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Q:
Donald is always ready to buy recently-launched gadgets and gizmos. Since he has sufficient financial resources to invest in these products, he is unconcerned about the risks and uncertainties involved in buying new products. Based on this description, Donald belongs to the group of:
a. early majority.
b. early adopters.
c. innovators.
d. laggards.
Q:
An implication of the experimental evidence regarding audience effects is that firms that have the public and consumers as an audience may undertake activities that firms out of the view of the public and consumers may not undertake.
Q:
Iris is quite skeptical about new innovations and is likely to adopt something new after getting some pressure from her peers. However, she is not so risk averse that she will wait until all uncertainty of a new technology has been resolved; shes willing to accept a little uncertainty if her peers already use the product. Which of the following adopter categories does Iris belong to?
a. Early adopters
b. Innovators
c. Late majority
d. Laggards
Q:
The audience effect should be stronger the broader is the audience and the more important is the moral issue to members of the audience.
Q:
A marketing research company categorized Jane as an early adopter. Which of the following is true of Jane in the context of early adopters?
a. She will wait until uncertainty about a new product is resolved before buying it.
b. She will be well integrated into her social system.
c. She will have a skeptical attitude toward new ideas.
d. She will have a low potential for opinion leadership.
Q:
Monitoring of the firm by stakeholders and other parties such as NGOs tends to decrease the moral cost of violating ethics standards or shying away from moral duties.
Q:
Ron is highly skeptical about new ideas and products. He has not yet bought a satellite dish for his home because he is still unsure that it really works. Ron is also very worried about the expense of purchasing the satellite dish. According to this description, Ron:
a. is an innovator.
b. belongs to the early majority.
c. is a laggard.
d. is an early adopter.
Q:
Transparency can reduce social distance and make it easier to develop trust and reciprocity.
Q:
A CEO of a certain pharmaceutical company asked his consultant if it was a good idea to implement the s-curve model to predict when a technology would reach its limits. The consultant identified a limitation with the use of the model. Which of the following is the limitation identified by the consultant?
a. Using the s-curve would be too expensive.
b. Unexpected changes alter the shape of a technologys s-curve.
c. S-curve model cannot be applied in the pharmaceutical industry.
d. The s-curve model is outdated and unrealistic.
Q:
It is usually less difficult to develop trust and reciprocity with stakeholders that have irregular interactions with the firm.
Q:
Which of the following is true of technology diffusion?
a. S-curves in technology diffusion are obtained by plotting performance against time.
b. Information diffusion is slower than technology diffusion.
c. A drop in the prices of a new technology can accelerate technology diffusion.
d. Adoption is initially fast when a new technology is introduced to the market.
Q:
Reciprocity has implications for dealing with direct stakeholders and for the implementation and maintenance of relational contracts.
Q:
S-curves in technology diffusion are obtained by plotting the:
a. capacity of a technology against time.
b. cumulative number of adopters of a technology against time.
c. performance speed of a technology against effort.
d. performance power of a technology against effort.
Q:
Behavioral ethics experiments conclude that moral suasion can decrease ethical behavior.
Q:
When the first personal computers were introduced, Bill started using a spreadsheet program to maintain his accounts. Bill discovered that due to this new method his work had become much slower and that if he typed in the wrong data, it led to more mistakes. This illustrates that:
a. effort invested in an existing technology will reap higher returns than effort invested in a new technology.
b. effort invested in the incumbent technology is much higher than effort invested in the new technology.
c. initially, technological discontinuity may have lower performance than the incumbent technology.
d. component innovations are more effective than architectural innovations.
Q:
Behavioral ethics experiments conclude that the higher the cost (moral or otherwise) of acting ethically, the less likely is ethical behavior.
Q:
Digital cameras replaced film cameras. This is an example of _____.
a. modular innovation
b. incremental technology
c. component innovation
d. discontinuous technology
Q:
Behavioral ethics experiments conclude that greater social distance decreases the cost of acting ethically and increases the likelihood of ethical behavior.
Q:
The replacement of eyeglasses by contact lenses is an example of a(n):
a. incremental technology.
b. component innovation.
c. discontinuous technology.
d. modular innovation.
Q:
Behavioral ethics experiments conclude that socialization through the sharing of information about how others behave can strengthen a reciprocity norm.
Q:
When gutter shields were developed, they replaced gutter cleaning services hired by homeowners wishing to keep leaves and debris out of their gutters. In other words, the same need was met by an entirely new technology. This is an example of a(n) _____ technology.
a. complementary
b. component
c. discontinuous
d. incremental
Q:
Moral suasion cannot change the preferences of participants.
Q:
In the context of s-curve in technological improvement, plotting performance against time will result in the same characteristic curve as plotting performance against effort, only if:
a. speed, a function of performance, is relatively constant over time.
b. effort is relatively constant over time.
c. power, a function of performance, is relatively inconsistent over time.
d. effort varies over time.
Q:
Rule utilitarianism requires that a person contribute even if others do not contribute.
Q:
Which of the following is true of s-curves in technological improvement?
a. They are obtained by plotting the cumulative number of adopters of the technology against time.
b. They typically show that technology goes through initial accelerated improvement, then slow improvement, then diminishing improvement.
c. S-curves in technology diffusion and s-curves in technology performance are fundamentally the same processes.
d. The s-curves flatten when the cost of each marginal improvement increases and when diminishing returns to effort begin to set in.
Q:
Behavioral ethics experiments suggest that relational contracts supported by reciprocity are unlikely to be effective in improving the performance of workers and firms.
Q:
Dalton discovered that using garlic salt on a regular hamburger made the hamburger taste more like steak. He could then use a less expensive meat for the smoked steak sandwich that he sold. This is an example of a(n) _____ innovation.
a. radical
b. discontinuous
c. architectural
d. component
Q:
Greater scrutiny by NGOs and social activists strengthen the audience effects, giving firms incentives to be more socially responsible.
Q:
Which of the following is true of component and architectural innovation?
a. Component innovation does not significantly affect the overall configuration of a system.
b. Architectural innovation is also called as modular innovation.
c. For a firm to initiate component innovation, knowledge about the whole system is necessary.
d. Component innovations have more far-reaching and complex influences on industry competitors and technology users than architectural innovations.
Q:
When it is clear what the implications are for stakeholders, audience effects can be weaker, and less corporate social responsibility would then be expected.
Q:
Which of the following statements is true regarding different types of innovations?
a. Process innovations are more visible than product innovations.
b. A radical innovation may over time become an incremental innovation.
c. Component innovations significantly affect the overall configuration of systems.
d. Architectural innovation is also called modular innovation.
Q:
If the proposer earns the endowment rather than it being a windfall provided by the experimenter, self-interested behavior is much more prevalent.
Q:
Which of the following is considered a radical innovation?
a. Introducing a range of cell phones with different colors and patterns on the cover
b. Reducing the size and weight of a cell phone, to make it more compact and easier to carry
c. Developing a cell phone that allows customers to scan the prices of the products in stores and make payments for their purchases
d. Increasing the clarity of a cell phones camera by replacing the three megapixel camera with a five megapixel camera
Q:
The CEO of an automobile manufacturing firm directed the R&D department to come up with a radical innovation. Which of the following best fits the bill?
a. A door that unlocks by recognizing the owners fingerprints
b. Seats that vibrate to massage the backs of passengers
c. A gear system that automatically shifts based on the drivers speed
d. A car that runs on water and solar power
Q:
A dictator game involves two participants, a proposer, who unilaterally makes a decision about how much of an endowment to keep and how much to contribute to a responder, who takes no action and simply receives the contribution.
Q:
A bicycle manufacturing company adopted a new type of inventory management system. This inventory system improved the productivity of its manufacturing unit and the quality of the bicycles. This is an example of _____ innovation.
a. product
b. radical
c. architectural
d. process
Q:
An experiment is anonymous if the experimenters do not know which participants are in which roles.
Q:
Which of the following is most clearly an example of process innovation?
a. A donut chain develops a method that enables donuts to be baked in 15 minutes rather than the standard 30 minutes.
b. A company that manufactures canned soups introduces a line of canned soups with new flavors and seasonings.
c. A major motion picture studio releases a new 3D movie.
d. A tire manufacturer develops a tire that re-inflates itself instantly when punctured.
Q:
Behavioral ethics approaches moral issues through fundamental moral principles such as Kants categorical imperative and the utilitarian principle of maximizing aggregate well-being.
Q:
The path a technology follows through time is termed its:
a. technology map.
b. technology trajectory.
c. technology cluster.
d. technology transfer.
Q:
Behavioral Ethics, Individuals, and Management
Q:
As firms routines and capabilities become more and more oriented around the dominant architecture, the firms become less able to identify and respond to a major architectural innovation.
Q:
Write a short note on the sources of unethical behavior.
Q:
According to Anderson and Tushman, in the era of incremental change, most competition revolves around improving components rather than altering the architecture.
Q:
What is the balance scorecard?
Q:
According to Anderson and Tushman, in the era of ferment, firms focus on efficiency and market penetration.
Q:
What are the two factors responsible for the spread of codes of ethics and statements of social responsibility in firms?
Q:
Discuss the implications of the ethics experiments for ethical conduct and management in the nonmarket environment.
Q:
According to the Utterback and Abernathy model, firms in the fluid phase avoid experimenting with different form factors or product features.
Q:
Differentiate between an unconditional and a conditional altruist.
Q:
The last 16 percent of the individuals in a social system to adopt an innovation are termed as late majority.
Q:
Statements of corporate responsibility and codes of conduct should ________.
a) encourage top management to allow an ethics vacuum within the organization
b) rely on the personal integrity of employees
c indicate how to reason about situations and issues
d) encourage paternalism
Q:
Among the various adopter categories, innovators have the greatest potential for opinion leadership.
Q:
Which of the following should a firms management do to establish an environment in which ethical behavior in encouraged, supported, and rewarded?
a) encourage formal and informal communication about exemplary conduct and leadership by deed as well as by word
b) decrease endowment substantially
c) trust the personal integrity of employees and allow them to operate in an ethics vacuum
d) encourage retributive justice to prevent self-disclosure
Q:
It is possible for a firm that follows an s-curve model too closely to end up switching technologies later than it should.
Q:
Mark works in an automobile manufacturing firm based in Tennessee. He noticed that a group of executives in the firm regularly accepted bribes from an automotive brake manufacturer who sells substandard brakes for lower prices. Mark understands that this is unethical behavior but does not have the courage to take the right action. Which of the following actions should the firm take in this instance to encourage Mark to take the right action?
a) The firm should start manufacturing high quality brakes at lower prices.
b) The firm should revise its compliance system to encourage self-disclosure.
c) The firm should leave the responsibility of ethical behavior on the personal integrity of its employees.
d) The firm should reveal information about its operations to the shareholders.
Q:
Firms cannot influence the shape of the s-curve through their development activities.
Q:
________ is/are revised frequently as a function of the salience of the issues in the market and nonmarket environments.
a) The vision of the organization
b) Core principles
c) Organizational values
d) Strategies and practices
Q:
S-curves of technology diffusion are in part a function of the s-curves in technology improvement.
Q:
________ serve as the core principles that guide the strategies and practices of the company as it strives to achieve its objectives.
a) Organizational objectives
b) Intrinsic rights
c) Organizational values
d) Instrumental rights
Q:
Technology diffusion and information diffusion take the same amount of time.
Q:
The core principles of an organization can be viewed as ________.
a) flexible
b) arbitrary
c) moral
d) unchanging
Q:
Technology diffusion curve is s-shaped because adoption is initially fast when a new technology is introduced to the market.
Q:
What are the criticisms of Rawls theory of justice?
Q:
Technologies always get the opportunity to reach their performance limits before being replaced by a new technology.
Q:
What are the principal categories of justice theories? Discuss each briefly.
Q:
In the context of s-curves in technological improvement, as a technology begins to reach its inherent limits, the cost of each marginal improvement decreases.
Q:
Discuss paternalism.
Q:
What are the criticisms of the Kantian ethics system?
Q:
In the context of s-curves in technological improvement, performance improvement in the early stages of a technology is rapid.
Q:
When a technologys performance is plotted against the amount of effort and money invested in the technology, it typically shows slow initial improvement, then accelerated improvement, then diminishing improvement
Q:
Write a short note on the relationship between maxims and rights. Use examples to support your answer.
Q:
S-curves in technology performance and s-curves in technology diffusion are fundamentally different processes.
Q:
For a firm to adopt a component innovation, it typically requires that the firm have architectural knowledge about the way components link and integrate to form a whole system.
Q:
The Rawlsian choice allows more-advantaged people to ________.
a) maintain economic inequities in the society
b) pursue their interests resulting in greater aggregate well-being than with egalitarianism
c) ignore instrumental rights
d) maintain status quo by restricting opportunities to the less-advantaged people
Q:
A modular innovation significantly affects the overall configuration of a system.
Q:
In the context of Rawls's principles of justice, which of the following does the equal liberty principle pertain to?
a) the freedom to act paternalistically
b) the freedom to wage war
c) the freedom to persecute minorities
d) the freedom of conscience
Q:
An innovation can be competence enhancing to one firm, while competence destroying for another.
Q:
Which of the following is true with regard to Rawls theory of justice?
a) Rawls argues for the priority of the right over the good.
b) Rawl is more concerned with developing maxims for judging the reasons or
motives that individuals have for their actions than with developing principles to guide the design of societys institutions.
c) Rawls provides a theory of retributive justice set in the tradition of Descartes.
d) Rawls maintains that just principles are those that would be chosen without ignorance from a position in which one knows ones personal characteristics or the place one will subsequently have in society.
Q:
A general principle advanced in conceptions of justice is that an injustice is morally tolerated ________.
a) only if it is necessary to avoid a greater injustice
b) only if it protects the interest of the elite in the society
c) only if it protects traditionalism by resisting social change
d) only if it is necessary to avoid the negative aftermaths of social change