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Q:
The micas, biotite and muscovite, both exhibit one direction of cleavage.
Q:
Most minerals have a higher specific gravity than water.
Q:
Mineral luster is broadly classified as either being metallic or opaque.
Q:
All minerals exhibit cleavage.
Q:
Metals are good conductors of electricity because their protons can roam freely throughout the material.
Q:
Electrical attractions between atoms lower the total energy of the bonded atoms and make them more stable.
Q:
Chemical compounds retain most of the characteristics of their constituent elements.
Q:
The Octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by six valence electrons.
Q:
Atoms are too small to be seen with an optical microscope.
Q:
All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number.
Q:
Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons.
Q:
Most substances are electrically neutral.
Q:
An element is defined by the number of electrons the orbit the nucleus.
Q:
The mass of an atom comes from its electrons.
Q:
An atom with 30 protons always has 30 neutrons and 30 electrons.
Q:
Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom much like planets around the Sun, with inner orbitals fixed and outer orbitals subject to exchange with other atoms to make compounds.
Q:
A mineral can be composed entirely of one element.
Q:
Rocks are aggregates of minerals.
Q:
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. oxygen
sulfur
aluminum
iron
Q:
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. calcite
feldspar
quartz
olivine
Q:
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. quartz
olivine
feldspar
calcite
Q:
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. amorphous
bladed
tabular
cubic
Q:
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. ionic
metallic
valence
covalent
Q:
Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern. electron
atom
proton
neutron
Q:
What kind of time span is required to produce most mineral deposits?
A) 1-100 years, or about a human life span
B) tens of thousands to millions of years
C) billions of years
D) We have no way of knowing this, but most were formed at the same time as the Earth.
Q:
In the late 20th century most metal prices were very low but metal prices increased dramatically in the early 21st century. Simultaneously, the early 21st century saw extensive "brown fields exploration" in which companies went to old mining areas and extracted old mine wastes or reopened old mine workings. What is the primary explanation for this activity?
A) The old miners were wasteful and left large amounts of ore in the ground.
B) The increase of metal prices made mineral resources that were previously uneconomic into ores that could potentially be extracted profitably.
C) Environmental regulations make it impossible to explore anywhere but old mining areas, so this was the only place the companies could look for deposits.
D) The companies were only interested acquiring properties through a sleazy land grab, and had no intention of doing anything with the deposits assuming no one cared about brown fields.
Q:
Deposits of which of the following minerals would never be considered an ore?
A) galena
B) hematite
C) chalcophyrite
D) quartz
Q:
What theory dramatically improved geologist's ability to predict where certain ore deposits were formed?
A) geosynclines
B) faulting theory
C) plate tectonics
D) quantum mechanics
Q:
Ore deposits of the element ________ do not require extreme concentrations because it is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust.
A) aluminum
B) boron
C) carbon
D) uranium
Q:
Which of the following is a renewable resource?
A) coal
B) ice
C) helium gas
D) rock salt
Q:
A naturally occurring concentration of one or more metallic minerals that can be extracted economically is a(n) ________.
A) reserve
B) ore
C) resource
D) tailing
Q:
Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?
A) calcite
B) diamond
C) olivine
D) quartz
Q:
Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?
A) carbonates
B) pyroxenes
C) micas
D) feldspars
Q:
Which of the following minerals is a silicate?
A) hematite
B) feldspar
C) calcite
D) halite
Q:
Dolomite is a magnesium-rich member of the ________ group.
A) silicate
B) carbonate
C) halide
D) sulfate
Q:
Gypsum, which is widely used in plaster and wallboard, is a member of the ________ group.
A) silicate
B) carbonate
C) halide
D) sulfate
Q:
Sulfates always include ________.
A) SiO4-4
B) SO4-2
C) CO3-2
D) Cl-1, F-1, or Br-1
Q:
Halides always include ________.
A) SiO4-4
B) SO4-2
C) CO3-2
D) Cl-1, F-1, or Br-1
Q:
Carbonates always include ________.
A) SiO4-4
B) SO4-2
C) CO3-2
D) Cl-1, F-1, or Br-1
Q:
Dark Silicates have a specific gravity of 3.2 to 3.6 and are composed primarily of silica tetrahedral and ________.
A) iron and magnesium
B) aluminum and magnesium
C) aluminum and sodium
D) potassium and calcium
E) potassium and iron
Q:
Clay minerals are light silicates that form ________.
A) from molten rock
B) from mechanical weathering of any rock
C) from chemical weathering of igneous rocks
D) from pressure and heat.
Q:
Light colored silicates have a specific gravity of about 2.7 grams/cm3 are composed primarily of the silica tetrahedra and ________.
A) iron, magnesium, calcium, and sodium
B) aluminum, magnesium, calcium, and iron
C) magnesium, aluminum, sodium, and calcium
D) potassium, calcium, sodium, and aluminum
E) potassium, aluminum, magnesium, and sodium
Q:
Clay is an example of ________.
A) a carbonate that forms from weathering of other carbonates
B) a silicate that forms from weathering of other silicates
C) a sulfate that forms from weathering of other sulfates
D) a halide that forms from weathering of other halides
Q:
Silicates most commonly form ________.
A) at the surface of the earth
B) from other silicates
C) from cooling molten rock
D) under extreme pressure
Q:
The basic building block of a silicate is composed of ________.
A) 1 oxygen and 1 silicon
B) 2 oxygens and 1 silicon
C) 3 oxygens and 1 silicon
D) 4 oxygens and 1 silicon
Q:
The most common group of silicates is ________.
A) feldspar
B) quartz
C) mica
D) granite
Q:
The most common group of rock forming minerals is ________.
A) carbonate
B) the silicates
C) the sulfates
D) the halides
Q:
Which two elements combine to make most of the common rock forming minerals in the crust?
A) carbon and oxygen
B) nitrogen and oxygen
C) silicon and oxygen
D) silicon and nitrogen
E) carbon and nitrogen
Q:
Which of the following is not a common rock forming mineral?
A) potassium
B) iron
C) carbon
D) magnesium
Q:
Although it is relatively common, limestone is an economically important rock type because its major constituent mineral, ________, is used in the production of ________.
A) halite, salt
B) calcite, calcium
C) calcite, cement
D) halite, halogen
Q:
A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weighs 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams, respectively. This indicates that ________.
A) gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine
B) gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz
C) gold and olivine are silicates, whereas quartz is elemental silicon
D) olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold
Q:
Quartz has a characteristic conchoidal fracture, yet rock shops often sell quartz as elongate six sided objects with a pointed termination. What causes this shape?
A) The rock shop cuts them that way with abrasives. The facets are cut to give the crystals more "power" for the crystal people.
B) The planar faces that form the object are crystal faces that grow when the crystals grew into a void.
C) Quartz usually is amorphous, consistent with its conchoidal fracture, but when it grows it grows against minerals with planar faces, causing this shape.
D) You should never buy a crystal like this because it is clearly fake, only artificial crystals grow this way.
Q:
The mineral fluorite is commonly sold in mineral shops as octahedral (8-sided) objects. This shape originates from ________.
A) the typical crystal form of fluorite
B) a pseudomorph (false form) of fluorite from replacement of a salt, potassium chlorite, that grows in octahedral crystals
C) the growth of fluorite in caves and is the form the crystals grow in the open cavern
D) cutting a larger crystal along four perfect cleavage planes, forming a cleavage fragment
Q:
Why do the minerals calcite and dolomite bubble with the mineral or its powder are placed in hydrochloric acid?
A) Both minerals are sulfides, and the acid reacts to release sulfur dioxide gas.
B) Both minerals are metal hydrides, and when placed in hydrochloric acid they give off hydrogen gas.
C) The acid and the mineral together react with oxygen in the air, releasing CO2 gas.
D) The acid reacts with the mineral to release CO2 gas that is bound into the crystal as carbonate ion.
Q:
When a mineral fractures along a cleavage plane, what does this suggest about the crystal structure of the mineral?
A) The atoms are arranged in a simple orderly arrangement with uniform bonding.
B) The crystal structure contains planes along which chemical bonding is much weaker than other directions.
C) The crystal grows only planar faces that become weak zones that form cleavage.
D) The crystal contains warped planes called twin planes that weaken the crystal structure and allow it fracture along a planar surface, causing cleavage.
Q:
Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?
A) luster
B) color streak
C) virtual absorption
D) fluorescence
Q:
Geologists may choose to lick a mineral to identify it. What mineral is the geologist expecting with this test?
A) a sulfide bearing rock which will taste like rotten eggs
B) NaCl (halite) or KCl (sylvite)
C) None, it clears the dust off the sample so he/she can see if more clearly.
D) None, they are clearing the hydrochloric acid from the sample to rerun a test for calcite.
Q:
Which of the following physical properties is not generally used to identify most minerals?
A) luster
B) smell
C) cleavage
D) hardness
Q:
Angles are important when looking at which physical properties of minerals?
A) cleavages
B) color streaks
C) bands of different luster
D) conchoidal fractures
Q:
What does the tendency of micas to produce thin cleavage flakes suggest about its crystal structure?
A) The crystal structure is characterized by complex polymerized mats that form a sheetlike structure.
B) The structure is characterized by rings that form an interlocking network, forming planar sheets.
C) The structure is produced by flow in the igneous rock, aligning glass layers within the crystal structure.
D) The atoms are arranged in orderly arrangements that form strongly bonded sheets separated by weak bonds between the sheets.
Q:
Wood floats in water, 1 gram is defined as the mass of 1 cubic centimeter of water, a cubic centimeter of quartz weighs ~2.65 g and a cubic centimeter of galena weighs about 7.5 g. The density of these materials from highest to lowest is ________.
A) wood, quartz, galena, water
B) galena, quartz, water, wood
C) galena, quartz, wood, water
D) water, wood, quartz, galena
Q:
The most unreliable (variable) diagnostic property of minerals such as quartz is ________.
A) hardness
B) habit
C) specific gravity
D) color
Q:
The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________.
A) streak
B) cleavage
C) cracking luster
D) habit
Q:
The resistance of a mineral to abrasion is known as ________.
A) luster
B) cleavage
C) streak
D) hardness
Q:
Which mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?
A) calcite
B) quartz
C) gypsum
D) plagioclase
Q:
What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?
A) silicate
B) native gold
C) diamond
D) muscovite
Q:
Atoms that have an electrical charge due to a gain or loss of electrons are called ________.
A) isotopes
B) ions
C) isochrons
D) periodic elements
Q:
One significant difference between an ionic bond, where electrons are taken from one atom and added to another atom, and a covalent or metallic bond, where electrons are shared, is ________.
A) ionic bonds are stronger than covalent or metallic bonds
B) ionic bonds produce ions but covalent and metallic bonds do not produce ions
C) ionic bonds make a material more malleable than covalent and metallic bonds
D) ionic bonds do not result in the attraction of oppositely charged atoms, but covalent and metallic bonds do
Q:
Use the Periodic table below to answer the following questions: The bond between two hydrogen atoms (a covalent bond) is based on the force of attraction between ________.
A) two atoms
B) two nuclei
C) two ions
D) protons in the nuclei and electrons surrounding the nuclei
Q:
Use the Periodic table below to answer the following questions: The bond between sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) to form halite (salt) is a(n) ________ bond.
A) ionic
B) valent
C) covalent
D) metallic
Q:
Use the Periodic table below to answer the following questions: When electrons are shared amongst all atoms, the resulting bond is a(n) ________ bond.
A) covalent
B) ionic
C) partial
D) metallic
Q:
Use the Periodic table below to answer the following questions: Atoms that share electrons have a(n) ________ bond.
A) covalent
B) ionic
C) partial
D) metallic
Q:
Use the Periodic table below to answer the following questions: The columns of the periodic table divide atoms by their ________.
A) number of valence electrons
B) atomic mass
C) number of protons
D) number of neutrons
Q:
Use the Periodic table below to answer the following questions: Be is to Mg as ________.
A) K is to Mg
B) Ti is to V
C) K is to Rb
D) Ti is to F
Q:
Use the Periodic table below to answer the following questions:Element 17 (Cl) and 9 (F) ________.A) are chemically very different because they lie directly below each other on the periodic tableB) are chemically similar because they lie directly below each other on the periodic tableC) behave as metals because they lie on the right side of the periodic tableD) are chemically relatively inert because they adjacent to the inert gases on the periodic table
Q:
Use the Periodic table below to answer the following questions: Element 20, Ca, has what chemical property?
A) It behaves as a metal ion, giving up two electrons to form a +2 ion.
B) It tends to form covalent bonds and an ion with a charge of +1.
C) It behaves as a nonmetal, accepting electrons to form an ion with charge -2.
D) It tends to be inert, and thus is dispersed throughout the crust.
Q:
Which electrons are responsible for most chemical bonding?
A) outer electron shell because these electrons can be readily exchanged with adjacent atoms
B) innermost electron shell because the electrons can be transferred to the nucleus
C) middle electron shell because they are intermediate in distance between the nucleus and the adjacent atom that bonds with the atom
D) Any electron can exchange with adjacent atoms to form a bond; there is no preference.
Q:
When Calcium (Ca) bonds with oxygen, it gives up two electrons. What is the charge of the Ca ion in this compound?
A) +1
B) -1
C) +2
D) -2
Q:
Which of the following minerals is not a chemical compound?
A) quartz (SiO2)
B) halite (NaCl)
C) graphite (C)
D) pyrite (FeS)
Q:
Heavy elements like Pb (lead) and U (Uranium) were generated ________.
A) by humans in nuclear reactors
B) during the big band when the universe was formed
C) by the Sun and expelled to the solar system via the solar wind
D) during collapse of a star and subsequent nuclear synthesis in a supernova