Q&A Hero

Q: Which statement is true regarding the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858? a. Lincoln disagreed with Douglass view that whites were a superior race. b. Douglas argued that there should be a national popular vote on the morality of slavery. c. Lincoln believed that blacks as well as whites were entitled to the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence. d. Lincoln argued for free western territories mainly so that free black people could find new homes and better conditions of life. e. Lincoln argued that the Constitution would have to be amended to restrict slavery from the territories.

Q: On matters related to citizenship, the U.S. Supreme Court declared in Dred Scott that a. free African-Americans could vote. b. anyone that a state considered to be a citizen was a U.S. citizen. c. freeborn blacks were U.S. citizens, but those born into slavery and later freed could not be citizens. d. citizenship was limited to males. e. only white persons could be U.S. citizens.

Q: The Lecompton Constitution was the a. antislavery constitution adopted in Nebraska. b. proslavery constitution proposed for Kansas. c. pro-secession constitution of North Carolina. d. Missouri constitution preferred by Abraham Lincoln. e. compromise offered in 1861 to end the secession crisis.

Q: In the Dred Scott decision, what was the primary reason given by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney for refusing to consider blacks American citizens? a. Blacks had been considered inferior in America for more than a century, including by the founding fathers. b. Blacks had been granted an inferior role in society by God. c. Blacks were a dangerous class of people, lacking the moral restraint necessary for full political freedom. d. Blacks lacked the intelligence necessary to vote and engage in politics. e. Blacks did not hold a meaningful economic stake in the success of the American project.

Q: Which event sparked Abraham Lincolns reentry into politics? a. Compromise of 1850 b. Mexican-American War c. Dred Scott decision d. raid on Harpers Ferry e. Kansas-Nebraska Act

Q: What do Taneys arguments regarding citizenship in the Dred Scott decision imply about the nature of citizenship? a. It is an ancient ideal that can be traced back to the Roman Empire. b. It is a God-given privilege afforded only to those who have demonstrated that they are worthy of it. c. It can be both granted to and taken away from a person through legislative acts. d. It is an evolving entity, destined to include a larger number of people as society changes. e. It is a social construct defined by those whom it pertains to.

Q: The Republican presidential candidate in 1856 was a. John Breckinridge. b. Abraham Lincoln. c. Charles Sumner. d. John Fr mont. e. James Buchanan.

Q: What argument was made by critics of the Dred Scott decision such as James McCune Smith and John McLean? a. The Supreme Court could not be considered an impartial judge in this case because most of the justices were southerners. b. Citizenship implied the right to keep and carry arms. c. All free persons born on American soil were automatically citizens. d. The Republican platform of restricting slaverys expansion was unconstitutional. e. The nations founders had never intended for black people to have the rights of citizens.

Q: Which represents Abraham Lincolns views on race in the 1850s? a. Blacks and whites were intellectual equals. b. Black men should have economic opportunities to better themselves. c. Black men should be given the right to vote in Illinois. d. Blacks should be given the same legal rights as whites. e. Free blacks should be viewed as fundamentally different from slaves.

Q: Republicans a. were mostly abolitionists. b. opposed the expansion of slavery. c. opposed immigration. d. opposed free labor ideology. e. opposed industrialization.

Q: The Dred Scott decision of the U.S. Supreme Court a. declared that Congress could not ban slavery from territories. b. endorsed the free-soil policy of the Republicans. c. backed the idea of popular sovereignty. d. freed Dred and Harriet Scott. e. extended the Missouri Compromise line to California.

Q: The Republican free labor ideology a. convinced northerners that Catholic immigrants posed a more significant threat than the southern slave power. b. won Republicans significant support from non-slaveholders in the South in 1856. c. owed its origins to Abraham Lincolns reemergence in the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. d. accepted southerners point that slavery protected their liberty, but explained that the economic benefits of free labor would outweigh the damage abolition would do to southern liberty. e. suggested that free labor and slave labor were essentially incompatible.

Q: Which statement is true about the effects and aftermath of the 1857 Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford? a. The decision in effect declared the Republican plan to restrict slaverys expansion unconstitutional. b. President Buchanan declared that slavery was banned in all the territories. c. Stephen Douglas praised the Courts affirmation of the doctrine of popular sovereignty. d. Dred Scott remained enslaved until his death. e. All people born in the United States were declared citizens, regardless of race.

Q: The caning of Charles Sumner by Preston Brooks a. showed the extreme violence of which northern abolitionists were capable. b. actually helped the new Republican Party. c. was denounced by most southerners as barbaric. d. occurred because Sumner praised the attack on Lawrence, Kansas. e. was unusual because both men were proslavery Democrats.

Q: Which position was taken by Stephen Douglas in the Lincoln-Douglas debates? a. Local self-government was essential in order for American to truly be a free county. b. Only the national government had the right to decide whether slavery was legal. c. Blacks would eventually achieve the same rights as whites, but the time was not yet right. d. Slavery was a moral wrong, but the government had no right to outlaw it. e. Slavery needed to be extended to the West Coast to ensure the freedom of southerners.

Q: Stephen Douglass motivation for introducing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was to a. boost efforts to build a transcontinental railroad. b. spread slavery to as many regions as possible. c. win the position of Speaker of the House of Representatives. d. pacify southerners who strongly supported the idea of popular sovereignty. e. help Franklin Pierce win a second term as president.

Q: Why were the Know-Nothings unable to curb the political influence of Irish immigrants? a. The pope interceded on behalf of Catholics in America. b. Southern slaveholders protected the rights of immigrants. c. The Irish used their economic clout to gain political influence. d. After arriving in the United States, most of the Irish converted to Protestant faiths. e. Voting rights were being determined by race.

Q: What was ironic about the Fugitive Slave Act? a. Only ten slaves were returned to the South. b. Abolitionists endorsed this federal legislation. c. Ex-slaves who gained their freedom before 1850 resented the law. d. The South promoted states rights, but with this law agreed to strong federal action. e. It resulted in the North and South gaining more respect for each others way of life.

Q: Which of the following is an example of the political impact of the Kansas-Nebraska Act? a. A strong, united Whig Party won the White House in the next presidential election. b. Nearly half of northern Democrats joined the patriotic American Party. c. The Whig Party collapsed, and many disgruntled northerners joined the new Republican Party. d. Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln decided to become running mates for the presidential election of 1856. e. The new Free Soil Party strongly endorsed the Act and won new congressional seats in several Upper South districts.

Q: In the late 1850s, a white slaveholder living in Mississippi most likely voted for candidates from which political party? a. Free Soil b. Democratic c. American d. Whig e. Republican

Q: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 a. required that runaway slaves have a trial by jury. b. allowed individual citizens to refuse to assist federal agents in capturing runaway slaves. c. allowed local authorities to protect runaway slaves from capture by federal agents. d. allowed federal commissioners to determine the fate of fugitives without a jury trial. e. was a betrayal of the Compromise of 1850.

Q: The Republican Party founded in the 1850s strongly endorsed the same policy about slavery in the territories that ________ had begun advocating in 1846. a. David Wilmot b. Stephen Douglas c. John C. Calhoun d. Roger Taney e. Henry Clay

Q: In the wake of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, a. the Whig Party became a southern party. b. the North became solidly Democratic. c. the unity of the Democratic Party was shattered. d. the Democratic Party became more united than ever. e. Stephen A. Douglas retired from politics.

Q: What became a key component of the Underground Railroad in the 1850s? a. Abolitionists finally agreed to participate in hiding and moving slaves to freedom. b. Slave catchers also employed the Underground Railroad to return slaves to the South. c. The Erie Canal became the primary means to get slaves to freedom in Canada. d. Ships bound for Africa were added to allow slaves to return to their homelands. e. Trains were used more frequently to take slaves to Canada and freedom.

Q: The controversy over the arrest of escaped slaves in the North shows a. the problematic nature of the Dred Scott decision. b. that abolitionists were definitely declining in influence. c. the unpopularity of the Fugitive Slave Act in parts of the North. d. the popularity of the Whig Party in the South. e. that the gag rule had serious consequences well into the 1850s.

Q: Which statement is true regarding free labor ideology? a. Free labor ideology glorified the South as the home of progress, opportunity, and freedom. b. According to free labor ideology, economic independence was of limited importance to freedom. c. Free labor ideology was most popular among poor southern whites. d. Free labor and slavery could coexist peacefully for an unlimited amount of time. e. According to free labor ideology, slavery must be kept out of the territories so that free laborers could move up to the status of landowning farmers and independent craftsmen.

Q: As a result of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, a. sectional divisions eased. b. Ralph Waldo Emerson counseled northerners to cooperate with federal authorities regardless of what their consciences told them. c. the thousands of black refugees that sought safety in Canada challenged the image of the United States as an asylum for freedom. d. only border states like Virginia and Kentucky were affected. e. the Underground Railroad shut down for the next decade.

Q: From 1848 to 1860, most of the railroad construction was in which region? a. Northeast b. Southeast c. Southwest d. Midwest e. West Coast

Q: Which was a factor in the rise of the Republican Party? a. a decline in immigration from Europe b. a shift of the northern population to large cities. c. the opening of the major ports in San Diego and San Francisco d. integration of the northern economy following the completion of the railroad network e. a decline in coal mining and iron manufacturing

Q: In 1854, the Know-Nothings won all the congressional races as well as the governorship in a. Louisiana. b. South Carolina. c. Ohio. d. Massachusetts. e. Georgia.

Q: What effect did the establishment of an extensive railway system have on the American economy? a. It encouraged rapid urbanization, so that by 1850 the majority of Americans in the North lived in cities. b. It made Chicago Americas financial and commercial center during the nineteenth century. c. It created an economic bubble that led to a depression beginning in 1843. d. It created economic connections between the Northwest and the Northeast. e. It significantly increased the costs paid by farmers to transport their goods to market.

Q: The Know-Nothing Party a. opposed the temperance movement. b. supported slavery. c. prevented foreign-born people from voting after 1860. d. supported equal political rights for all religious groups. e. was dedicated to reserving political office for native-born Americans.

Q: Which was a component of the Know-Nothing Party? a. support for universal white male suffrage b. opposition to temperance c. opposition to the public school system d. support for slavery e. anti-Catholicism

Q: Irish immigrant men in the 1850s a. were not legally white. b. pushed free black workers out of low-wage jobs. c. could not vote. d. were mostly Protestant. e. faced no discrimination in employment, housing, and education.

Q: Why did Democratic and Whig Party lines crumble in 1846? a. Democrats and Whigs agreed that the United States shouldnt invade Mexico. b. The Methodist and Baptist churches divided into northern and southern branches. c. Northerners, regardless of party, supported the Wilmot Proviso, while southerners opposed it. d. They disagreed over U.S. policy toward Japan. e. Neither party could settle internal disputes over immigration policy, prompted by the gold rush.

Q: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 a. won the grudging support of Ralph Waldo Emerson as a necessary compromise. b. gave new powers to federal officers to override local law enforcement. c. was declared unconstitutional in the Dred Scott case. d. angered southerners by weakening an earlier law on fugitive slaves. e. convinced Abraham Lincoln to retire briefly from political life.

Q: In 1846, Congressman David Wilmot proposed to a. prohibit slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico. b. allow voters to decide the status of slavery in new territories. c. divide the Oregon Country between Great Britain and the United States. d. annex Cuba to avoid southern secession. e. allow slavery to expand into California and New Mexico.

Q: Which is true of the Wilmot Proviso? a. Its passage into law nullified the Missouri Compromise. b. Democrats opposed it and Whigs supported it. c. Opponents of the measure organized the Free Soil Party. d. It was declared illegal by the Supreme Courts decision in the Dred Scott case. e. Response to the measure was determined by geography, with the North supporting it and the South opposing it.

Q: The Free Soil Party a. demonstrated that antislavery sentiment had spread far beyond the abolitionist ranks. b. cost Henry Clay the presidency by siphoning votes from him in New York. c. was powerful enough to convince James Polk not to seek reelection. d. strongly opposed the Wilmot Proviso but agreed to let it pass as part of a compromise. e. nominated Zachary Taylor for president.

Q: What two meanings did the term free soil have, in regard to the Free Soil Party? a. freedom from the existence of slavery in the new territories and government-provided free homesteads for white settlers in these territories b. freedom from actual slavery for blacks living in the South and freedom from wage slavery for whites living in the North c. freedom from the gag rule and from the Fugitive Slave Act d. freedom from government intervention in the economy, both in the form of tariffs and through attempts to limit slavery e. freedom for all southerners to own slaves and freedom for all northerners to hire low-paid immigrant labor

Q: The Free Soil Party a. only appealed to radical abolitionists and free blacks. b. appealed to opponents of protective tariffs and government aid for internal improvements. c. was concerned with ending racism throughout the western states and territories. d. appealed to Americans who resented the northern domination of the federal government. e. appealed to northern working-class Americans who saw access to homesteads on western lands as the only possibility for economic independence.

Q: What was the significance of the argument concerning the extension of slavery into territory acquired following the Mexican War? a. It became a public debate over the question of outlawing slavery throughout the entire United States. b. It represented a struggle between the North and South for control of the federal government. c. It inspired a series of political compromises that resulted in the United States gaining more territory in the Caribbean. d. It created an opportunity for the Democrats to consolidate their power. e. It undermined membership in Protestant churches throughout the North.

Q: What occurred in 1848 in Europe? a. There were revolutions against monarchies. b. Germany was united. c. Italian kingdoms reunified. d. Napoleon escaped, created an army, and attacked England. e. The Chartist movement renounced democracy.

Q: Which American naval officer negotiated a treaty that opened two Japanese ports to U.S. ships in 1854? a. Oliver H. Perry b. John Paul Jones c. Alfred Mahan d. Chester Nimitz e. Matthew Perry

Q: What was a key provision of the Compromise of 1850? a. California would enter the Union as a slave state. b. Slavery would be abolished in Washington, D.C. c. The Oregon Territory would be created. d. The Fugitive Slave Act gave runaway slaves more protection and guaranteed them a lawyer in court. e. The New Mexico and Utah Territories would use popular sovereignty to decide on slavery.

Q: The opening of Japan to U.S. trade led to what? a. Japan creating its own minstrel shows. b. Other nations wanting to carve up Japanese territory. c. Japan becoming a modernized military power. d. The United States becoming much less interested in China. e. Japan attacking Russia.

Q: What was the purpose of the Appeal of the Independent Democrats? a. convince residents of Kansas to vote in favor of allowing slavery in the state b. rally opposition to the bill that became the Kansas-Nebraska Act c. portray Abraham Lincoln as a threat to the rights of southern states d. protest the Fugitive Slave Act as an example of executive overreach e. argue that popular sovereignty was the only constitutional way to decide whether new states should be slave or free

Q: The Wilmot Proviso, admission of California into the Union, and the Missouri Compromise revealed what? a. The slaves should be freed immediately. b. Popular sovereignty needed to be used. c. Ex-slaves should be sent to another part of the world. d. A slave should be counted as three-fifths of a person. e. The extension of slavery was a volatile issue.

Q: The northern opponents of the Compromise of 1850 a. included key Whig leaders Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. b. received a boost from President Zachary Taylor. c. were surprised when John C. Calhoun spoke in favor of the Compromise. d. argued that California must become a free state, which the Compromise did not allow. e. were thrilled to have the support of influential Vice President Millard Fillmore.

Q: Which statement is true about the concept of race in the United States in the nineteenth century? a. Race was a vague notion; for example, the Anglo-Saxon race was defined largely as the opposite of being black, Hispanic, Indian, or Catholic. b. U.S. aggression against Mexico, a sovereign republic, led most Americans to reject the idea that Anglo-Saxon Protestants were an innately liberty-loving race. c. The concept of manifest destiny held that all races and cultures are equal. d. The concept of race did not yet exist in the nineteenth century. e. The concept of race had largely been discredited as merely a social construct.

Q: One aspect of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848 provided for what? a. the transfer of Montana to the United States b. payment of $15 million to the Mexican citizenry in the United States c. Mexicans to still govern themselves in Texas and New Mexico d. U.S. control of all of the Oregon Country e. protection of large Mexican landowners in California

Q: The California gold rush turned ________ into perhaps the worlds most diverse city. a. San Diego b. Los Angeles c. Malibu d. Sacramento e. San Francisco

Q: How did the California gold rush affect the California economy? a. It drew workers away from its rich farmlands. b. It created economic opportunities for women in special women-only mines. c. It created a sense of competition between American and foreign miners. d. It created a robust upper-middle class of self-made men. e. It hurt the development of San Francisco as residents moved to mining areas outside of town.

Q: How did the California gold rush affect the California population? a. Tens of thousands of workers from Japan created the first significant Asian population in the United States. b. Foreign miners controlled most of the mine leases and most of the wealth in the territory. c. Treasure seekers from around the world created a population with remarkable ethnic diversity. d. The Native American population grew as tribes gained wealth through leases on mines. e. A rapid influx of young married couples resulted in an explosion in the number of young white children.

Q: In the Texas borderland in the years after 1836, a. Comanche Indians ceded their lands and assimilated into American culture. b. Tejanos were increasingly confined to unskilled agricultural and urban labor. c. the Catholic Church became more powerful. d. most Tejanos converted to Protestantism. e. relations between Anglos and Tejanos who had fought together for independence remained harmonious because the Anglos respected Tejano culture.

Q: Which statement is true regarding the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? a. The treaty was designed to prevent the separation of families and the interruption of established trade routes. b. The treaty protected the rights of Indians in the ceded territory to maintain their homelands and hunting grounds. c. The treaty had little impact on Mexican citizens because only about 10,000 people lived in the Mexican Cession. d. The treaty nullified the property rights of large Mexican landholders in California. e. The treaty ceded California and present-day New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah to the United States.

Q: Which is true of California in the 1850s? a. Thousands of Indian children were bought and sold as slaves. b. Thousands of free blacks were paid minimal wages to work the worst jobs in the mining camps. c. Voting rights were extended to all white men, including immigrants from Asia, but denied to Indians and free blacks. d. Indian communities prospered by renting land and selling supplies to gold miners. e. Wealthy Mexican landowners dominated the new state government.

Q: In the first half of the nineteenth century, the United States gained the most territory through a. purchasing territory from Russia. b. a treaty with Great Britain. c. purchasing territory from France. d. wars with Mexico. e. purchasing territory from Spain.

Q: Which was a result of the United States victory in the Mexican War? a. Mexico imposed a trade embargo against the United States. b. Native Americans seized control of ports in Southern California. c. Control over valuable trading ports on the West Coast created a trading boom with the Far East. d. Tensions with Great Britain arose over control of Pacific trade routes. e. The U.S. Army suffered significant losses of men and equipment.

Q: What role did attitudes toward race have in the territory acquired from the Mexican War? a. White superiority was challenged by the accomplishments of Tejano residents. b. Only people classified as whites gained full rights. c. The Texas Constitution adopted the Mexican practice of considering people of all backgrounds equal before the law. d. Free blacks were offered free land in hopes of boosting the American-born population. e. An underclass of destitute whites came to be viewed as a separate racial category.

Q: According to John L. OSullivans Democratic Review, what was the key to the history of nations and the rise and fall of empires? a. race b. democracy c. economic freedom d. slavery e. printing

Q: Which was true of the constitution of independent Texas? a. It imposed a five-year ban of the importation of slaves. b. It denied rights to people of color that they had enjoyed when Mexico controlled Texas. c. It offered voting rights to free blacks who met property qualifications. d. It included provisions for an independent Comanche tribal government. e. Land sales by private sellers were prohibited.

Q: Which statement is true about the Mexican War of 18461848? a. Mexico was still a Spanish colony when the war started. b. Mexico won the war and regained Texas. c. It was opposed by a significant minority in the North. d. Mexico lost the war but ceded only about 10 percent of its territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. e. The war is largely forgotten in Mexico.

Q: Which two political figures agreed to keep the issue of annexing Texas out of the 1844 presidential campaign if possible? a. John Tyler and John C. Calhoun b. Henry Clay and Daniel Webster c. Henry Clay and Martin Van Buren d. Henry Clay and James Polk e. Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams

Q: Who wrote On Civil Disobedience as a response to the U.S. war with Mexico? a. Abraham Lincoln b. Ralph Waldo Emerson c. David Walker d. David Wilmot e. Henry David Thoreau

Q: Which of the following was a critic of the Mexican War? a. Zachary Taylor b. James K. Polk c. Ulysses S. Grant d. John C. Calhoun e. John C. Fr mont

Q: Who questioned President Polks right to declare war by introducing a resolution to Congress requesting that the president specify the precise spot where blood had first been shed? a. Daniel Webster b. John C. Calhoun c. Stephen Douglas d. Abraham Lincoln e. Charles Sumner

Q: When Democrats demanded the reannexation of Texas in 1844, they a. implied that Texas had once been part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase. b. were consciously appealing to northern Whigs. c. were seeking to take the slavery issue out of the presidential campaign. d. neglected to say anything about the status of Oregon. e. realized their stand would not be very popular in the South.

Q: Which is true of Texas during its time as an independent nation? a. Tejanos were encouraged to keep their Mexican customs. b. Relations between Anglos and Tejanos deteriorated. c. Catholicism became the dominant religion. d. Protestant missionaries established Spanish-language schools. e. Tejanos owned most of the land and dominated local politics.

Q: Fifty-four forty or fight referred to demands for American control of a. Texas. b. Oregon. c. California. d. Mexico. e. Kansas and Nebraska.

Q: Which was the dominant group in the disputed territory in southern Texas until the 1870s? a. Apaches b. Comanches c. Mexico d. Spain e. the United States

Q: During the Mexican War a. Mexican troops occupied much of Texas after winning at the Alamo. b. the bulk of the fighting occurred in California. c. for the first time, U.S. troops occupied a foreign capital. d. an American revolt in California led briefly to a monarchy. e. Whigs strongly supported Polks policies.

Q: Which is true of James K. Polk? a. He opposed annexation of Texas. b. He defeated Martin Van Buren in the election of 1844. c. He was a benevolent slave owner, who taught his slaves how to read. d. He feuded with Andrew Jackson for most of his political career. e. He is considered the first dark horse presidential candidate.

Q: Why did President James K. Polk initiate military action against Mexico in April 1846? a. Mexico had invaded Louisiana. b. Polk claimed God had instructed him to free his brethren to the south. c. He sought to end slavery in New Mexico. d. Polk wanted to purchase California, but Mexico refused to negotiate. e. The United States was helping Spain to reconquer lost colonies.

Q: Which political faction was most upset when the United States and Britain split territory in Oregon at the forty-ninth parallel? a. southern Democrats b. northern Democrats c. Liberty Party members d. northern Whigs e. southern Whigs

Q: Which statement is true regarding Americans reactions to the Mexican War of 18461848? a. A majority of Americans were inspired by the expansionist fervor of manifest destiny to support the war. b. Ulysses S. Grant led his troops in defecting from the American army. c. Abraham Lincoln supported the war. d. Henry David Thoreau showed his support by volunteering to fight in the war. e. Many northerners dissented against the war because they believed the Polk administrations real aim was to abolish slavery.

Q: Which of the goals of the Polk administration resulted in war? a. reducing the tariff b. settling the slavery dispute c. settling the dispute over ownership of Oregon d. acquiring California e. reestablishing the Independent Treasury system

Q: Why did Mississippi politician Jefferson Davis object in the 1850s to the original design of the Statue of Freedom that now adorns the U.S. Capitol dome? a. He disliked the fact that the sculptor was a former slave, thus suggesting that blacks were as gifted as whites. b. The use of a soldier as the key figure made the nation appear too militaristic. c. It portrayed Freedom as a nude woman, which he saw as inappropriate. d. Its use of an ancient Roman liberty cap on Freedom raised a touchy matter about slaves longing for freedom. e. He believed using freedom in the statues name was a subtle attack on slave states, so he preferred using justice instead.

Q: Which is true of the Texas revolt? a. It resulted in the creation of the independent Republic of Texas. b. It was the first time that the U.S. Army fought on foreign soil. c. The battle for the Alamo was a surprising Mexican defeat. d. It consisted of sporadic but vicious battles between American and Tejano settlers. e. It was sparked by the Mexican government seizing the slaves of American settlers.

Q: In the early 1840s, a large increase in the migration of American settlers west of the Mississippi River was sparked by a. the abolition of slavery in the Deep South. b. Indian tribes regaining land east of the Mississippi River. c. the economic depression that began in 1837. d. a widespread rejection of the concept of manifest destiny. e. Mexicos sale of California to the United States in 1840.