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Q:
The intellectual property policies of a university embrace both patentable and unpatentable innovations.
Q:
Teleological and deontological systems are similar in their nature and structure, and they always yield the same evaluations of actions.
Q:
Firms form alliances with competitors to jointly work on an innovation project or to exchange information.
Q:
Both teleological and deontological systems are ultimately concerned with the evaluation of actions.
Q:
The science-push approach to research and development argued that innovation was driven by the perceived demand of potential users.
Q:
Teleological or consequentialist systems hold that moral right takes precedence over the good and can be evaluated by considerations independent of, or in addition to, consequences.
Q:
The terms research and development represent different kinds of investment in innovation-related activities.
Q:
Ethics systems are classified as categorical imperative or theoretical imperative.
Q:
User innovators typically create new product innovations in order to profit from the sale of the innovation to customers.
Q:
Basic liberties such as freedom of speech and rights such as equal opportunity are fundamental concepts that express considerations of freedom, autonomy, and basic equality.
Q:
Innovation often originates with those who create solutions for their own needs.
Q:
Consequentialist ethics systems focus on the good and evaluate the good in terms of individuals preferences for consequences.
Q:
The qualities that make people inventive also make them entrepreneurial.
Q:
Ethics Systems: Rights and Justice
Q:
Inventors tendency toward introversion cause them to be good at manipulating concepts.
Q:
Write a short note on the philosophical criticisms of utilitarianism.
Q:
Monetary rewards undermine creativity by encouraging employees to focus on extrinsic rather than intrinsic motivation.
Q:
Differentiate between act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism.
Q:
An organizations overall creativity level is a simple aggregate of the creativity of the individuals it employs.
Q:
Describe the relationship between utilitarianism and self-interest.
Q:
An individual with only a moderate degree of knowledge of a field will be able to produce more creative solutions than an individual with extensive knowledge of the field.
Q:
Discuss the methodology of ethics in brief.
Q:
If an individual knows a field too well, it can stifle creativity.
Q:
Write a short note on casuistry. Why is this approach considered dangerous?
Q:
Explain how an understanding of the innovation funnel might influence a companys view of research and development?
Q:
When consequences are a function of the actions of more than one individual,
________ considers the actions of all individuals simultaneously.
a) rule utilitarianism
b) act utilitarianism
c) fundamentalism
d) hedonism
Q:
Why is it important that a company have a well-defined process for strategically managing its new product development process?
Q:
The framework for the application of utilitarianism begins with the identification of ________.
a) the facts of the situation and the moral concerns
b) the set of consequences for all persons and organizations affected
c) the alternative rules of behavior and actions
d) the social costs and social benefits
Q:
What are the some of the negative impacts on society due to technological innovation? How would you answer critics of technological innovation who cite these negative impacts?
Q:
If a firm makes a product that is hazardous when misused, and if
misuse can be anticipated, the firm can make decisions about safety features under a ________ standard.
a) casuistic
b) utilitarian
c) political
d) moral
Q:
Explain how the globalization of markets affects the importance of innovation.
Q:
________ avoids interpersonal comparisons, since it requires only that an action make at least one person better off and no one worse off, evaluated in terms of the preferences of each person.
a) The Calabresi and Melamed principle
b) The Pareto criterion
c) Self-confirming equilibrium
d) Tragedy of the commons
Q:
Explain how computer-aided design and flexible manufacturing technologies help create small niches in the market place. Provide an example to illustrate your answer.
Q:
When actions make some individuals better off and others worse off, ________ are necessary in applying utilitarianism.
a) cap-and-trade systems
b) interpersonal comparisons
c) cost-benefit analyses
d) casuistic approaches
Q:
The innovation process at Jupiter Inc. starts with the generation of raw ideas, followed by development of small projects, which later become major developments, and the process finally ends with product launches. According to the concept of innovation funnel, the wide end of the funnel is occupied by:
a. raw ideas generated.
b. product launches.
c. major developments.
d. small projects.
Q:
A fundamental problem with utilitarianism is its ________.
a) apathy toward maximizing aggregate utility
b) incompatibility with altruism and philanthropy
c) difficulty with making interpersonal comparisons of utility
d) inability to judge moral good in terms of consequences
Q:
Walter is the new director of R&D at Good Health, a pharmaceutical company. Which of the following statements, made by Walter, indicates that he believes in the concept of the innovation funnel?
a. Innovation is a freewheeling process that is unconstrained by rules and plans.
b. While there are many potential new product ideas going in the wide end, very few make it through the development process.
c. I believe that Good Health should limit new idea generation to save time and other resources.
d. I believe that Good Health should allow all new ideas generated in the company to make it to the development process.
Q:
Consequentialist systems are criticized because they ________.
a) tend to favor fundamental rights over instrumental rights
b) treat aspirations, wants, needs, liberties, and opportunities as relevant regardless of their consequences
c) focus solely on the welfare of human beings
d) do not give adequate attention to intrinsic rights and liberties, which are said to be fundamentally important
Q:
Unicorn Medicines, a pharmaceutical company based in the United States, has its research and development units spread across the globe. These research and development units have lately not been receiving adequate financial support. Which of the following is typically the cause for such a situation?
a. Technical innovation leads to lower market segmentation and slower product obsolescence.
b. Most innovative ideas do not become successful new products.
c. The product development cycle in the pharmaceutical industry is short.
d. The cost associated with pharmaceutical research and development is low.
Q:
Instrumental rights are justified in a(n) ________, such as utilitarianism.
a) deontological system
b) pluralistic system
c) consequentialist system
d) secondary system
Q:
Jordan, the CEO of Early Bird, believes that it is important to focus on the quantity of new product ideas generated rather than the quality of ideas generated. He encourages everyone in the company to come up with product ideas, and those that seem feasible are further developed. According to him, it takes several raw ideas to develop one successful new product. Jordans views reflect the concept of:
a. innovation quotient.
b. innovation diffusion.
c. innovation readiness.
d. innovation funnel.
Q:
Intrinsic rights are to be respected because ________.
a) they have moral standing independent of the consequences they yield
b) they lead to desirable consequences
c) they lead to the maximization of individual well-being
d) they have legal standing and are codified by the state
Q:
The innovation process is often conceived of as a funnel because:
a. most innovative ideas become successful new products.
b. it decreases the amount of output achievable from a given quantity of labor and capital.
c. it increases the importance of production economies of scale.
d. there are many potential new product ideas and only a few make it through the development process.
Q:
Rule utilitarianism encourages ________.
a) universalism
b) unilateralism
c) fundamentalism
d) ethical violation
Q:
Electronic waste results from the disposal of technological goods. This is an example of:
a. the opportunity cost borne by the companies.
b. a negative externality.
c. a negative variance.
d. the innovation funnel.
Q:
________ focuses on individual actions and does not explain what the overall consequences would be for society if everyone were to act in that manner.
a) Casuistry
b) Political philosophy
c) Rule utilitarianism
d) Act utilitarianism
Q:
Which of the following is true of externalities?
a. All externalities are negative in nature.
b. They are only borne by individuals responsible for creating them.
c. Technological innovation results in complete eradication of negative externalities.
d. Externalities can be in the form of benefits reaped by individuals.
Q:
The ________ yields the greatest aggregate well-being when everyone follows it.
a) moral rule
b) social rule
c) rule of law
d) rule of religious orders
Q:
If a business builds a park in a community, it creates a(n) _____ for community members.
a. social cost
b. positive externality
c. opportunity cost
d. negative variance
Q:
Act utilitarianism focuses on ________.
a) making exceptions in particular situations, resulting in the violation of underlying principles
b) institutions to govern the interactions among individuals
c) the consequences of a particular action in a particular situation
d) balancing competing considerations by making exceptions to ethics principles
Q:
Technology is in its purest essence _____.
a. knowledge
b. trial and error
c. experimentation
d. guesswork
Q:
Utilitarianism and ________ are equivalent only if private well-being and societal well-being are aligned.
a) casuistry
b) philanthropy
c) altruism
d) self-interest
Q:
Silk Work Inc., a manufacturer of silk garments, is planning to replace hand weaving with some modern machines that run on fuel. Which of the following consequences of this measure can be categorized as a negative externality?
a. Increased amount of output achievable from the given quantity of labor
b. Increase in the quality of the silk garments
c. Increased pollution as a result of the new technology
d. Increased need for investment to finance the modernization
Q:
________ is the antithesis of self-interest.
a) Paganism
b) Functionalism
c) Hedonism
d) Utilitarianism
Q:
_____ refer to costs (or benefits) of technological innovations that are borne by individuals other than those responsible for creating them.
a. Externalities
b. Innovation funnels
c. Opportunity costs
d. Cultural lags
Q:
The Solow Residual refers to the:
a. obsolete products left in the market due to the accelerated product life cycle.
b. less developed nations of the world being left behind due to their obsolete technology.
c. increased amount of output achievable from a given quantity of labor and capital due to technological innovation.
d. process of dumping goods in developing and underdeveloped countries at a price lower than the home-market price.
Q:
Utilitarianism is a moral philosophy that holds that ________.
a) the morally justified action has no bearing on aggregate well-being
b) the rightness of an action is judged by an individual's willingness to perform that action
c) human well-being is evaluated in terms of individuals capabilities.
d) moral good is judged in terms of consequences
Q:
If a countrys GDP stands at 4,867 billion USD, it means the countrys ____ is worth 4,867 billion USD.
a. total annual output
b. investment on technological innovation
c. savings with the World Bank
d. negative variance in budget
Q:
Utilitarianism aggregates individuals well-being as evaluated in terms of their ________, and every persons utility is given equal weight.
a) actions
b) preferences
c) choices
d) capabilities
Q:
Technological innovations increase:
a. the gross domestic product of an economy.
b. product life cycles.
c. the time required for product development and introduction.
d. the production costs of multiple product variations.
Q:
Utilitarianism ________ only when societal consequences are aligned with private consequences.
a) enters into conflict with self-interest
b) coincides with altruism
c) coincides with self-interest
d) coincides with fundamentalism
Q:
________ is required because an action may make some individuals better off and others worse off.
a) Aggregation
b) Collateralization
c) Altruism
d) Fundamentalism
Q:
Virtual Inc., a manufacturing company, has recently entered into the cell phone industry. This industry is characterized by rapid technological innovations. Which of the following is an implication for Virtual Inc.?
a. The life cycle of its cell phones will be very long.
b. It will face rapid product obsolescence.
c. It will face low market segmentation in the cell phone industry.
d. It will face lower need for product differentiation.
Q:
________ focus(es) on institutions to govern the interactions among individuals.
a) Moral philosophy
b) Political philosophy
c) Cultural taboos
d) Ethics
Q:
Which of the following is true of technological innovations?
a. Technological innovations help increase a countrys gross domestic product.
b. Technological innovations decrease the amount of output achievable from a given quantity of labor and capital.
c. Technological innovations slow down the product development cycles and product obsolescence.
d. Technological innovations increase production costs and reduce product differentiation.
Q:
Utilitarianism provides a basis for a(n) ________ in which the choice between private institutions and public institutions is made according to which maximizes aggregate well-being.
a) moral claim
b) ethical claim
c) moral philosophy
d) political philosophy
Q:
The _____ of an economy is its total annual output, measured by the final purchase price.
a. balance of payment
b. gross domestic product
c. cash reserve ratio
d. net national income
Q:
Moral philosophy is concerned with ________.
a) deducing the standard of maximizing ones self-interest
b) the pursuit of pleasure as the highest good
c) deducing standards from axioms or self-evident principles
d) making exceptions in particular situations, resulting in the violation of underlying principles
Q:
As a result of the rapid pace of innovation:
a. product life cycles have become short.
b. product development cycles have become long.
c. market segmentation has reduced.
d. product obsolescence has slowed down.
Q:
The basis for ________ is the self-evident principle that what matters is human well-being.
a) positivism
b) utilitarianism
c) fundamentalism
d) hedonism
Q:
Technological innovations decrease:
a. the variety of goods consumers can purchase.
b. the need for differentiation among competitors.
c. the time required to design and produce new products.
d. the use of common components between different models of the same product.
Q:
Moral philosophy is concerned with deducing moral standards from ________.
a) self-evident principles
b) legal precepts
c) tautological statements
d) political maxims
Q:
A firms organizational structure and control systems have no influence on the generation of innovative ideas.
Q:
Why is the casuist approach criticized?
a) It shortcuts the application of principles in favor of conceptions of responsibility that may be inconsistent with moral standards.
b) It leaves no room for interpretation in different situations.
c) It cannot be molded to suit individual cases.
d) It does not take the decision makers self-interest into account.
Q:
According to the concept of the innovation funnel, one new idea is usually responsible for several new products.
Q:
Which of the following is true with regard to casuistry?
a) Casuistry is principled reasoning.
b) Casuistry has been characterized as a false art of making exceptions in particular situations, resulting in the violation of underlying principles.
c) Casuist approach is similar to the ethics systems and is intended to apply universally.
d) The casuist approach involves the application of principles in favor of conceptions of responsibility that is consistent with moral standards.
Q:
According to the concept of innovation funnel, the number of successful products launched will be greater than the number of raw ideas generated.
Q:
________ is an approach to moral practice that seeks to balance competing considerations by making exceptions to ethics principles in particular cases.
a) Moral philosophy
b) Political philosophy
c) Utilitarianism
d) Casuistry
Q:
The innovation process is often conceived of as a funnel, because most potential new product ideas make it through the development process.
Q:
Ethics principles prescribe behavior based on considerations that take precedence over ________.
a) consequentialism
b) altruism
c) societal wellbeing
d) self-interest