Q&A Hero

Earth Science

Q: The environment in which an organism resides or is biologically adapted to live is called a(n) A) ecotone. B) habitat. C) community. D) niche.
Q: The interacting populations of living plants and animals in a particular location are described as a(n) A) metapopulation. B) ecosystem. C) community. D) niche.
Q: In food webs, toxic chemicals tend to accumulate and concentrate most in the A) top carnivores. B) herbivores. C) omnivores. D) autotrophs.
Q: Describe and explain the distribution of soil orders across the United States.
Q: What is the predominant soil order in the area in which you live? Describe the activities that occur on these soils that reflect the characteristics thereof.
Q: Describe the NRCS Soil Taxonomy.
Q: What are some of the concerns regarding the rate and amount of soil loss in the United States. What does a cost benefit analysis of soil loss prevention show?
Q: List and briefly describe the various chemical properties used to differentiate soils.
Q: List and briefly describe the various physical properties used to differentiate soils.
Q: What are the six main horizons found in soils? Briefly describe each.
Q: What are the five primary soil forming factors? Describe each using examples.
Q: Soil science is an interdisciplinary study that incorporates aspects of physics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, hydrology, taxonomy, climatology, and cartography. Briefly describe how these various fields may be beneficial to the study of soils.
Q: There is little evidence that human activity has an impact on soils.
Q: Soils are the foundation of basic ecosystem function and are a critical resource for agriculture.
Q: Thawing of Gelisols caused by warming climates could result in the release of carbon dioxide and methane to the atmosphere.
Q: Soils high in clay content may swell significantly when they absorb water.
Q: Histosols tend to be very dry soils found primarily in the world's arid regions.
Q: Both Gelisols and Histosols have high organic matter content.
Q: Oxisols are not very fertile.
Q: Entisols have several very distinct horizons.
Q: Entisols are the least developed soils in the world.
Q: Spodosols are solely associated with the northern coniferous forest and are never found within mixed or deciduous forests.
Q: Alifols, Mollisols, and Aridisols form an east to west continuum in the north-central United States and southern Canadian prairies.
Q: Mollisols are widespread in the United States. occurring throughout the Great Plains region.
Q: Salinization is often associated with Aridisols.
Q: Inceptisols are the largest single soil order, occupying approximately 22% of the Earth's land surface.
Q: Though Oxisols occur in the world's tropical rain forests, they tend to be poor in inorganic nutrients.
Q: Prior to the U.S. Soil Taxonomy system, soils were classified based on pedogenic regimes.
Q: The Soil Taxonomy is a hierarchical system consisting of six categories.
Q: A soil order is the lowest and most precise level of the Soil Taxonomy system.
Q: The U.S. soil classification system has not been updated since the mid-1970s.
Q: Over 15,000 soil series have been classified up to this time in the United States and Canada.
Q: Desertification is affecting over a billion people worldwide.
Q: Between 1982 to 2007, there was actually a decrease in soil erosion on U.S. cropland.
Q: Practices such as no-till agriculture may help mitigate against soil erosion.
Q: A few centimeters' thickness of prime farmland soil may require 500 years to mature.
Q: Soils with a high concentration of hydrogen ions () are considered alkaline.
Q: A high cation-exchange capacity (CEC) tends to indicate poor soil fertility.
Q: Soil oxygen concentrations are lower than atmospheric oxygen concentrations due to ongoing respiration processes in the ground.
Q: Biological activity by plant roots or tunnelling animals tends to diminish porosity.
Q: Rounded peds have more pore space between them and greater permeability than do other ped shapes.
Q: Soil texture is probably the most permanent property of a soil.
Q: A dark colored soil always indicates high organic content.
Q: In addition to designation of horizons, soil scientists also designate subhorizons, for instance, indicating human activity or presence of organic matter.
Q: The A horizon is also commonly called topsoil.
Q: The O horizon is typically lacking in organic matter.
Q: Each differing and distinct mineral and organic strata within a soil column is called a horizon.
Q: Soils are remarkably uniform from the surface to bedrock.
Q: In the Northern Hemisphere, north facing slopes are generally colder, have slower snowmelt, and lower evapotranspiration rates and thus provide more moisture for plants than do south facing slopes.
Q: Steep slopes tend to develop thicker soils than level ground.
Q: Broadleaf trees tend to increase the acidity of soils.
Q: All organisms living in, on, and over the influence the organic content and chemical characteristics of soil.
Q: Human activities, such as agriculture and cattle grazing, may affect soil development.
Q: Soil is composed of 70% mineral matter, 5% organic matter, and varying amounts of water and air totaling 25%.
Q: Soil science is an interdisciplinary study, drawing on aspects of physics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, hydrology, taxonomy, climatology, and cartography.
Q: Pedology is concerned with the practical use of a soils as a medium for plant growth.
Q: Soil is a natural, renewable resource.
Q: Warming temperatures have accelerated the thawing of Gelisols. This is of particular concern becauseA) Gelisols contain about half of the pool of global carbon and this release of carbon dioxide and methane into the atmosphere could further affect warming climate.B) as the permafrost metals, the meltwater will runoff, further contributing to global sea-level rise.C) Gelisols are an important soils for growing specialty cold weather crops. The thawing of the Gelisols will adversely impact this lucrative market.D) Gelisols are the youngest, least developed soils on the planet. Warming will further stifle the horizontal development of these soils.
Q: ________ are hydric soils, forming in beds of former lakes and small, poorly drained depressions. A) Histosols B) Andisols C) Vertisols D) Aridisols
Q: Expandable clay soils, such as montmorillonite, characterize this soil order. A) Oxisols B) Mollisols C) Vertisols D) Aridisols
Q: Soils with volcanic parent material belong to which soil order? A) Andisols B) Histosols C) Vertisols D) Gelisols
Q: These high latitude, periglacial soils contain about half of the pool of global carbon. A) Oxisols B) Spodosols C) Gelisols D) Mollisols
Q: ________ are high latitude soils containing permafrost and large amounts of organic matter. A) Alfisols B) Ultisols C) Inceptisols D) Gelisols
Q: Most of the glacially derived till and outwash materials from New York through the Appalachians are A) Spodosols. B) Histosols. C) Inceptisols. D) Gelisols.
Q: ________ are recently developed soils lacking vertical horizon development. A) Spodosols B) Entisols C) Oxisols D) Mollisols
Q: These soils primarily occur in the northern coniferous forests, but may also occur with more moderate properties under mixed or deciduous forests. A) Ultisols B) Inceptisols C) Entisols D) Spodosols
Q: In which of the following regions would one likely find Spodosols? A) savannas and grasslands B) tropical rainforests C) northern coniferous forests D) deserts and semiarid areas
Q: Relatively high precipitation in the regions in which these soils are found cause greater mineral alterations and more alluvial leaching than in other soils. A) Oxisols B) Andisols C) Gelisols D) Ultisols
Q: The southeast United States is dominated by which soil order? A) Ultisols B) Alfisols C) Oxisols D) Mollisols
Q: In a west to east transect across the 98th meridian in the United States, which of the following is the correct sequence of soil orders? A) Alfisols, Aridisols, Ultisols B) Aridisols, Oxisols, Mollisols C) Aridisols, Mollisols, Alfisols D) Alfisols, Mollisols, Utilsols
Q: These soils are the most spatially widespread, extending from the equator to high latitudes. A) Vertisols B) Alfisols C) Entisols D) Gelisols
Q: Which soil order is the most spatially widespread? A) Vertisols B) Alfisols C) Entisols D) Gelisols
Q: These grassland soils are some of the Earth's most significant agricultural soils. A) Gelisols B) Molliso1s C) Aridisols D) Inceptisols
Q: In which of the following areas would one likely find Mollisols? A) Sub-Saharan Africa B) the U.S. Great Plains C) central Africa D) southeast United States
Q: ________ are among the Earth's most agriculturally significant soils. A) Aridisols B) Inceptisols C) Mollisols D) Entisols
Q: This is the world's largest soil order, occurring on 19% of the Earth's land surface in the world's dry regions. A) Oxisols B) Mollisols C) Aridisols D) Andisols
Q: In which of the following areas would one likely find Aridisols? A) northern Europe B) the selva in Brazil C) the U.S. southwest D) marine west coast climates
Q: Which soil order occupies the most land area worldwide? A) Oxisols B) Mollisols C) Aridisols D) Andisols
Q: These mature soils are found in the tropics. A) Oxisols B) Mollisols C) Aridisols D) Andisols
Q: In which of the following areas would one likely find Oxisols? A) higher latitudes, especially areas dominated by permafrost B) tropical regions C) in mountainous areas with steep slopes D) primarily in grasslands
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