Q&A Hero

Q: What effect did emancipation have on the structure of the black family? a. Black couples managed to maintain equality within the household because black men tended to enjoy being able to stay at home. b. Black families increasingly adopted the nineteenth-century idea that men and women held different responsibilities. c. Although gender roles between men and women stayed the same, black men needed to engage in more intensive labor than ever before. d. Black families became increasingly matrilineal as black women started to enter the workforce and earn wages. e. Black families enjoyed a good, stable quality of life because most black women tended to embrace the opportunity to enter field labor. ANS: B TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Difficult REF: Full pp. 550551 | Seagull p. 566 MSC: Understanding OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: Anything less than ________ for African-Americans would betray the Civil Wars meaning, black spokesmen insisted. a. new southern railroads b. full citizenship c. woman suffrage d. farming jobs e. due process ANS: B TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Moderate REF: Full p. 552 | Seagull p. 568 MSC: Understanding OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: In terms of employment, blacks most avidly searched for a. their old jobs in the plantations. b. higher wages than whites. c. factory jobs in the North. d. the possibility to work their own land. e. work one could only attain through professional school. ANS: D TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Moderate REF: Full p. 552 | Seagull p. 568 MSC: Understanding OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: Which denominations had the largest followings among blacks after the Civil War? a. Anglican and Catholic b. Congregational and Presbyterian c. Methodist and Baptist d. Lutheran and Methodist e. Episcopal and Baptist ANS: C TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Moderate REF: Full p. 551 | Seagull p. 566 MSC: Remembering OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: Howard University is well known as a. the first medical school to admit women. b. the first black university in Mississippi. c. the oldest university in New England. d. a black university in Washington, D.C. e. the law school where Abraham Lincoln earned his degree. ANS: D TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Moderate REF: Full p. 551 | Seagull p. 567 MSC: Remembering OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: How did the Civil War affect planter families? a. For the first time, some of them had to do physical labor. b. They lost their slaves but were otherwise unaffected. c. Few lost loved ones because they were able to avoid military service. d. They endured immediate problems, but their economic revival was quick. e. Because they defined freedom broadly, they got along well with their ex-slaves. ANS: A TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Moderate REF: Full p. 554 | Seagull p. 570 MSC: Understanding OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: TEST BANK Learning Objectives

Q: In which way did the black church change during Reconstruction? a. It started to play a central role as blacks abandoned white-controlled religious institutions. b. It no longer played a central role because blacks walked away from religion in large numbers. c. It became cut off from the African-American community because it was deemed too radical. d. It stopped playing a fundamental part in blacks lives as they started to create more brotherhoods. e. Its rise coincided with a decreased interest in education on the part of African-Americans. ANS: A TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Easy REF: Full p. 551 | Seagull p. 566567 MSC: Remembering OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: What was the northern vision for the Reconstruction-era southern economy? a. to give free blacks the same employment opportunities as northern workers b. to reduce northern investments in the South and bring all freedmen into northern cities c. to abolish the Freedmens Bureau and ban all migrants d. to use sharecropping as the main labor system in both the North and the South e. to help make the Souths economy surpass the Norths in productivity and profit ANS: A TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Moderate REF: Full p. 554 | Seagull p. 570 MSC: Understanding OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South. How did Garrison Frazier define freedom for African-Americans during his January 1865 conversation with General Sherman and Secretary of War Stanton? a. having and owning their own land b. maintaining a state of mind that was untethered from material circumstances c. working for wages for an employer d. leaving the United States for Canada e. renting land on the plantations on which they had been formerly enslaved ANS: A TOP: What Is Freedom?: Reconstruction DIF: Easy REF: Full p. 549 | Seagull p. 564 MSC: Remembering OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: How did Reconstruction leave an enduring legacy? a. In the twentieth century, former slaves became the majority owners of big plantations. b. By the turn of the twentieth century, a higher percentage of African-Americans voted than whites. c. By 1900 in the South, whites were focused on creating harmony between the races. d. The nations first African-American colleges were established. e. Within fifty years of Reconstruction, a majority of African-American families owned land. ANS: D TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Moderate REF: Full p. 551 | Seagull p. 567 MSC: Applying OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: Describe the sources, goals, and competing visions for Reconstruction. Which statement is true about Sherman land? a. General Sherman established a wage labor system on the Sea Islands. b. Sherman set aside lands for settlement of black families on forty-acre plots. c. President Andrew Johnson supported and expanded the Sherman land reform. d. The Freedmans Bureau distributed hundreds of thousands of forty-acre plots of Sherman land in every southern state. e. The Sherman lands replaced the sharecropping system. ANS: B TOP: What Is Freedom?: Reconstruction DIF: Moderate REF: Full p. 549 | Seagull p. 565 MSC: Understanding OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: What was one of the ways in which black education evolved during Reconstruction? a. The first black colleges were established. b. Only white organizations ran black schools. c. It was mandatory that all black children attend school. d. Religion and black education were entirely separate by law. e. Only black schools supported by the federal government were permitted. ANS: A TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Easy REF: Full p. 551 | Seagull p. 567 MSC: Understanding OBJ: 2. Describe the sources, goals, and competing visions for Reconstruction.

Q: Describe the social and political effects of Radical Reconstruction in the South. General William T. Shermans Special Field Order 15 a. offered black soldiers widows survivors pensions. b. allowed emancipated slaves to roam freely across U.S. territory. c. gave freed slaves the right to settle in New York. d. set aside land to distribute among black families. e. conferred honors on the soldiers who had fought beside him. ANS: D TOP: What Is Freedom?: Reconstruction DIF: Moderate REF: Full p. 549 | Seagull p. 565 MSC: Remembering OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: For most former slaves, freedom first and foremost meant a. voting rights. b. landownership. c. political freedom. d. education. e. immediate relocation to the North. ANS: B TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Easy. REF: Full p. 551 | Seagull p. 568 MSC: Understanding OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: Explain the main factors, in both the North and South, for the overthrow of Reconstruction. Multiple Choice Which of the following best describes the black response to the ending of the Civil War and the coming of freedom? a. Sensing the continued hatred of whites toward them, most blacks wished to move back to Africa. b. Most blacks stayed with their old masters because they were not familiar with any other opportunities. c. Blacks adopted different ways of testing their freedom, including moving about, seeking kin, and rejecting older forms of deferential behavior. d. Desiring better wages, most blacks moved to the northern cities to seek factory work. e. Most blacks were content working for wages and not owning their own land because they believed that they had not yet earned that right. ANS: C TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Easy REF: Full p. 550 | Seagull p. 566 MSC: Understanding OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: Which of the following was true according to Frederick Douglass? a. The United States should reestablish itself as a monarchical government rather than a democracy. b. Slavery had been abolished in all ways possible when the Civil War ended. c. Southern blacks needed to move to the North and create their own separate communities. d. Slavery was not going to be truly abolished until black men held the ballot. e. Political participation for blacks was of little importance now that they were free from bondage. ANS: D TOP: The Meaning of Freedom DIF: Difficult REF: Full p. 551552 | Seagull p. 568 MSC: Understanding OBJ: 1. Identify the visions of freedom the former slaves and slaveholders pursued in the postwar South.

Q: Why did Radical Republicans believe that Andrew Johnson would support their agenda? Why was Johnson ultimately unable to lend his support to the Civil Rights Act of 1866 or to the Fourteenth Amendment?

Q: Defend this statement: For whites, freedom, no matter how defined, was a given, a birthright to be defended. For African-Americans, it was an open-ended process, a transformation of every aspect of their lives and of the society and culture that had sustained slavery in the first place.

Q: Explain how wartime devastation set in motion a chain of events that permanently altered the white yeomanrys independent way of life, leading to what they considered a loss of freedom.

Q: Reconstruction witnessed profound changes in the lives of southerners, black and white, rich and poor. Explain the various ways that the lives of these groups changed. Were the changes for the better or the worse?

Q: Stating that he lived among men, not among angels, Thaddeus Stevens recognized that the Fourteenth Amendment was not perfect. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of the Fourteenth Amendment. What liberties and freedoms did it extend in the nineteenth century, and to whom? How did it alter the relationship between the federal government and the states?

Q: What faults did the Republicans see with Presidential Reconstruction? How did they propose to rectify those deficiencies? Be sure to distinguish moderate Republicans from Radical Republicans in your answer.

Q: The Fourteenth Amendment generated much debate and division among the political parties. Give a brief description of the amendment and assess in what ways it was successful. Be sure to summarize how the different political parties viewed the amendment.

Q: Republican leader Carl Schurz referred to the laws and amendments passed during Reconstruction as the great Constitutional revolution. Please explain what he meant by this, making sure to specify what made the amendments transformative.

Q: What did freedom mean for the ex-slaves? Be sure to address economic opportunities, gender roles, religious independence, and family security.

Q: By the time the Union was restored in 1870, the southern states had Democratic majorities.

Q: Black suffrage made little difference in the South, as very few blacks voted or ran for public office during Reconstruction.

Q: White southern Democrats considered scalawags traitors to both their party and their race.

Q: While Republicans were in power in the South, they established the regions first state-supported public schools.

Q: Northern financiers were more likely to invest in the West than in the South.

Q: Opponents of Radical Reconstruction could not accept the idea of former slaves voting, holding office, and enjoying equality before the law.

Q: The Ku Klux Klan tended to be led by planters, merchants, and Democratic politicians.

Q: James Pikes The Prostrate State was in support of the black Republican governments in the South during Reconstruction.

Q: The 1873 depression strengthened the Norths resolve to ensure the success of Reconstruction because the depression really hurt the Souths farmers, highlighting the need for reform in the region.

Q: In Mississippi in 1875, white rifle clubs drilled in public and openly assaulted and murdered Republicans.

Q: As part of the Bargain of 1877, Hayes agreed to recognize Democratic control of the South.

Q: Birthright citizenship can be viewed as a rejection of associating citizenship only with whiteness.

Q: According to his speech A Composite Nation, Frederick Douglass believed Chinese immigrants should be naturalized as Americans and hold the same rights as all other citizens.

Q: Unlike Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone favored the Fifteenth Amendment.

Q: The Wyoming territorial government granted suffrage to women because people voted for gender equality.

Q: Black ministers during Reconstruction played a minor role in politics because they could not hold public offices.

Q: During Reconstruction, blacks could only get an education inside the classroom.

Q: The Freedmens Bureau presaged some government social policies that would be enacted during the Great Depression.

Q: Because of land redistribution, the vast majority of rural freedmen and freedwomen prospered during Reconstruction.

Q: By the mid-1870s, white farmers were cultivating as much as 80 percent of the regions cotton crop.

Q: Economic growth in the South was stronger in urban areas than in rural centers.

Q: Compared to rebels in the rest of world historys civil wars, the rebels of the defeated Confederacy were treated very harshly.

Q: Thaddeus Stevenss most cherished aim was to confiscate the land of disloyal planters and divide it among former slaves and northern migrants to the South.

Q: The Civil Rights Act of 1866 became the first major law in American history to be passed over a presidential veto.

Q: With the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment, all people born in the United States were automatically citizens.

Q: The Senate, following the Houses impeachment vote, removed Andrew Johnson from office.

Q: The 1868 presidential election saw Ulysses S. Grant defeating Horatio Seymour.

Q: The Bargain of 1877 a. formed a commission to oversee the results of the presidential election. b. was not fulfilled in all its parts. c. included the agreement that Hayes would put a northerner in the cabinet position of postmaster general. d. radicalized black activists. e. gave more power to southern Republicans.

Q: ___ 1. Benjamin Turner ___ 2. Andrew Johnson ___ 3. Charles Sumner ___ 4. Carl Schurz ___ 5. Edwin Stanton ___ 6. Elizabeth Cady Stanton ___ 7. Lyman Trumbull ___ 8. Hiram Revels ___ 9. Ulysses S. Grant ___ 10. Horace Greeley ___ 11. Blanche Bruce ___ 12. Frederick Douglass a. second black U.S. senator b. proposed the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 c. Presidential Reconstruction d. Liberal Republicans presidential candidate e. abolitionist who condemned anti-Asian discrimination f. Reconstruction congressman and black leader g. Whiskey Ring h. leader of the Republican Party i. National Woman Suffrage Association j. Radical Republican senator from Massachusetts k. first black U.S. senator l. secretary of war

Q: ___ 1. Special Field Order 15 ___ 2. carpetbaggers ___ 3. Howard University ___ 4. scalawag ___ 5. Black Codes ___ 6. Enforcement Acts ___ 7. Redeemers ___ 8. Compromise of 1877 ___ 9. Freedmens Bureau ___ 10. Ku Klux Klan ___ 11. Whiskey Ring ___ 12. impeachment a. restrictions placed on freed blacks in the South b. scandal in the Grant administration c. origin of forty acres and a mule d. northern-born Republicans in the South during Reconstruction e. ended Reconstruction f. government agency that helped blacks in the South g. black school in Washington, D.C. h. public official charged with wrongdoing i. southern-born white Republican j. targeted the Ku Klux Klan k. Democrats who took control in the South during the 1870s l. terrorist organization

Q: ___ 1. Fourteenth Amendment ___ 2. Fifteenth Amendment ___ 3. Reconstruction Act ___ 4. Enforcement Acts ___ 5. Civil Rights Act of 1875 ___ 6. Civil Rights Bill of 1866 ___ 7. Tenure of Office Act ___ 8. Bargain of 1877 a. Declared that all persons born in the United States were citizens b. Started with the period of Radical Reconstruction c. Expanded the power of national government during Reconstruction d. Settled the presidential elections of 1877 e. Outlawed racial discrimination in public places f. Guaranteed all citizens equal protection of the laws g. Declared no U.S. citizen should be denied the right to vote h. Restricted the power of the president to remove certain officeholders

Q: After the Civil War, some ex-slaves walked hundreds of miles in search of family members.

Q: The Prostrate State depicts a. an ailing slave who is unable to live long enough to see emancipation. b. South Carolina under allegedly corrupt Negro rule during Reconstruction. c. an economically weak South unable to contribute to the national economy. d. a terrorized black community during the reign of the Ku Klux Klan. e. an apathetic Congress that has given up on Reconstruction after 1870.

Q: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the Slaughterhouse Cases that a. most rights of citizens were under the control of state governments rather than the federal government. b. states could not interfere with vigorous federal enforcement of a broad array of civil rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. c. the federal government had sole authority under the Commerce Clause to regulate the meatpacking industry. d. voting rights of African-Americans under the Fifteenth Amendment could not be abridged or denied by any state. e. Reconstruction had progressed too far and was now officially ended.

Q: In the 1870s, who claimed to have saved the white South from the corruption of northern and black officials? a. Republicans b. carpetbaggers c. Redeemers d. scalawags e. Ulysses Grant

Q: The election of 1876 a. was won by Rutherford B. Hayes by a landslide. b. was finally decided by the Supreme Court. c. marked the final stage of Reconstruction, which ended in 1880. d. was tainted by claims of fraud in Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana. e. was won by Ulysses S. Grant by a narrow count.

Q: When analyzing the election of 1876, what conclusion can be drawn? a. Rutherford Hayes did poorly in the western states. b. The Republican Party did a good job protecting the voting rights of African-Americans in Mississippi. c. A majority of northerners wanted to enforce Reconstruction policies more stringently. d. The Republican Party had increased its support in the South. e. If Tilden had won Louisiana, Florida, or South Carolina, he would have been president.

Q: Reconstruction planted the seed of a debate that would dominate the political agenda for the next half century. What was this debate about? a. gender equality b. the division between politics and religion c. the definition of the economic essence of freedom d. the minimum amount of education necessary to have the right to vote e. the validity of Native American treaties

Q: The Bargain of 1877 a. allowed Samuel Tilden to become president. b. led to the appointment of a southerner as postmaster general. c. marked a compromise between Radical and Liberal Republicans. d. called for the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment. e. was made by Grant to prevent his impeachment over the Whiskey Ring.

Q: The civil rights era of the 1950s and 1960s is sometimes called the a. Equality Era. b. Gilded Age. c. Socialist Era. d. Information Age. e. Second Reconstruction.

Q: By examining Reconstruction from 1863 to 1877, what conclusion can be drawn? a. It remade the South economically. b. Equal rights for African-Americans continued to increase after 1877. c. It was one of the most complex time periods in American history. d. It was a total failure and left no blueprint for the future. e. The United States had become a declining world power in regard to trade.

Q: During Radical Reconstruction, what did every state help finance in an effort to transform the South into a society of booming factories, bustling towns, and diversified agriculture? a. buses b. libraries c. railroad construction d. public recreation centers e. museums

Q: The Whiskey Ring scandal took place during the administration of a. Abraham Lincoln. b. Andrew Johnson. c. Ulysses Grant. d. Rutherford Hayes. e. Chester Arthur.

Q: Which statement is true about the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)? a. The KKK was primarily concerned with stopping Asian immigration to the South. b. Founded in 1866 in Tennessee, the KKK was a terrorist organization that attacked black and white Republicans during Reconstruction. c. Most southern planters, merchants, and Democratic politicians who considered themselves respectable citizens publicly condemned the Klan. d. President Grants dispatching of federal marshals and troops in 1871 failed to have any effect on Klan violence. e. The KKK functioned as the military arm of the Republican Party in the South.

Q: The bloodiest act of violence during Reconstruction took place in ________ in 1873, where armed whites killed hundreds of former slaves, including fifty militia members who had surrendered. a. York County, South Carolina, b. Marietta, Georgia, c. Lynchburg, Virginia, d. Colfax, Louisiana, e. Guilford County, North Carolina,

Q: The Enforcement Acts, passed by Congress in 1870 and 1871, were designed to a. end Reconstruction by allowing state governments to oversee citizenship rights. b. stop the activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. c. enforce the Emancipation Proclamation in the Confederate states. d. increase the authority of the Freedmens Bureau. e. eliminate racial discrimination in public spaces such as hotels and theaters.

Q: The Enforcement Acts a. drove the Ku Klux Klan out of existence in 1872. b. ended terrorism in the South for the rest of Reconstruction. c. were not really used by President Grant until 1875, when he stepped up efforts to protect polling places. d. were used by state governments to enforce the terms of sharecropping contracts. e. prevented immigration into the former Confederate states.

Q: The Liberal Republican movement in 1872 a. sought stronger action to ensure the political and social rights of African-Americans in the South. b. was led by President Grant as a way of countering a Democratic resurgence in the southern states. c. was successful in electing Rutherford B. Hayes president of the United States that year. d. initially had little to do with Reconstruction but encouraged opposition to Grants policies in the South. e. drew most of its strength from southern black leaders such as James S. Pike and Albion Tourg e.

Q: Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce were the first two blacks to a. become medical doctors. b. become preachers in a white church. c. be elected as mayors. d. teach at white schools. e. be part of the U.S. Senate.

Q: During Radical Reconstruction, Republican governments in the South a. passed laws to ensure plantation owners had the first claim on harvested crops. b. created the regions first state-funded systems of free public education. c. reestablished property requirements for voting. d. attracted the votes of most former Confederates who had supported the Democratic Party. e. generally reduced the number of public institutions and services.

Q: Black officeholders during Reconstruction a. were extremely rare. b. were entirely carpetbaggers and scalawags. c. helped ensure a degree of fairness for African-American citizens. d. were limited to local offices. e. demonstrated that whites had lost all of their political power in the South.

Q: If a man from Maine came to live in the South as a teacher, what would he most likely be labeled as? a. a scalawag b. a teacher c. a Liberal Republican d. a carpetbagger e. an angel of mercy

Q: Most of those termed scalawags during Reconstruction had been a. owners of large southern plantations before the Civil War. b. non-slaveholding white farmers from the southern upcountry prior to the Civil War. c. enslaved African-Americans before emancipation. d. Union soldiers during the war, but then they decided to stay in the South. e. Confederate officers and Confederate government officials during the Civil War.

Q: Southern Republicans during Reconstruction a. excluded former Confederates from their ranks. b. established the Souths first state-supported schools. c. redistributed most former plantation lands to freedmen and poor whites. d. helped elect African-American governors in four states. e. ran the most corrupt governments in American history.