Q&A Hero

Q: Product innovations are more visible than process innovations.

Q: Rawls provides a theory of distributive justice set in the tradition of the social contract theory of ________. a) Hegel b) Marx, Adorno, and Schopenhauer c) Descartes d) Locke, Rousseau, and Kant

Q: The path a technology follows through time is termed its technology transfer.

Q: Distributive justice is concerned with ________. a) the distribution of the rewards and burdens of social interactions b) determining how individuals should be compensated for the harm done by others c) punishment for actions that are contrary to a moral rule or societal well-being d) the distribution of goods in society in a fair and equitable manner

Q: Explain the concept of technology spillovers.

Q: If you are looking for a location for your software development company why will you consider Silicon Valley? What are the drawbacks to this location?

Q: Which of the following refers to a principal category of justice theories? a) vigilante b) retributive c) teleological d) deontological

Q: At a retreat by the Salisbury City Council, community leaders held a discussion on attracting and developing new businesses and increasing employment rates in the city. One leader suggested that the city should consider sponsoring a business incubator. Explain what an incubator is and how this might help the city meet its goals.

Q: Nozicks theory has been criticized for its sole reliance on ________ a) free consent b) paternalism c) moral standards d) casuistry

Q: If you were in charge of a research and development (R&D) department for a large pharmaceutical company, would you encourage the employees to perform basic research or applied research? Provide the rationale for your answer.

Q: What is just according to Nozick? a) whatever is the result of the voluntary actions of individuals b) whatever is the result of the actions of individuals held under duress c) whatever is the result of the actions taken by individuals to benefit a person without that persons consent d) whatever is the result of the actions that are lawful but not ethical

Q: You have just been given an assignment within your company to design a creativity training program. Describe the elements you would include in the program and explain the rationale of each one.

Q: What does liberalism emphasize? a) prioritization of rights b) paternalism c) the liberty of individuals d) the dissolution of liberal autocracies

Q: Which of the following is the goal of compensatory justice? a) distribution of rewards b) restitution c) retribution d) elimination of economic inequities

Q: A variety of rice created by Biocrop Inc., through recombinant DNA technology, was found to be rich in both carbohydrates and proteins. After the success of this rice variety, the particular technology was implemented by less-developed countries to increase the nutrient level of fruits, pulses, and greens in order to feed their malnourished children. This is an example of _____. a. technological cluster b. technological spillover c. technological convergence d. technological determinism

Q: ________ justice is concerned with the distribution of the rewards and burdens of social interactions. a) Distributive b) Compensatory c) Retributive d) Punitive

Q: _____ is a positive externality from R&D resulting from the spread of knowledge across organizational or regional boundaries. a. Technological convergence b. Technological determinism c. Technological spillover d. Technological cluster

Q: One is acting paternalistically toward a person if and only if ________. a) ones action does not benefit that person b) ones action has that persons past consent c) ones action involves violating a moral rule with regard to that person d) that person is incompetent to give consent (simple or valid) to the violation

Q: _____ are individuals or organizations that transfer information from one domain to another in which it can be usefully applied. a. Knowledge brokers b. Knowledge workers c. Complementors d. Category captains

Q: ________ refers to actions taken to benefit a person without that persons consent. a) Egalitarianism b) Paternalism c) Liberalism d) Prioritization of rights

Q: The benefits firms reap by locating in close geographical proximity to each other are known collectively as _____ economies. a. agglomeration b. closed c. virtual d. shadow

Q: Which of the following is the legal manifestation for equal employment opportunity? a) Neutrality Act of 1935 b) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 c) Neutrality Act of 1939 d) Civil Rights Act of 1866

Q: When companies form a technology cluster it often results in: a. the loss of agglomeration economies. b. new firms being discouraged to start up in the immediate vicinity. c. reduced interaction and trust between them. d. reduced pricing power in their relationships with buyers and suppliers.

Q: The legal bases for rights include ________. a) norms b) contracts c) cultural codes d) consequentialist ethics

Q: _____ are regional groups of firms that have a connection to a common technology, and may engage in buyer, supplier, and complementor relationships, as well as research collaboration. a. Technology transfer offices b. Regional incubators c. Strategic business units d. Technology clusters

Q: Which of the following is true with regard to prioritization of rights? a) Intrinsic rights have priority over instrumental rights. b) The assessment of priorities with regard to rights does not involve the examination of the interests those rights protect and promote. c) Moral principles do not establish priorities. d) Since moral and granted rights can be in conflict in managerial settings, they must not be prioritized.

Q: Which of the following is true of interfirm collaborative research and development networks? a. Collaborative research networks are not important and viable in high-technology sectors. b. Interfirm networks enable firms to achieve much more than they can achieve individually. c. The flow of information and other resources through a network is independent of the networks size. d. Information diffusion is fairly slow and limited in collaborative research networks with dense structures.

Q: Kant argued that the intrinsic rights established in accord with the categorical imperative ________. a) are immoral b) do not conform to ethical standards c) do not conflict d) are dissonant

Q: Institutions designed to nurture the development of new businesses that might otherwise lack access to adequate funding or advices are called _____. a. complementors b. research collaboration offices c. incubators d. technology clusters

Q: What is the first step in the methodology of rights analysis? a) determine which claimed rights satisfy moral standards b) identify the actions consistent with the protection or promotion of any morally justified rights c) identify the rights claimed and their claimed moral bases d) identify conflicts among rights

Q: In 2001, Shanghais Municipal Government set aside 13 square kilometers of land near the Huangpu River for university laboratories and start-up firms in microelectronics, digital technology, and life sciences. The project aimed to foster research in microelectronics, the development of a technologically-advanced labor pool, and the creation of new industries in Shanghai. This project would be best termed as a(n) _____. a. complementor b. strategic unit c. science park d. free trade area

Q: A ________ is established by moral consensus or by government and is accompanied by a clear assignment of the corresponding duty. a) moral standard b) norm c) claim d) granted right

Q: Regional districts that are set up by the government to foster R&D collaboration between government, universities, and private firms are typically called _____. a. technological trajectories b. free trade areas c. complementors d. science parks

Q: Which of the following is true about the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980? a. It made university technology transfer activities illegal and unethical. b. It allowed universities to collect royalties on inventions funded with taxpayer dollars. c. It restricted provision of patents for inventions developed at universities. d. It made investment in research and technology mandatory for public companies.

Q: Which of the following is true with regard to intrinsic rights? a) Intrinsic rights are frequently negative rights in the sense that respecting autonomy precludes others from infringing that autonomy. b) Intrinsic rights are to be respected because they contribute to achieving better consequences. c) Intrinsic rights require extensive justification in terms of consequences. d) Intrinsic rights do not impose duties on individuals to respect those rights.

Q: For Kant freedom and ________ are the foundations of a theory of morality. a) sociability b) rationality c) fraternity d) attitude

Q: The president of MountainHomeUniversity has been asked by her board of trustees to set up a separate unit to facilitate the commercialization of technology developed by the research students at the university. Such a unit is typically called a _____. a. strategic business unit b. commercialization office c. technology transfer office d. science park

Q: _____ is the ability of an organization to recognize, assimilate, and utilize new knowledge. a. Cognitive ability b. Absorptive capacity c. Organizational agility d. Reasoning ability

Q: Which of the following is true with regard to rights? a) Rights established by political choice do not reflect moral principles. b) Rights established by the state can be publicly enforced. c) Freedom of speech and assembly are positive rights. d) As a rule, rights established by private agreements are invalid.

Q: Organizations that manufacture products such as light bulbs for lamps, or DVDs for DVD players are examples of _____. a. moderators b. lead users c. complementors d. incubators

Q: In deontological systems, the motive or reason for taking an action, or abiding by a principle, is required to have ________ standing. a) legal b) political c) economic d) moral

Q: The demand-pull approach to research and development refers to: a. research and development that focuses on developing products that are expected to increase demand in a particular market segment. b. research and development that begins by examining the outcomes of the firms basic research and the potential commercial applications that may be constructed from those outcomes. c. research and development that focuses on developing products that are expected to decrease the demand for their substitute products. d. research and development that originates as a response to the specific problems or suggestions of customers.

Q: ________ systems of ethics define the rightness of an action in terms of the good its consequences yield. a) Deontological b) Existential c) Teleological d) Pragmatic

Q: Breaking Ventures Inc. realized that most parents are worried about their teenage children going out on their own. Based on this information, the company developed a device that could be fixed into the concerned persons cell phone, and this device helped parents keep track of their childrens location. This approach to research and development is referred to as _____. a. demand-pull b. supply-push c. science-push d. research-pull

Q: A granted right is established by moral consensus or by government and is accompanied by a clear assignment of the corresponding duty.

Q: Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps for the science-push approach to research and development? a. Customers express an unmet need, R&D develops the product to meet that need, the product is manufactured, and finally the marketing team promotes the product. b. Scientific discovery leads to an invention, the engineering team designs the product, it is manufactured, and finally the marketing team promotes it. c. Marketing discovers a need, R&D comes up with the product concept which is refined by engineering, the manufacturing team produces it, and finally the product is sold. d. Manufacturing sees a way to improve a product, the engineering team redesigns it, and finally the marketing team creates awareness about the improved product.

Q: The fundamental criticism of deontological systems is that they fail to explain why a principle or right should be respected.

Q: _____ approach to research and development assumed that innovation proceeded linearly from scientific discovery, to invention, to engineering, then manufacturing activities, and finally marketing. a. Demand-pull b. Market-pull c. Supply-push d. Science-push

Q: Some rights are instrumental when viewed from the perspective of autonomy and liberty and intrinsic when viewed in terms of the consequences they yield.

Q: Intrinsic rights require extensive justification in terms of consequences.

Q: Susan, a biologist, works in the research and development department of a chemical company. The company has assigned her to study the reproduction processes of various insects to develop an effective technique to control insect damage to crops. The type of research Susan is engaged in is called _____ research. a. basic b. applied c. exploratory d. quantitative

Q: Which of the following is an example of applied research? a. A study on Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs theory b. A study on the acidic nature of phenols c. A study on the ways to increase employee retention in the software industry d. A study on the structure of neutrons, electrons, and protons

Q: Claims that people have economic rights to housing or food are claims about instrumental rights intended to improve their well-being.

Q: Which of the following is an example of user innovation? a. Samuel has invented a detachable bicycle in order to make profits by selling it to a reputed bicycle manufacturing firm. b. Sandra, an engineer, has developed a device that helps track the location of her teenage daughters car. c. Jessica, an ace designer for a clothing brand, has been asked to work on a dyeing technique that changes fabric color according to the room temperature. d. Ivan, a scientist at a reputed pharmaceutical company, has developed an anti-inflammatory drug for the company to commercialize.

Q: Rights can be instrumental or intrinsic.

Q: Which of the following is characteristic of successful inventors? a. They specialize solely in a single field rather than several fields simultaneously. b. They are curious and more interested in solutions than problems. c. They blindly accept the assumptions made in previous work in the field. d. They seek global solutions rather than local solutions.

Q: According to the Kantian approach, it would be unethical for an employer to dismiss an employee solely based on race or some other arbitrary reason other than performance.

Q: Rights consistent with Kants system include freedoms of speech and conscience.

Q: Erison Group, an advertising company, wants to hire an individual for the post of creative head. Which of the following is the characteristic that the company has to look for while recruiting for that particular post? a. An individual who completely adheres to the existing logic and paradigms and has extensive knowledge of the field b. An individual who has low tolerance for ambiguity, and avoids taking risks c. An individual who has a moderate degree of knowledge of the field, but is intrinsically motivated d. An individual who prefers to look at problems in conventional ways

Q: The statement, Treat individuals always as autonomous ends, and so never solely as means, represents Kants formulation of the categorical imperative.

Q: The term _____ indicates that the product is novel to the individual who made it, but known to everyone else. a. discovery b. reinvention c. creativity d. innovation

Q: Moral rights in the Kantian system are extrinsic.

Q: Which of the following is considered to be a novel idea? a. A detergent that is advertised as a very effective stain-remover b. A company announces that it has produced a recreational hovercraft for kids c. An announcement by a cell phone company that it now offers free text messaging d. An announcement by a college that it will install artificial turf on its football field

Q: Kant argued that because individuals are rational and each individual deduces maxims from a conception of freedom and autonomy that resides in everyone, all individuals will deduce different maxims.

Q: The degree to which innovative activities are geographically clustered is independent of the national differences in the way technology development is funded or protected.

Q: Kant emphasized the good over the right.

Q: Tacit knowledge is knowledge that can be documented in written form.

Q: For Kant, freedom and rationality are the foundations of a theory of morality.

Q: Knowledge that is explicit requires more frequent and close interaction to be meaningfully exchanged than knowledge that is tacit.

Q: Proximity and interaction can directly influence firms ability and willingness to exchange knowledge.

Q: Kantian maxims are also referred to as moral rules.

Q: Knowledge that cannot be readily codified is called explicit knowledge.

Q: Rights and entitlements do not evolve over time despite changes in preferences and demography.

Q: Collaborative research is prohibited in high-technology sectors.

Q: Rights based on moral principles can be publicly enforced.

Q: Freedom of speech and assembly are positive rights.

Q: The decline in the government share of spending on R&D is largely due to the rapid increase in industry R&D funding rather than a real decline in the absolute amount spent.

Q: Rights can be established by private agreements, such as contracts.

Q: Incubators are regional districts, typically set up by government, to foster R&D collaboration between government, universities, and private firms.

Q: Rights established by political choice do not reflect moral principles.