on the definition of rules. This is typically referred to as:
a. definitional law.
b. substantive law.
c. procedural law.
d. politicality.
Q:
Rough estimates by the International Centre for Prison Studies suggests that women typically compose about what percent of a country's prison population?
a. 5 percent
b. 15 percent
c. 35 percent
d. 50 percent
Q:
Explain the similarities and difference between human trafficking and migrant smuggling.
Q:
Around the world, women prisoners are generally responded to in a very similar manner. These similarities can be explained by:
a. a lower percentage of female inmates in all countries.
b. a tendency to imprison drug offenders.
c. similarity in the needs and problems the female inmates face.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
Using the appropriate terms, describe and explain the three-stage process of money laundering.
Q:
Which of the following comprises the largest number (about two-thirds) of people in India's prisons?
a. Persons awaiting trial (the "undertrials")
b. Persons convicted and serving a sentence
c. Persons who are mentally ill
d. Persons placed in preventive custody in the interest of preserving public order
Q:
Explain the difference in studying crime as a social phenomenon and in studying crime as social behavior.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true regarding prisons in Brazil?
a. Prisons are administered at the state level
b. Twenty-five percent of the prison population is found in police lockups
c. Brazil has one of the world's largest penal systems
d. Although conditions are horrible, the prisons are not overcrowded
Q:
_____, which is the largest international police organization in the world, facilitates cross-border criminal police cooperation to combat transnational crime.
Q:
According to the figure in Chapter 8, _____ has a much higher imprisonment rate than does _____.
a. the United States / Russia
b. Russia / Japan
c. Japan / South Africa
d. Australia / Canada
Q:
Human _____, but not smuggling, requires deception or coercion.
Q:
The basic (or traditional) formula to determine a country's rate of imprisonment (Ir) involves dividing the number of persons in prison by the _____, then multiplying the result by 100,000.
a. number of persons released from prison
b. number of persons sentenced to community supervision
c. total number of crimes committed
d. total population of the country
Q:
The world's largest illicit drug product is _____.
Q:
One of the defining characteristics of probation around the world today is that:
a. probation attempts to get even with offenders.
b. probation is more concerned with the needs of the offender than the needs of the community.
c. probation attempts to reintegrate the offender into society.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
The term _____ refers to the abuse of entrusted power for private gain.
Q:
In most jurisdictions around the world where probation is an established sanction, the agency responsible for probation:
a. provides information (e. g., reports that assist the judge in determining an appropriate sentence) to other criminal justice agencies.
b. supervises persons on probation.
c. enforces the conditions of probation.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
The criminal activity linked to computers that occurs when the computer is used as a tool in committing a crime is called _____ theft.
Q:
Which two men were responsible for fathering the principle of probation as a sentence for criminals in both the United States and England respectively?
a. John Augustus and Matthew Hill
b. Matthew Hill and Emile Durkheim
c. John Augustus and Emile Durkheim
d. Matthew Hill and Nicholas Timasheff
Q:
Although handgun ownership in the country of _____ is below the 3 percent average of all countries, it has the highest percentage of robberies where a handgun is used and the highest percentage of assaults and threats with a handgun.
Q:
The Tokyo Rules, which provide the primary international standards for community sanctions, have as guiding principles each of the following except:
a. a wide range of alternatives to prison should be provided.
b. early release from prison should be encouraged.
c. electronic monitoring should be used for parolees but not probationers.
d. upon their release from prison, offenders should be reintegrated into society.
Q:
The two countries with the highest percentages of handgun ownership are Switzerland and _____.
Q:
According to Otterbein's research, communities most likely to accept alternatives to capital punishment are those where:
a. government is stable, but fear of crime is high.
b. citizens have stable, mature governments in which crime and fear of crime is not high.
c. public opinion is against the use of the death penalty.
d. prisons are considered secure enough to make escape from a life sentence extremely unlikely.
Q:
The grand theory that draws from the Marxist perspective to explain that as capitalism expands, it disrupts indigenous cultures and traditional means of subsistence is called _____ system theory.
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the four generalizations that Otterbein makes about capital punishment?
a. It is a cross-cultural universal with most societies at one time or another using it
b. Offenses identified as capital crimes are those directly threatening people
c. Deterring others from committing similar crimes is the reason most frequently found for executing a community member
d. In a majority of cultures, most members of the community accept capital punishment as an appropriate sanction
Q:
Countries where household insurance is more developed tend to report a _____ proportion of crime.
Q:
Generally speaking, most countries in _____ have abolished the death penalty.
a. Europe
b. the Middle East
c. North Africa
d. the Asia-Pacific region
Q:
When comparative criminologists study crime as social behavior, the main focus of the study is the _____.
Q:
Using Amnesty International's definitions, about what percentage of the world's countries retain the death penalty?
a. 5 percent
b. 30 percent
c. 77 percent
d. 95 percent
Q:
The area of study that has an interest in determining how various countries attempt to maintain social order and accomplish justice is _____ criminal justice.
Q:
In 2010, Amnesty International estimated that, when China is excluded, more than 80% of all known executions took place in Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and _____.
a. Mexico
b. the United States
c. Japan
d. Canada
Q:
In 2010, Muslim Sunni extremists were responsible for most of the worldwide terrorist attacks and for the majority of terrorism-related deaths.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Islamic law proscribes both _____ and _____ as the means of carrying out the death penalty.
a. beheading / whipping
b. stoning / hanging
c. beheading / stoning
d. stoning / whipping
Q:
Forced labor trafficking is believed to comprise the majority of the world's human trafficking.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The United Nations Economic and Social Council came up with several suggested safeguards by which countries still using the death penalty should abide. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
a. The death penalty should only be used for the most serious of crimes
b. There needs to be clear and convincing evidence of guilt
c. The level of suffering shall be minimal
d. The death penalty shall not be applied to persons under the age of 18
e. The death penalty should not be applied to female offenders
Q:
Even if a person initially consented to engage in prostitution, he or she is a trafficking victim if they are held in service through coercion.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Diyya is a possible punishment for which type offense?
a. Hudud
b. Qisas
c. Tazir
d. Lex
Q:
Because of the definitions used, it is possible to have both "domestic trafficking" and "domestic smuggling."
a. True
b. False
Q:
In Islamic law, the Qur"an states the diyya may be used to:
a. retaliate against the offender.
b. help rehabilitate the offender.
c. provide compensation to the victim.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
Pirates are especially active today in parts of the South Pacific.
a. True
b. False
Q:
In Sweden and Germany, a crime may carry with it a certain amount of punishment units. The punishment units help to identify:
a. how much time a person shall serve in the system.
b. the monetary value attached to a crime.
c. how many hours of community service a person shall serve.
d. how many floggings a person shall receive.
Q:
One million dollars in $100 bills can fit into one doctor's bag of standard size and be simply carried out of the country.
a. True
b. False
Q:
What two factors determine a day fine?
a. Seriousness of the offense and the offender's income level
b. Victim's complaint and the value of any property lost
c. Offender's attitude and victim's wishes
d. Offender's age and number of prior offenses
Q:
The process by which criminals attempt to conceal the illicit origin and ownership of the proceeds from their unlawful activities is called piracy.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The day fine system is based on a process wherein:
a. the punishment is proportionate to the severity of the crime but equal across individuals with differing financial resources.
b. all defendants convicted on a particular offense sustain the same fine amounts.
c. only those who commit felonies shall receive a day fine.
d. only those who commit misdemeanors shall receive a day fine.
Q:
Heroin produced in Afghanistan is consumed within the region and/or trafficked to Europe.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Financial penalties have many advantages; which of the following is NOT one of them?
a. They are inexpensive to administer
b. They can be combined with other sanctions and used in multiple sentencing goals
c. They help meet society's desire for retribution
d. They do not damage the offender's ties to his/her family and community
Q:
A national survey of businesses found that cyber theft incidents were the least frequent type of cybercrime, but they were the only incident type likely to be reported to law enforcement authorities.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Bilateral, multilateral, and international agreements discussed in the textbook are those resulting from activities led by:
a. Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization).
b. the UN (United Nations).
c. NAFTA (North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement).
d. ICVS (International Crime Victim Survey).
Q:
Oftentimes, transnational crime relies on several individuals and groups in many countries to complete the crime, thus giving it an organized structure.
a. True
b. False
Q:
To the extent that electronic monitoring devices and imprisonment both restrict an offender's freedom of movement, they can be said to meet which punishment goal?
a. Retribution
b. Specific deterrence
c. General deterrence
d. Rehabilitation
e. Incapacitation
Q:
Transnational crimes are criminal acts that span national borders, violating the laws of several countries.
a. True
b. False
Q:
A judge explains to the courtroom observers that she has just sentenced a convicted murderer to death in order to prevent that person from murdering again. Which punishment justification is the judge offering?
a. Retribution
b. Specific deterrence
c. General deterrence
d. Rehabilitation
e. Incapacitation
Q:
Robberies and attacks are more often gun related in Europe than in the United States.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When a state legislature sets up a corrections system for the express purpose of retaliating for a wrong committed against state citizens, which punishment goal is the legislature seeking?
a. Retribution
b. Specific deterrence
c. General deterrence
d. Rehabilitation
e. Incapacitation
Q:
Victimization surveys have been found to provide a more complete picture of crime and its occurrence in individual countries than do police reports of crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Research by Ruddell and Urbina suggests that countries with a more diverse population (e. g., ethnically different) were _____ when compared to countries with a less diverse (e. g., ethnically similar) population.
a. less punitive
b. more punitive
c. of similar punitiveness
d. undifferentiated