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Q:
Mediterranean dry-summer climates
A) experience dry conditions in summer due to the subtropical high overhead.
B) experience wet conditions in winter due to the ITCZ overhead.
C) are bordered poleward by steppe climates.
D) experience wet conditions in summer due to the ITCZ overhead.
Q:
Which of the following is false regarding the Mediterranean classification?
A) Summers are hot.
B) Seventy percent of the precipitation occurs in the winter months.
C) Summers are influenced by shifting subtropical high cells.
D) The bulk of precipitation occurs in the summer months.
Q:
A climate that is mesothermal and has a long, hot, dry summer would be designated by which of the following?
A) tropical savanna
B) semiarid steppe
C) Mediterranean
D) humid subtropical hot-summer
E) humid continental hot-summer
Q:
Which of the following is not true of marine west-coast climates?
A) They are dominated by mP air masses.
B) The air masses in this region are unstable.
C) These climates experience very cold winters because of their high latitude (about 45 to 55 north).
D) The weather is quite unpredictable.
Q:
Marine west coast climates are dominated by what air masses?
A) continental polar (cP)
B) maritime tropical (mT)
C) continental tropical (cT)
D) maritime polar (mP)
Q:
Which of the following is not related to the 98th meridian in the United States?
A) It corresponds closely to the 51 cm (20 in.) isohyet of mean annual precipitation.
B) Tall grass prairies occur to the east of it, and short grass prairies to the west.
C) The area bordering this meridian was originally dominated by native grasses growing in a deep-sod cover.
D) The land is drier to the east of the meridian and wetter to the west.
E) Corn, wheat, and soybean production occur in this area.
Q:
Vegetation in the tropical savanna is
A) lush (thick and green year-round).
B) dominated by grassland.
C) deciduous forest.
D) desert-like succulents.
Q:
The tropical savanna climate has
A) the ITCZ in summer and the subtropical high in winter.
B) the polar front in winter and the subtropical high in summer.
C) the ITCZ all year-round.
D) the polar front all year-round.
Q:
Which of the following characterizes a tropical savanna climate?
A) It experiences a summer wet season, and is dominated by the ITCZ for nearly 12 months of the year.
B) The sun's direct rays are overhead (subsolar point) are overhead twice each year.
C) All months receive precipitation in excess of 6 cm (2.4 in.).
D) Its annual temperature variability is less than that of the tropical rain forest.
Q:
The dry season in the tropical monsoon climate occurs when
A) cold air masses dominate the region.
B) the ITCZ has moves away from the region.
C) a continental polar air mass influences the region.
D) cold ocean currents shift into the region.
Q:
The bulk of the Amazon River drainage basin is dominated by which one of the following climate classifications?
A) tropical monsoon
B) tropical savanna
C) tropical rainforest
D) humid subtropical
Q:
The tropical rain forest climate receives most of its rainfall as a result of
A) frontal uplift.
B) orographic uplift.
C) convectional uplift.
D) None of these answer choices are correct.
Q:
In terms of total land and ocean area, which of the following climate classifications is the most extensive at 36 percent percent of Earth's surface?
A) tropical climates
B) dry climates
C) mesothermal climates
D) microthermal climates
Q:
Which of the following is not a characteristic of tropical climates?
A) short, though relatively mild, winters
B) consistent day lengths
C) unstable air masses
D) warm ocean temperatures
Q:
Tropical climates are typically located
A) straddling the equator between 20 N/S.
B) all areas of the Earth influenced by a subtropical high pressure system.
C) primarily in areas associated with cold ocean currents.
D) higher latitudes influenced by continental tropical air masses.
Q:
Which air mass appears to predominately influence the humid subtropical region?A) maritime polar (mP)B) maritime tropical (mT)C) continental tropical (cT)D) continental polar (cP)E) maritime equatorial (mE)
Q:
Major ecosystems determined largely by climatic regions and classified largely based on predominant vegetation are called
A) associations.
B) zoogeographic regions.
C) biomes.
D) climate zones.
Q:
Which of the following lists the correct, generalized sequence of climates from the equator to the poles?
A) Tropical → Dry → Mesothermal → Microthermal → Highland
B) Tropical → Mesothermal → Dry → Microthermal → Polar
C) Tropical → Dry → Mesothermal → Microthermal → Polar
D) Polar → Microthermal → Dry → Mesothermal → Tropical
E) Dry → Tropical → Mesothermal → Microthermal → Polar
Q:
The climate classification systemGeosystems uses is based not only on temperature and precipitation measurements, but also causative factors. This is an example of a(n)
A) genetic classification.
B) empirical classification.
C) combined classification.
Q:
A genetic classification system can be based on, among other factors,
A) the interaction of air masses.
B) statistics or other data used to determine general categories.
C) mean annual temperature.
D) mean annual precipitation.
Q:
An empirical classification is based on, among other factors,
A) the interaction of air masses.
B) the origin or genesis of the climate.
C) the mean annual temperature and precipitation of an area.
D) causative factors.
Q:
A climate classification based on moisture using a water budget approach is an example of a(n)
A) empirical classification.
B) genetic classification.
C) combined classification.
Q:
A climate classification based on statistics or other data determined by measurements of observed effects is a(n)
A) empirical classification.
B) genetic classification.
C) combined classification.
Q:
A climate classification based on the geographic determinants of climate, such as latitude or elevation, is an example of a(n)
A) empirical classification.
B) genetic classification.
C) combined classification.
Q:
A climate classification based on causative factors, such as the interactions of air masses is a(n)
A) empirical classification.
B) genetic classification.
C) combined classification.
Q:
Areas dominated by maritime air masses will be relatively ________, and that those dominated by cT air masses will be relatively ________.
A) wet; wet
B) wet; dry
C) dry; wet
D) dry; dry
Q:
Which of the following best describes the difference between weather and climate?
A) Weather is the collective pattern of atmospheric conditions in a given region over long periods of time, whereas climate is the atmospheric conditions at a given time and place.
B) Climate is the collective pattern of atmospheric conditions in a given region over long periods of time, whereas weather is the atmospheric conditions at a given time and place.
C) Weather refers specifically to the temperature of a given place at a given time, whereas climate refers to temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind conditions of a given place at a given time.
D) Climate refers specifically to the temperature of a given place at a given time, whereas weather refers to temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind conditions of a given place at a given time.
E) Weather and climate are essentially the same thing.
Q:
Regarding average annual precipitation, which of the following is correct?
A) The highest amounts occur throughout subtropical latitudes.
B) The drier regions are associated with the eastern portions of major landmasses.
C) The precipitation tends to increase with latitude toward the poles.
D) The highest average values occur along the equator.
Q:
World temperature patterns are primarily controlled by the following control except
A) latitude.
B) elevation.
C) continentality.
D) urban heat islands.
Q:
The annual temperature range of places located in the interior of a continent is ________ those located along the coast at the same latitude.
A) greater than
B) less than
C) the same as
Q:
Global circulation patterns of winds and ocean currents, which drive weather systems and, ultimately, climate patterns are created by
A) the coriolis force.
B) frictional force caused by the Earth's spinning on its axis.
C) imbalances created by energy surpluses and deficits at the equator and poles, respectively.
D) the differential heating properties of land and water.
Q:
As distance from the equator increases, seasonal variation in temperature tends to
A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) remain constant.
Q:
Which of the following is an element of weather and climate?
A) insolation
B) temperature
C) atmospheric moisture
D) air pressure
E) insolation, temperature, atmospheric moisture, and air pressure are all elements of weather and climate.
Q:
The two principle climate components are
A) temperature and pressure.
B) temperature and precipitation.
C) precipitation and pressure.
D) pressure and wind speed.
Q:
The study of the climate and its variability, including long-term weather patterns over time and space and the controls thereof is
A) climatology.
B) meteorology.
C) weatherology.
D) weather science.
Q:
Climate is
A) the weather of a region.
B) the short-term condition of the atmosphere.
C) the long-term atmospheric conditionincluding extremes that may occur.
D) a reference to temperature patterns only.
Q:
An area defined by characteristic, long-term weather patterns is called
A) a biome.
B) an average weather place.
C) an ecosystem.
D) a climatic region.
Q:
Construct a climograph for your city or town.
Q:
The climate types discussed in Geosystems are broad scale with the various climate types covering large (relatively speaking) geographic areas. However, local conditions, the so-called microclimatology may differ from the broad generalizations. Locate the climatic regime in your city or town. Compare and contrast the characteristics of this climate to localized climate of your city or town.
Q:
Describe the weather components that combine to produce climate of the area in which you live.
Q:
You have been asked to design a new climate classification system. Will it be a genetic or empirical classification system, or a combination thereof? What factors will you consider in your classification?
Q:
Taller trees in tundra climates may increase albedo.
Q:
Mosquito-borne illnesses, such ad dengue fever, are spreading into new areas as climatic conditions change.
Q:
Drought in subtropical regions is one consequence of poleward shifts of warmer climates.
Q:
Both tropical and subtropical conditions are contracting and moving to lower latitudes.
Q:
The boundaries of climate regions are changing worldwide.
Q:
Climate is a statistical construction based on defining assumptions (i.e., criteria) and is, therefore, not directly observable.
Q:
Tropical, subtropical hot steppe climates experience seasons characterized by dry summers and somewhat wetter winters brought about by the shifting of the subtropical high.
Q:
Tropical, subtropical hot desert climates are generally found on the eastern side of continents.
Q:
Causal factors of dry climates include subsiding air hot, dry air associated with the subtropical high pressure systems, rain shadow effect, continentality, and cold ocean currents.
Q:
Dry climates are by far the most extensive climate over land.
Q:
Despite very high latitudes, polar marine climates have low annual temperature ranges due to the moderating effects of the marine environment.
Q:
The largest repository of freshwater in the world is in ice-covered Antarctica.
Q:
Heave annual snowfalls is a common occurrence in Antarctica.
Q:
All months average below freezing in ice-cap and ice-sheet climates.
Q:
The evergreen conifers of the taiga are the characteristic vegetation of tundra climates.
Q:
The warmest months in tundra climates never average above 10C (50F).
Q:
Polar climates have extremely low humidity and precipitation and are often considered "frozen deserts."
Q:
Despite limited precipitation in subarctic climates, subsurfaces are often partially or totally frozen.
Q:
Subarctic climate with very cold winters are common in the Southern Hemisphere.
Q:
Subarctic climates have a long growing season owing to the long summer days.
Q:
Snow melt is an important component to soil-moisture recharge in humid continental mild-summer climates.
Q:
North American humid continental hot-summer climates are affected by conflicting maritime tropical (mT) and continental polar (cP) air masses.
Q:
Microthermal climates are predominately influenced by continental tropical (cT) air masses.
Q:
Microthermal climates are characterized by increasing seasonality and greater daily and annual temperature ranges.
Q:
Chaparral is a type of vegetation found in subarctic climates.
Q:
Shifting cells of subtropical high pressure contribute to the dry-summer conditions in the Mediterranean dry-summer climates.
Q:
The Mediterranean climates are characterized by winter precipitation maximums.
Q:
Marine west coast climates occur only along the west coasts of continents.
Q:
Marine west coast climates are unusually mild for their latitude.
Q:
Water enters the soil in a process called ________, and then moves downward through the soil in a process called ________.
A) percolation; infiltration
B) infiltration; percolation
C) throughfall; percolation
D) percolation; throughfall
Q:
In the water budget, ________ is the major receipt and ________ is the major expenditure.
A) insolation; radiative cooling
B) outgassing; dissociation
C) precipitation; evapotranspiration
D) evapotranspiration; precipitation
Q:
Which of the following is true regarding the hydrologic cycle?
A) The bulk of the precipitation occurs over land.
B) Very little moisture is evaporated from the sea to the land.
C) Twenty-two percent of Earth's precipitation falls over the oceans.
D) Seventy-eight percent of all precipitation falls on the oceans.
Q:
The hydrologic cycle doesn't include water
A) at the surface of Earth and in the oceans.
B) in the atmosphere.
C) at a depth of up to several kilometers below the surface.
D) from the liquid outer core.
Q:
The portion of streamflow that consists of groundwater is known as
A) base flow.
B) saturated flow.
C) overland flow.
D) surface runoff.
Q:
The subsurface are in which all pore spaces are completely fill with water is known as
A) zone of saturation.
B) gravitational zone.
C) water table.
D) base flow.
Q:
An estimated ________ percent of precipitation over land infiltrates the subsurface, of which ________ percent returns to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration.
A) 76; 85
B) 35; 97
C) 75; 75
D) 44; 80
Q:
The downslope, unchannelized flow of water across the surface is known as
A) throughfall.
B) overland flow.
C) infiltration.
D) stem flow.
Q:
________ occurs when soil soaks water into the subsurface
A) Throughfall
B) Overland flow
C) Infiltration
D) Stem flow
Q:
Precipitation that falls directly to the ground is known as
A) throughfall.
B) overland flow.
C) infiltration.
D) stem flow.