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Q:
Bribes are expected to indirectly benefit the least advantaged persons.
Q:
The value of an electronic reader is related to the availability of books, journals, magazines, etc. in a format that can be used in the electronic reader. For an electronic reader, these are _____ goods.
a. complementary
b. substitute
c. Giffen
d. intermediate
Q:
From a utilitarian perspective, bribery distorts markets and reduces economic efficiency.
Q:
Arica Software Inc. is trying to estimate the installed base for its software. It is trying to assess the number of:
a. substitutes available for its software.
b. developers working on its software.
c. uses for which its software can be applied.
d. users of its software.
Q:
In a situation in which payments are either demanded or likely to be required to obtain a sale, ethics is not a source of guidance for firms and their managers.
Q:
Proof that a firms competitors offered customary payments to a client provides moral justification for the practice.
Q:
Money Club and Money ball are online platforms which allow their members to get in touch with people from various business backgrounds. They also facilitate business contracts between their members. Money Club has 6000 members, whereas Money ball has 3500 members. This indicates that:
a. Money Club has a greater network externality.
b. Money Club has a lower positive consumption externality.
c. Money ball has a larger actual installed base.
d. Money ball does not use a dominant design.
Q:
The FLA code does not provide for a living wage.
Q:
As firms develop complementary technologies to improve the productivity or ease of utilization of the core technology, the technology will:
a. become more attractive to other firms.
b. lose its credibility in the market.
c. lose its dominant design position in the industry.
d. experience a decrease in its installed base.
Q:
The Fair Labor Association (FLA) is a government-administered institution that aims at eliminating corruption.
Q:
Firms that develop new technologies ahead of others often try a number of unsuccessful techniques before finding a solution that works well. This experimentation:
a. lowers the firms ability to recognize the value of new information.
b. lowers the firms ability to develop and enhance technologies.
c. makes it difficult for the firm to develop related technologies.
d. enables the firm to find related solutions and alternatives that work well.
Q:
When misuse can be anticipated, marketing a product to those who are likely to misuse it may constitute deception.
Q:
Clear Vision Inc. has been the market leader for eye-related products, such as eyeglasses and lenses. It has also most recently developed the use of laser technology to correct eye defects. Due to its prior related experiences, it has been successful in recognizing the value of new information and using it to develop new technologies ahead of others. This phenomenon is called:
a. absorptive capacity.
b. disintermediation.
c. technology determinism.
d. technology trajectory.
Q:
The Calabresi and Melamed principles do not inquire which party is best positioned to induce others to take actions that will improve the difference between social benefits and social costs.
Q:
Pizza Stop has been expanding globally, due to which the cumulative output of employees has been increasing. In the context of learning effect, Pizza Stop will typically experience a(n):
a. decrease in input costs.
b. increase in waste rates.
c. increase in direct labor hours required to produce a unit of pizza.
d. decrease in the performance levels of the employees.
Q:
Ethics issues can arise from the policies of governments.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of learning effects?
a. There are substantial differences in the rates at which organizations learn.
b. The learning rate is impervious to organizational factors, such as firm strategy.
c. As a technology is adopted, further development and refining of the technology reduces.
d. The cost of producing a unit rises as the number of units produced increases.
Q:
Donaldson argues that all nations, firms, and individuals do not have a duty to respect the freedom of physical movement.
Q:
The more a technology is adopted:
a. the less valuable it becomes on account of market saturation.
b. the more susceptible it becomes to decreasing returns of adoption.
c. the better are the opportunities for development of complementary assets.
d. the lesser are the possibilities for improvements in the technology and its applications.
Q:
Cultural imperialism in its strongest form means that in operating internationally a firm maintains the standards of its home country and judges others by those standards.
Q:
Neon Inc. is an electronics manufacturing company. It has adopted a dominant design for its television audio speakers. Which of the following is the firm most likely to experience, as a result of this decision?
a. Neon Inc. will have to invest heavily in R&D to come up with new designs for the audio speakers.
b. Neon Inc. will face increasing returns to adoption.
c. Neon Inc. will have reduced opportunities to develop complementary assets.
d. The design adopted by Neon Inc. will be unpopular among most of the other manufacturers.
Q:
Ethics principles are to be culturally determined rather than universal.
Q:
By choosing not to exercise its monopoly power, a firm can steepen its monopoly costs curve.
Q:
If corruption is widespread in a country, then a firm should accept the functioning system and act as domestic firms do. This statement exemplifies cultural imperialism.
Q:
Network externality returns refers to the value customers reap as a larger portion of the market adopts the same good.
Q:
Cultural relativism in its strongest form holds that appropriate behavior in a country or culture is determined by its own laws and customs
Q:
When an industry has network externalities, the value of a good to a user is more likely to go up linearly rather than increase in an s-shape.
Q:
Interactions between nations and foreign firms are governed by the laws of the host nation and by international law.
Q:
A large perceived installed base can lead to a large actual installed base.
Q:
Ethics in International Business
Q:
For a new technology to be successful in a market, it is enough for the new technologys stand-alone utility to exceed that of the incumbent standard.
Q:
Which of the following is used to measure corporate environmental, social, and financial performance?
a) triple bottom line
b) placebo treatment
c) Kants categorical imperative
d) casuistry
Q:
In industries characterized by increasing returns, the rate of return from a product or process increases with the size of its installed base.
Q:
Which of the following companies would most likely feel obliged to undertake corporate social responsibility?
a) a company that manufactures industrial lighting, material handling equipment, and industrial supplies
b) a company that sells commercial furniture and furniture components
c) a biotechnology firm that is involved in industrial and environmental biotechnology products as well as research and development
d) a bank that take deposits, have branches, and interacts directly with consumers and communities
Q:
In industries characterized by network externalities, the value of a technological innovation to users will be a function only of its stand-alone benefits and cost.
Q:
The Buyer Utility Map developed by Kim and Mauborgne cannot be applied to industrial products.
Q:
The audience effect should be stronger ________.
a) the more conservative is the audience
b) the greater is the opacity of the situation
c) the more important is the moral issue to the members of the audience
d) the more the members of the audience identifies with the firm
Q:
Effective ethics policies and codes of conduct require ________.
a) employees to reveal internal information about the firms operations to the shareholders
b) employees to report any violations
c) employees to indulge in morally motivated nonmarket actions
d) employees to trust firms unconditionally
Q:
Technologically superior products do not always win in the market.
Q:
It is more difficult to develop trust and reciprocity with stakeholders that ________.
a) have regular economic transactions with the firm
b) operate in the same region as the firm
c) are members of peak organizations
d) have only irregular interactions with the firm
Q:
The influence of a dominant design can extend beyond its own technology cycle.
Q:
Direct stakeholders are those ________.
a) who have economic transactions with the firm
b) who operate in the same region as the firm
c) who have the same kind of output as the firm
d) who command a market monopoly
Q:
A firm that supports a technology that is not chosen as the dominant design will have better potential to earn near-monopoly rents in the short run than a firm that develops a dominant design.
Q:
The most consistent conclusion from the experiments for ethical conduct and management in the nonmarket environment is that ________.
a) firms that allow managers to decide unilaterally and solely according to their individual preferences are more stable than those that do not
b) monitoring of firms by stakeholders and other parties tends to decrease the moral cost of violating ethics standards
c) people differ in their behavior, preferences, and moral conduct
d) transparency increases social distance
Q:
A legally induced adherence to a dominant design is not possible.
Q:
Products that have a large installed base are likely to attract more developers of complementary goods.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of behavior in the context of behavioral ethics experiments?
a) The lower the cost (moral or otherwise) of acting ethically, the less likely is ethical behavior.
b) Greater social distance increases the cost of acting ethically and decreases the likelihood of ethical behavior.
c) Socialization through the sharing of information about how others behave can weaken a reciprocity norm.
d) Relational contracts enforced through two-sided reciprocity cannot be beneficial.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true of moral suasion in behavioral ethics experiments?
a) Moral suasion serves as a coordination mechanism by increasing the confidence of participants.
b) Moral suasion cannot change the preferences of participants.
c) Participants receiving the moral messages and the message urging contributions decreased their contributions on average
d) The deterioration of contributions was steeper with the moral messages.
Q:
Network externalities cannot arise in markets that do not have physical networks.
Q:
Reciprocity is powerful when ________.
a) the responder can neither accept nor reject the allocation by the proposer
b) incentives are allocated regardless of the actual effort expended to do a work
c) both parties to a transaction reciprocate
d) only one party to the transaction has the opportunity to reciprocate
Q:
In a market characterized by network externalities, the benefit from using a good decreases with an increase in the number of other users of the same good.
Q:
Which of the following is true of the audience effect in behavioral ethics experiments?
a) the larger the audience, the greater the audience effect
b) the greater the degree of negligence of actions, the greater the audience effect
c) the greater the anonymity of the decision maker, the stronger the scrutiny
d) the smaller the audience, the greater the importance of the audience members
Q:
As firms develop complementary technologies to improve the productivity or ease of utilization of the core technology, the technology becomes less attractive to other firms.
Q:
A nuclear energy company sets up a plant in North Africa. Although, the plant will benefit the consumers with cheap energy and employment, hundreds of villagers will be displaced. The company faces growing pressure from some developed nations, NGOs, and the news media. It finally decides to relocate the villagers in the next one year through a corporate social responsibility scheme. Which of the following explains the behavior of the company?
a) altruism
b) audience effect
c) egalitarianism
d) paternalism
Q:
The ability of an organization to recognize, assimilate, and utilize new knowledge is referred to as learning effect.
Q:
Which of the following is true with regard to research findings on behavior in dictator games?
a) The source of the endowment did not affect behavior in the course of experiments.
b) People do not follow social norms in considering how to allocate the endowment.
c) Participants in the role of the proposer are rationally self-interested.
d) Most proposers chose an equal allocation of the endowment rather than a very unequal allocation favoring the proposer.
Q:
A dictator game involves ________.
a) a self-interested proposer and a responder who receive equal endowment before making a moral decision
b) a proposer and a responder who bilaterally make a decision about how much endowment to keep and how much to contribute
c) a proposer who unilaterally makes a decision about how much endowment to keep and how much to contribute to a responder, who takes no action and simply receives the contribution
d) a responder who unilaterally makes a decision about how much endowment to keep and how much to contribute to a proposer, who takes no action
Q:
Though learning curves are found in a wide range of organizational processes, there are substantial differences in the rates at which organizations learn.
Q:
The learning curve indicates that the more units a company produces of an item, the more each unit will cost.
Q:
A(n) ________ is an experiment with a specific context and set of instructions.
a) treatment
b) maxim
c) ethical dilemma
d) intrinsic right
Q:
Increasing returns to adoption means that, the more a technology is adopted, the more valuable it becomes.
Q:
A research experiment to understand individual choices in moral dilemmas is called ________ if the experimenters do not know which participants are in which roles.
a) treatment
b) double blind
c) anonymous
d) direct observation
Q:
Briefly define Rogers five adopter categories and explain how a marketer might use this knowledge.
Q:
More recently, researchers have turned to ________ to try to understand how individuals make choices when facing a moral issue.
a) Laboratory experiments
b) Ethnographic research
c) Direct observation
d) Internet-based experiments
Q:
Explain what Schumpeter meant by the term creative destruction.
Q:
Which of the following is difficult to assess in the process of decision making by firms and managers?
a) motivation
b) environmental policies
c) workers rights
d) legal statutes
Q:
If a company learns of the cost and efficiency advantages of a new technology to replace one it is currently using, will it then adopt the new technology as quickly as it can? Explain the reason for your answer.
Q:
Which of the following scenarios portrays morally motivated nonmarket action?
a) an automobile company launched a new range of low-cost environment friendly hybrid cars
b) a customer of a marketing company launched an internet campaign to raise awareness of the companys mismanagement of charity funds
c) a reputed MNC acquired a smaller company in order to diversify
d) the brand management team of a food and beverage company launched an advertisement for their new all natural beverage that uses 100 percent natural ingredients
Q:
How can the s-curves be used as a prescriptive tool? What would be the limitations of this approach?
Q:
Reliance on the personal integrity of employees is mostly sufficient to ensure ethical conduct, and employees should be allowed to operate in an ethics vacuum.
Q:
Briefly explain the different types of innovation.
Q:
Relying only on utilitarianism and ignoring intrinsic rights or justice considerations can result in conduct that violates ethics standards that people hold to be important.
Q:
Alpha Information Inc. is a firm that manufactures desktop computers and wireless network hardware components. The company is spending heavily on R&D to experiment with new designs for wireless networks instead of trying to refine how well they make their current wireless network hardware components. The firm is going through a period of ambiguity and anxiety. Alpha Information Inc. is in the:
a. dominant design phase.
b. era of incremental change.
c. era of ferment.
d. specific phase.
Q:
If the culture in the organization encourages or condones questionable behavior or if incentive systems place self-interest before all else, ethical behavior will primarily rest on the personal integrity of employees.
Q:
According to Anderson and Tushman, the era of incremental change:
a. is a period of turbulence and uncertainty.
b. is characterized by most firms investing in learning about alternative design architectures.
c. focuses on efficiency and market penetration.
d. focuses on altering the architecture rather than improving components.
Q:
Strategies and practices of a firm are revised frequently as a function of the salience of the issues in the market and nonmarket environments.
Q:
Once a new product design becomes a dominant design:
a. the product is no longer profitable.
b. it becomes difficult for competitors to imitate.
c. the architecture on which the industry can focus its efforts is destabilized.
d. the product design is adopted by the majority of producers.
Q:
Organizational strategies serve as the core principles that guide the practices of the company as it strives to achieve its goals.
Q:
When computers were first commercialized, Todd found it to be very confusing. He heard conflicting claims about which hardware to buy and about the various software systems available. He finally purchased something expensive, but found it to be unreliable. Very soon, Todd realized that companies had changed the models for the hardware and software they sold. This illustrates _____ phase of the technology evolution model described by Utterback and Abernathy.
a. fluid
b. dominant design
c. specific
d. incremental
Q:
The triple bottom line is intended to measure the pressure on individuals as generated by the society.