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Earth Science
Q:
If you are in the path of a pyroclastic flow or a lahar, you have virtually no chance to run out of its path on foot.
Q:
Thousands of people have been killed by pyroclastic flows erupted from cinder cones.
Q:
The main destruction from shield volcanos like Kilauea in Hawaii is slow burial of man-made feature by lava rather than explosive volcanic activity.
Q:
Shield volcanos have extensive deposits of pyroclastic rocks.
Q:
Pillow lavas are basaltic magmas extruded as piles of bombs that accumulate in piles of rocks that look like a pile of pillows.
Q:
Ash and lapilli are different sized pyroclastic particles.
Q:
The higher the viscosity of a magma, the lower the potential for explosive eruptions.
Q:
When magma rises toward the surface, pressure decreases can lead to release of dissolved gases in a magma with a volume increase that can produce an explosion.
Q:
A basaltic volcano is likely to produce an explosive column that would endanger flying aircraft.
Q:
Powerful, explosive, volcanic eruptions can result in climatic cooling for millions of years following the eruption.
Q:
The eruptions of the Hawaiian volcanoes may be described as explosive in comparison to the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption.
Q:
The viscosities of magmas increase with increasing percentages of silica.
Q:
Dissolved gases may comprise up to a few percent by weight of a magma.
Q:
Give the term that best answers each phrase. shield volcanoes
composite/stratovolcanoes
cinder cones the big volcanoes of Hawaii
Q:
Give the term that best answers each phrase. shield volcanoes
composite/stratovolcanoes
cinder cones the volcanoes of southwestern Alaska and the Aleutian Islands
Q:
Give the term that best answers each phrase. shield volcanoes
composite/stratovolcanoes
cinder cones small basaltic cones built during one short, eruptive episode
Q:
Give the term that best answers each phrase. shield volcanoes
composite/stratovolcanoes
cinder cones large, fairly steep-sided cones composed of lavas and pyroclastic layers
Q:
Give the term that best answers each phrase. shield volcanoes
composite/stratovolcanoes
cinder cones massive, gently sloping volcanoes built of successive, basaltic lava flows
Q:
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. Mt. Vesuvius
Mt. Mazama
Mount Pele
Kilauea
Q:
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. pahoehoe
aa
volcanic bomb
pillow lava
Q:
Most granitic batholiths are generated ________.
A) as intrusions beneath composite volcanos along convergent plate margins
B) where spreading ridges occur beneath continents
C) along transform faults, which accounts for their linear geographic distribution
D) along hot spot chains beneath continents, like a welder cutting through the continent to make a linear belt of intrusive granites
Q:
Which type of plate margin is characterized by volcanos that include basalt, andesite, dacite and rhyolite?
A) hot spots
B) spreading ridges
C) transform faults
D) convergent plate margins
Q:
In what plate tectonic setting are magmas generated predominantly by fluids fluxing the melting process by decreasing melting temperature?
A) hot spots
B) spreading ridges
C) transform faults
D) convergent plate margins
Q:
The recent (geologically) volcanic activity in Yellowstone National Park is ________.
A) related to plate subduction
B) related to a divergent plate boundary
C) related to a transform plate boundary
D) related to intraplate, hot spot volcanism
Q:
Which of the following statements best describes the big Hawaiian volcanoes?
A) They lie directly above a transform plate boundary that cuts deeply into the mantle.
B) They lie directly above an active subduction zone where the Pacific plate is sinking into the mantle.
C) They lie along the crest of the East Pacific Rise, a mid-ocean ridge or spreading center.
D) They are situated in the interior of a large, Pacific plate above a hot spot deep in the mantle.
Q:
Most of the active volcanoes on land are located in a belt known as the ________.
A) Ring of Fire
B) Gulf Coast zone
C) Mid-Pacific Ridge
D) Red Sea rift
Q:
The largest percentage of total magma production on earth occurs at what plate tectonic setting?
A) hot spots like Hawaii
B) convergent plate margins
C) transform plate margins
D) spreading ridges
Q:
Which of the following best describes melting of the mantle at subduction zones that leads to island arc volcanos?
A) Heat is carried downward with the subducting plate and melts the mantle above the downgoing plate.
B) Water released from the subducting plate decreases the melting temperature in the mantle above the downgoing plate to generate magmas from the overlying mantle wedge.
C) The subducting plate is heated as it is carried to depth and the subducted oceanic crust melts.
D) The subducted plate subsides into the mantle and allows magma from the lower mantle magma ocean to rise toward the surface.
Q:
Which of the following is not an accurate statement about the melting process in the earth's interior?
A) Melting of rocks is incomplete with partial melts extracted as magma and solid residues left behind.
B) Water dramatically lowers the melting temperature of silicate rocks, and addition of water commonly contributes to production of magma.
C) Upwelling flow in the earth's interior brings higher temperature rocks toward the surface and contributes to decompression melting.
D) The earth's lower mantle is entirely molten and heat from this zone produces partial melting in the upper mantle, which produces the diverse volcanic rocks we see at the earth's surface.
Q:
Which of the following best describes the bedrock in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California?
A) basalt; dikes
B) gabbro; plutoliths
C) andesite; laccoliths
D) granite; batholiths
Q:
A ________ is a near surface, intrusive igneous rock body that results from local inflation of a horizontal sill.
A) batholith
B) dike
C) laccolith
D) volcanic neck
Q:
A ________ is an intrusive, igneous rock body that is tabular and concordant.
A) laccolith
B) dike
C) pluton
D) sill
Q:
Which of the following is emplaced over millions of years to form a composite intrusive complex?
A) dike
B) sill
C) laccolith
D) batholith
Q:
Which of the following is a tabular intrusive body with subparallel intrusive contacts?
A) dike
B) laccolith
C) stock
D) columnar joints
Q:
A ________ is the largest discordant body of intrusive, igneous rock.
A) lopolith
B) laccolith
C) pluton
D) batholith
Q:
Calderas range in size from less than 1km to tens of kilometers across. What do they all have in common?
A) They all form by subsidence of the caldera center due to withdrawal of magma from below.
B) They all form in explosive eruptions.
C) They all are formed in rhyolitic volcanos and have associated eruptions of ash flow tuff.
D) They all form from collapse of composite volcanos following explosive eruptions; Crater lake is an example.
Q:
The Columbia Plateau in the northwestern United States is an excellent example of ________.
A) silica-rich lava flows
B) pyroclastic flow deposits
C) flood basalts
D) an eroded shield volcano
Q:
What volcanic events formed Crater Lake, Oregon? When did they take place?
A) A powerful explosion blew away the top of a stratovolcano 10 million years ago.
B) The crater of a large, extinct cinder cone filled with water 5 million years ago.
C) Landslides and volcanic mudflows dammed the Mazama River 500 years ago.
D) Caldera collapse followed major ash and pyroclastic-flow eruptions 6000 years ago.
Q:
Which of the following best describes Shiprock, a famous volcanic feature in New Mexico?
A) a very recently active, basaltic cinder cone
B) an extinct, highly symmetrical, composite volcanic cone
C) the eroded remains of a volcanic pipe and radiating dikes
D) an extinct, massive, rhyolitic shield volcano
Q:
Mt. Rainier in Washington State is often thought to be the most hazardous volcano in the lower 48 states of the United States because ________.
A) it is close enough to Seattle and Tacoma, Washington that these cities could be destroyed in a pyroclastic flow
B) the volcano is close enough to Seattle and Tacoma, Washington that a large explosive eruption could bury the cities in a large rock avalanche similar to the Mt. St. Helens eruption
C) large amounts of glacial ice on the mountain could be melted by even a small eruption, potentially generating dangerous lahars that would travel rapidly down river valleys to heavily populated areas
D) The statement is false; the volcano poses little hazard to humans except for the few who live close to the volcano.
Q:
Which of the following is not a significant volcanic hazard?
A) injury or death by inhalation of air heavily laden with volcanic ash
B) being overrun by a fast moving basaltic lava flow
C) being caught in a river valley and being overcome by a volcanic mudflow/lahar
D) a tsunami generated by a massive submarine volcanic eruption
Q:
Mount Pelee on the Island of Martinique erupted in the early 20th century. Why is this eruption famous?
A) It was the first caldera forming eruption observed by modern scientists.
B) It produced a major lateral blast that leveled a city, killing many people.
C) It was a small cinder cone on an island that erupted in a sugar cane field.
D) The volcano produced a pyroclastic flow that swept down the mountain, killing thousands of people.
Q:
Pyroclastic flows move ________.
A) very rapidly, too fast to outrun on foot
B) as gravity flows similar to snow avalanches
C) as a dense cloud that contains hot magma particles suspended in hot gases and moves rapidly downhill
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Q:
The greatest danger from pyroclastic flows is ________.
A) being incinerated by the hot gas and entrained magma.
B) being smothered by hot gases and ash.
C) being buried in ash.
D) not significant because they move so slowly they can be avoided.
Q:
What type of volcano would be most likely to generate large landslides?
A) shield volcano
B) cinder cone
C) composite volcano
D) caldera
Q:
Mount Pele on the island of Martinique killed thousands of people in ________.
A) a pyroclastic flow, also called a Nue Ardent
B) a caldera collapse
C) an ash fall that smothered the people living there
D) a cinder cone eruption
Q:
The famous destruction of the Roman city of Pompeii was produced by ________.
A) a large cinder cone burying the city in tephra
B) a composite volcano erupted lava that buried the city, fossilizing people who were overridden by the fast moving flows
C) a volcanic mudflow from Mt. Vesuvius that buried the people and the city
D) a pyroclastic eruption from a composite volcano that buried the city in ash and smothered the people living there
Q:
Mt. St. Helens in the U. S. and Mt. Fujiyama in Japan are examples of ________.
A) cinder cones
B) shield volcanos
C) composite volcanos
D) calderas
Q:
The steep, upper slopes of composite volcanoes are generally produced by ________.
A) large landslides
B) high-viscosity, low-volume silicic magmas that are erupted from the summit
C) satellite or parasitic cones that push up the top of the volcano to steep slopes
D) tilting of the summit by intrusion of high-viscosity magma directly below the summit
Q:
Mount Pele on Martinique is an example of a ________.
A) shield volcano
B) cinder cone
C) lava dome
D) composite volcano
Q:
A geologist working in an area finds gravels with gentle dips of about 5 degrees. She finds a large outcrop where these gravels are overlain by tephra with prominent layers that dip 35-40 degrees. What is the history of this area?
A) Basalt flows formed after a series of gravels were deposited, covering the local terrain, and built a shield volcano.
B) After the gravel was deposited, a large composite cone was built on the area.
C) Before the gravel was deposited, a cinder cone formed in this area.
D) After the gravel was deposited, a cinder cone formed in the area.
Q:
What is the value of long range earthquake prediction?
Q:
Should scientists be encouraged to make short term earthquake predictions even though the current methods for such predictions are very unreliable?
Q:
In 1811 and 1812 three large earthquakes (Magnitude 7.7, 7.5, 7.7 ) hit the New Madrid area near what is now St. Louis, Mo and Memphis, TN. If those cities had their current population and infrastructure when those earthquakes occurred, hundreds of thousands of people might have been killed or injured. Should that region have essentially the same types of building codes and rules that exist in California and Japan today despite the fact that there have not been any large earthquakes in the area since 1812 and it is not located near a plate boundary?
Q:
Would earthquakes of similar magnitudes in different regions of the Earth cause approximately the same levels of damage necessarily? In your explanation, consider both geologic and human-induced factors.
Q:
Label the focus and epicenter on the diagram below.
Q:
Use one of the following five terms to fill in the blanks for the questions below:
Continental crust, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Lithosphere, Oceanic crust
________ is the weak layer.
Q:
Use one of the following five terms to fill in the blanks for the questions below:
Continental crust, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Lithosphere, Oceanic crust
________ has an average density of 2.7 g/cc.
Q:
Use one of the following five terms to fill in the blanks for the questions below:
Continental crust, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Lithosphere, Oceanic crust
________ is the rigid, cool outer approximately 100 km of the earth.
Q:
Use one of the following five terms to fill in the blanks for the questions below:
Continental crust, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Lithosphere, Oceanic crust
________ makes up the largest part of the volume of the earth.
Q:
Use one of the following five terms to fill in the blanks for the questions below:
Continental crust, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Lithosphere, Oceanic crust
________ averages roughly 7 km thick.
Q:
Use one of the following five terms to fill in the blanks for the questions below:
Continental crust, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Lithosphere, Oceanic crust
________ averages 35 to 40 km in thickness.
Q:
Use one of the following five terms to fill in the blanks for the questions below:
Continental crust, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Lithosphere, Oceanic crust
The upper part of the ________ has the approximate composition of peridotite.
Q:
Use one of the following five terms to fill in the blanks for the questions below:
Continental crust, Asthenosphere, Mantle, Lithosphere, Oceanic crust
The upper part of the ________ has the approximate composition of granite.
Q:
Most earthquakes occur along ________ plate boundaries.
Q:
Strike-slip faults are common along ________ plate boundaries.
Q:
The ________ is the site of initial rupturing associated with an earthquake.
Q:
Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust.
Q:
The velocity of seismic waves generally increases with depth in the earth.
Q:
A few days before a major earthquake in China, one village in the area reported the streets were filled with migrating toads that might have indicated the impending event.
Q:
We are fortunate in the United States that large tsunamis do not affect most of our coastal regions except in Hawaii.
Q:
The ocean ridge systems that make up the major divergent plate boundaries are a source of frequent large earthquakes and tsunamis.
Q:
During the Alaskan earthquake of 1964, the buildings that survived the best were made of wood.
Q:
In the open ocean, Tsunamis travel at about the same speed as a commercial airliner.
Q:
Turnagain Heights, was badly damaged by a landslide during the 1964 Alaskan earthquake.
Q:
The Richter earthquake magnitude scale is based on the energy released by the earthquake.
Q:
A magnitude scale is a measure of the energy released. It does not measure the extent of building damage or loss of life.
Q:
S waves can travel through solid and liquid media.
Q:
The epicenter of an earthquake is on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus.
Q:
There are thousands of earthquakes around the world every day.