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Criminology
Q:
As opposed to simply being an indicator of a large amount of crime in a country, an increased rate of recorded crime may reflect a more efficient and thorough system of reporting and recording crime.
a. True
b. False
Q:
By American standards, French trial courts seem bound by few restrictions on the kind of evidence that can be introduced (e. g., prior convictions of the accused are admissible as relevant evidence). The textbook explained this apparent permissiveness using three factors. List and explain those factors.
Q:
One of the best uses for comparative crime statistics from around the world is to develop the "best places to live" types of rankings.
a. True
b. False
Q:
What are some reasons offered in the textbook for why German trials tend not to be as long as are those in America?
Q:
Which of the following U. S. federal agencies is (are) involved in combating transnational crime?
a. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
b. The Department of Justice (DOJ)
c. The Department of Treasury (DOT)
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
Explain some of the arguments that favor and oppose allowing jurors to ask questions of witnesses during a criminal trial.
Q:
Terrorism is a tactic used across all regions of the world, but the National Counterterrorism Center's 2010 Report on Terrorism found that most attacks and the largest number of victims were in:
a. Europe and Eurasia.
b. South Asia.
c. the Western Hemisphere.
d. Africa.
Q:
Distinguish between questions of fact and questions of law.
Q:
Which of the following acts requires deception or coercion?
a. Human trafficking
b. Migrant smuggling
c. Alien smuggling
d. Refugee smuggling
Q:
The first court level at which an accused is entitled to a trial by jury in England is the _____ Court.
Q:
Of the following, which are most likely to be the target of pirates today?
a. Cruise ships
b. Cargo ships transporting heavy machinery
c. Oil and chemical tankers
d. Fishing trawlers
Q:
The term "unified trial" in Germany refers to the German court's simultaneous determination of guilt and _____.
Q:
According to Interpol statistics, which of the following countries was among those reporting the most thefts of cultural objects?
a. France
b. United States
c. Japan
d. Brazil
Q:
In Saudi Arabia, adjudication lies primarily with a single judge called a _____.
Q:
Which of the following is not one of the stages of the money laundering process?
a. Procurement
b. Placement
c. Layering
d. Integration
Q:
When the court is deciding if the police behaved properly when searching a suspect, the court is addressing a question of _____.
Q:
According to the World Drug Report, which part of the illicit drug market has had the most apparent expansion?
a. cannabis.
b. opiates.
c. amphetamine-type stimulates.
d. synthetic drugs.
Q:
Both common and civil legal traditions seek uniformity of justice. The _____ tradition sees that uniformity as being best achieved when judges follow the same general principles.
Q:
Of the major groups of illicit drugs, production has been declining for:
a. cannabis and amphetamines.
b. opium and coca.
c. synthetics and cannabis.
d. amphetamines and synthetics.
Q:
Agatha's training and position gives her unlimited access to appear on behalf of her clients at the higher level courts of England. Agatha is a _____.
Q:
Transparency International's Global Corruption Barometer found that the following institution was the one that citizens of the most countries considered to be their most corrupt.
a. Police
b. Courts
c. Prisons
d. Political parties
Q:
Simon's training and position have prepared him for the general practice of law with full rights of appearance in England's lower courts and limited appearance rights in the higher courts. Simon is a ______.
Q:
In reference to cybercrime, which term is used when the computer itself is a target of the criminal act?
a. Phishing
b. Cyber theft
c. Cyber attack
d. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs)
Q:
Under the _____ type of legal profession, all legal professionals are considered to have the basic knowledge and training to participate in any of the various fields of law (e. g., criminal, tax, corporate).
Q:
All of the following are examples of international crime except:
a. war crimes.
b. computer crimes.
c. crimes against humanity.
d. genocide.
Q:
A duty of China's Supreme People's Court is to approve all death sentences imposed by intermediate or higher people's courts.
a. True
b. False
Q:
International and transnational crimes are distinct from each other. Transnational crime includes crimes that:
a. span national borders, violating the laws of several countries.
b. take place outside the United States borders.
c. take place within the United States borders but are committed by a foreign citizen.
d. take place outside United States borders and are committed by a United States citizen.
Q:
The courts in the People's Republic of China are essentially agencies of the central government and do not have judicial independence in a manner similar to courts in Western countries.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following in not a transnational crime as the term is used in your textbook?
a. Genocide
b. Computer crime
c. Sea piracy
d. Money laundering
Q:
Although the practice is not common, most American jurisdictions allow jurors to propose questions of trial witnesses.
a. True
b. False
Q:
This term is generally used to refer to acts that threaten world order and security.
a. Transnational crime
b. Inhuman crime
c. Global crime
d. International crime
Q:
It is assumed that the qadi in Shari"a court will rule fairly because those who do not will be executed.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Which of the following grand theories attributes the decline of violent crime during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries to the gradual introduction of courtly manners?
a. Modernization theory
b. Civilization theory
c. World system theory
d. Opportunity theory
Q:
The Saudi qadi is not bound by legal precedent in making his decisions, but he must at least follow his own prior decisions.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Modernization theory suggests that a nation's crime level is best explained as resulting from:
a. an increase in the proportion of males in the population.
b. an increase in goods that become available for theft.
c. the expansion of capitalism and the resulting new inequalities in a country.
d. social processes (such as loosened family ties) that accompany industrial development.
Q:
Under trial by battle, the accused was deemed innocent upon winning the battle because he or she must have had God's assistance.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When studying a crime's etiology, one is studying:
a. its causes, origins, and distributions.
b. its frequency.
c. its victims.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
Q:
It is possible in some countries to become a judge by simply choosing that as a career after completing one's formal legal education.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The International Crime Victim Survey shows general consistency in country positions over the years. For example, _____ has consistently ranked high and _____ has consistently ranked low on overall victimization rates.
a. the United States / England & Wales
b. New Zealand / Japan
c. Austria / Portugal
d. England & Wales / Netherlands
Q:
Both common and civil legal traditions seek uniformity of justice. The common tradition sees it as being best achieved when judges follow decisions in similar cases.
a. True
b. False
Q:
According to data from the United Nations, which of the following regions include countries with the highest homicide rates?
a. Africa and the Americas
b. Asia and Europe
c. Oceania and Asia
d. Europe and Africa
Q:
Latin American countries today are more likely to have lay people helping in the defense of an accused person than to provide legally trained professionals.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The United Nations' surveys on crime trends are unique because:
a. they are published annually.
b. they provide a standard classification of crime definitions and justice categories.
c. all countries complete them in exactly the same way.
d. only European nations participate in the survey.
Q:
In some European countries, police officers have duties similar to public prosecutors or actually act as the prosecutor in lower-level courts.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Recalling the Chapter 2 graph showing country crime rates, New Zealand was near the top with a fairly high crime rate, whereas _____ was near the bottom with one of the lowest crime rates.
a. Japan
b. Finland
c. United States
d. Canada
Q:
Although a member of the French judiciary, the juge d"instruction has responsibility for investigating the more serious and complex criminal cases.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Chapter 2's "You Should Know" box on comparing reported crime notes that:
a. in most countries, most crimes are reported to the police.
b. all countries appear to count an activity as a crime at the time the activity becomes known to the police.
c. countries where telephones are more common tend to report a higher proportion of crime.
d. The use of technology by police is unrelated to the amount of crime found.
Q:
A procurator is a person charged with soliciting prostitution.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When comparing crime rates among countries, which of the following points should be considered before drawing conclusions?
a. The differences in the legal definitions of crime
b. How the recording and reporting practices may vary
c. Such social features as the availability of medical facilities
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
After completing a law degree in a civil law country, it is possible for the recent graduate to begin a career as a judge immediately.
a. True
b. False
Q:
The two primary problems encountered when seeking to compare crime in two or more countries are:
a. ensuring that crime data are published as a rate per 100,000 population and that the countries being compared are on the same continent.
b. making sure the countries being compared are similar in population size and that they have similar percentages of young people.
c. finding countries that same a common religion and finding countries that report police data rather than court data.
d. ensuring that crime data have been defined, reported, and recorded in a similar manner and that the data are compiled in a manner that allows researchers to conveniently compare many countries.
Q:
Unlike in the American system, in which appeals center on issues of law, not fact, in the Italian system appeals are automatic and defendants can ask to retry the entire case in a first round of appeals.
a. True
b. False
Q:
When comparative criminologists study crime as a social phenomenon, the main focus of the study is the:
a. offender.
b. victim.
c. region where the crime took place.
d. crime itself.
Q:
As shown in the Amanda Knox trial, defendants in Italy are considered guilty until proven innocent.
a. True
b. False
Q:
Distinguish between, and provide examples of, synthetic classification strategies and authentic classification strategies.
Q:
Which Saudi Arabia court reviews all death, amputation, or stoning sentences?
a. Court of Cassation
b. Higher Council of the Judiciary
c. General Court
d. Court of Summary Jurisdiction
Q:
Explain which strategy is being used under the descriptive approach when the emphasis is on the specific agencies and their employees charged with operating a country's criminal justice system.
Q:
Which Saudi Arabia court hears tazir and hadd offenses punishable by flogging?
a. Court of Cassation
b. Higher Council of the Judiciary
c. General Court
d. Court of Summary Jurisdiction
Q:
Explain which strategy is being used under the descriptive approach when the emphasis is on how countries go about such things as arresting people, determining whether they are guilty, and sentencing convicted offenders.
Q:
China's Supreme People's Court is charged with three responsibilities. Which of the following is NOT one of those?
a. Supervising the work of local courts
b. Hearing appeals against legal decisions of the Higher People's Courts
c. Trying criminal cases of a serious or complicated nature
d. Providing judicial guidance as to how the judicial process is to be carried out nationwide
Q:
Describe and distinguish among the three approaches to studying criminal justice systems by taking an international perspective.
Q:
Instead of relying on legally trained professionals to handle disputes, Chinese citizens may turn to mediation committees which are:
a. small groups of citizens.
b. selected (by local communist party members) police officials.
c. Buddhist priests.
d. school teachers.
Q:
List and describe three benefits that taking an international perspective can have for scholars, practitioners, and policy makers interested in the American criminal justice system.
Q:
Which court would you find in Nigeria?
a. Magistrates' Court
b. Federal High Court
c. Shari"a Court
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
Synthetic classification strategies result in artificial groups whereas authentic classification strategies result in _____ groups.
Q:
Magistrates' courts in England and Wales may be presided over by a(n):
a. unpaid lay magistrate or a paid district judge.
b. Chief Constable or Assistant Chief Constable.
c. barrister.
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Q:
Although there has been no U.S. Supreme Court decision on the matter, the initial appearance before a magistrate of a person who has been arrested in the United States typically occurs within _____ hours of arrest.
Q:
What is the standard of proof to be used by the lay jurors and professional magistrates in a French trial?
a. Are you inwardly (or thoroughly) convinced that the accused is guilty?
b. Are you convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty?
c. Do you find that the majority of evidence shows the accused is guilty?
d. Will you swear to you conviction that the accused is guilty?
Q:
The _____ strategy is used when concern is with such things as how countries go about arresting people, determining whether they are guilty, and sentencing convicted offenders.
Q:
Henri is being tried in a Paris courtroom before a panel of nine citizen jurors and three professional judges. What court is Henri in?
a. Police Court (Tribunaux de Police)
b. Assize Court (Cour d"Assise)
c. Correctional Court (Tribunaux Correctionnels)
d. Court of Appeal (Cour d"Appel)
Q:
The _____ approach to studying criminal justice systems allows us to identify how politics affects a nation's justice system and interaction among nations.
Q:
In France, the basic tribunal for minor offenses is the:
a. Police Court.
b. Correctional Court.
c. Assize Court.
d. People's Court.
Q:
When one is interested in how a country's justice system is supposed to operate, she will use the _____ approach to an international perspective.
Q:
France has two major court systems, each with separate and distinct hierarchies. Which of the following best supports the argument that this apparently simple system is actually quite complex?
a. Both court systems handle civil cases
b. Both court systems handle criminal cases
c. The administrative system has mid"‘ and higher"‘level courts whereas the ordinary system has only higher"‘level courts
d. The jurisdictional boundaries of each court system are so blurred that France had to create a special tribunal that decides to which system a case is assigned
Q:
The European agency charged with facilitating the sharing of information among EU countries regarding crimes and criminals in the European Union is _____.
Q:
Most countries following the civil legal tradition do not use the classic jury system as found in England and the United States. There are, however, some exceptions. Which of the following civil law countries have occasion to use the classic jury system?
a. Belgium
b. Russia
c. Spain
d. All the above
e. None of the above
Q:
The _____ is a treaty-based framework of countries that defines and manages economic and political cooperation among its 27 members.
Q:
Under principles found in the Shari`a, lay participation is not necessary in an Islamic court because:
a. lay people can"t be trusted.
b. lay participation would require the presence on women sitting in judgment of men.
c. judges are in fact average citizens without specialized legal training.
d. judges are assumed to be unbiased and to not need to be monitored by lay people.
Q:
Neighbor cooperation is exemplified by the _____ agreements between Mexico and the United States as the two countries work together to combat cross-border crime.
Q:
In Saudi Arabia, the judge's findings must be based solely on:
a. written documents.
b. oral proceedings conducted during the court hearing.
c. "real" evidence such as fingerprints or ballistics.
d. none of the above.