Q&A Hero

Q: Common schools a. were intended to promote social equality. b. taught students to question authority and reject time discipline. c. only employed men as teachers. d. were opposed by the labor movement. e. were more prevalent in the South than the North.

Q: Which tactic did abolitionists use most often in the 1820s and 1840s? a. funding and arming slaves who were willing to rebel against their owners b. presenting slavery as morally wrong c. presenting slavery as an economic threat to northern states d. funding candidates who promised to enact abolitionist agendas e. convincing slave owners to voluntarily free their slaves

Q: By 1860, what was true about common schools? a. Every state had established a tax-supported school system. b. Every southern state had established a tax-supported school system. c. Northern school systems received support from labor organizations, factory owners, and middle-class reformers. d. The common school system had collapsed due to opposition from parents. e. The common school system had collapsed due to competition from private schools.

Q: William Lloyd Garrison a. secretly financed Nat Turners Rebellion. b. began publishing his newspaper in Richmond, Virginia, in 1831, but moved it to friendlier territory two years later. c. attracted little support from fellow abolitionists, but historians have discovered his importance. d. suggested that the North dissolve the Union to free itself of any connection to slavery. e. published American Slavery as It Is, an influential pamphlet.

Q: Who wrote, I will not equivocateI will not excuse I will not retreat a single inchand I will be heard? a. Frederick Douglass b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton c. Margaret Fuller d. Horace Mann e. William Lloyd Garrison

Q: William Lloyd Garrison argued in Thoughts on African Colonization that a. blacks could never fully achieve equality in America and would be happier in Africa. b. because slaves were uneducated, it was necessary to educate them in America before sending them to Africa. c. blacks were not strangers in America to be shipped abroad but should be recognized as a permanent part of American society. d. colonization should be subsidized through a tax on cotton. e. because blacks had no political experience, Garrison himself ought to be appointed governor of the African colony.

Q: How did abolitionists expand on the Christmas holiday in the decades before the Civil War? a. They refused to celebrate Christmas with gifts until abolition was achieved. b. They sent anonymous gifts to slaves throughout the South. c. They helped to create the idea of a Christmas shopping season. d. They encouraged slaveowners to teach slaves about Christmas. e. They created the custom of putting up a Christmas tree.

Q: What was the significance of Theodore Welds arguments concerning slavery? a. By equating slavery with sin, he made abolition seem urgent. b. By equating blacks with Africans, he inspired the creation of the Colonization Society. c. By critiquing slavery using the language of natural rights, he created a new politically based argument for abolition. d. By suggesting that slavery was economically inefficient, he presented it as doomed to failure. e. By sharing his experiences as a slave in an eloquent and intelligent manner, he undermined the idea that blacks were intellectually inferior.

Q: By 1840, how many northerners had joined abolitionist organizations? a. 1,000 b. 10,000 c. 100,000 d. 1,000,000 e. 10,000,000

Q: Which of the following was pioneered by abolitionist societies? a. the use of the telegraph b. fund-raising through charity fairs c. the printing of tracts and pamphlets d. speaking tours e. the Underground Railroad

Q: Members of which one of the following groups were generally opposed to the temperance movement? a. Catholics b. Protestants c. women d. Perfectionists e. northern middle class

Q: Which is true of the efforts of the Colonization Society? a. They received little support from political leaders. b. They were financially supported by William Lloyd Garrison. c. They resulted in the creation of the free African nation of Ghana in 1835. d. They were praised by the English writer Harriet Martineau. e. They were scorned and opposed by most free African-Americans.

Q: Which provided the first significant career opportunity for women in the nineteenth century? a. common schools b. abolitionist societies c. newspapers d. orphanages e. Protestant churches

Q: Burned-over districts were a. areas in New York City where slaves had set fires. b. in Louisiana, where slaves had burned cotton fields as a form of resistance. c. regions where few evangelical Protestants lived (as though they had been burned out). d. in Kansas and Nebraska, where fighting broke out over issues of slavery. e. in New York and Ohio, where intense revivals occurred.

Q: The American Tract Society was focused on a. slavery. b. drinking. c. feminism. d. suffrage. e. religion.

Q: By 1840, the temperance movement in the United States had a. united Americans of all classes and religions in a war against alcohol. b. virtually disappeared. c. convinced Congress to pass a national prohibition law. d. made no measurable impact on Americans drinking habits. e. encouraged a substantial decrease in the consumption of alcohol.

Q: What did reformers commonly believe about prisons and asylums? a. That the persons entering these institutions would likely never leave them. b. That they were not widely needed, and not many were built. c. That they would be excellent holding centers for societys undesirables. d. That the persons in the facilities could be used as forced labor in factories. e. That they could rehabilitate individuals and then release them back into society.

Q: Reform movements of the 1820s and 1830s a. mostly opposed the imposition of Protestant morality on society. b. often drew inspiration from the Calvinist belief in predestination. c. often drew inspiration from the Second Great Awakenings perfectionism outlook. d. generally advocated that individuals should be free to do as they pleased. e. excluded women altogether.

Q: The proliferation of new institutions such as poorhouses and asylums for the insane during the antebellum era demonstrated the a. lengths to which the federal government would go to provide for the general well-being of its citizens. b. power of the Democratic Party. c. tension between liberation and control in the eras reform movements. d. expansion of liberty for those members of society who could not take care of themselves. e. general economic prosperity of the nation.

Q: Which statement is true of the temperance movement? a. The Catholic Church started the temperance movement. b. Americans universally applauded the efforts of the American Temperance Society. c. German-Americans became the temperance movements biggest supporters. d. Irish-Americans held most leadership positions in the American Temperance Society. e. The American Temperance Society hoped to stop Americans from consuming alcohol altogether.

Q: Which is true of the colonization of freed slaves before 1830? a. Some African-Americans emigrated to Liberia to enjoy rights they did not have in America. b. Most African-Americans supported colonization. c. Some white southerners sent aging slaves to Liberia as a reward for years of service. d. Most white northerners opposed colonization. e. The American Colonization Society was also a proslavery organization.

Q: Which of the following did Horace Mann NOT propose as a goal of public schools? a. ensure that children were disciplined in a consistent way b. provide an avenue for social advancement c. reduce class differences d. reinforce social stability e. create racial equality

Q: Advocates for building asylums, prisons, poorhouses, and orphanages a. were mainly interested in keeping the insane, criminals, the destitute, and orphans away from the rest of society. b. believed that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated. c. rejected the idea of perfectionism. d. were seeking to re-create the institutions of colonial society. e. were mainly interested in profiting from the fees paid to the institutions by the states.

Q: What constituted the largest effort at institution building before the Civil War? a. the establishment of common schools b. the founding of orphanages in every large city c. the spread of utopian communities d. the proliferation of Protestant churches e. the creation of asylums for the mentally ill

Q: What premise was shared between the policy of Indian removal and the colonization of former slaves? a. America was fundamentally a white society. b. The American government was committed to the best interest of all people. c. The American public could not financially support all who lived there. d. All those living on Americans soil had the right to new land. e. America was a land of diversity and equality.

Q: In regard to utopian communities, how do spiritually oriented groups compare to societies with a worldly orientation? a. The spiritual groups emphasized secularism. b. World-orientation groups had no dissension. c. Both groups were anomalies that had little influence on the world. d. Spiritual groups usually lasted for longer time periods. e. World-orientation societies were more likely to regulate relations between the sexes.

Q: What colonial-era approach did institutions such as orphanages and poorhouses replace? a. workhouses and work camps b. community- and family-based care for those in need c. indefinite imprisonment d. church-funded charity networks e. squatter communities outside of cities and larger towns

Q: Who influenced the start of Brook Farm? a. Karl Marx b. Herman Melville c. Nathaniel Hawthorne d. Robert Owen e. Charles Fourier

Q: How did the Second Great Awakening influence American society? a. The movement led to most immigrants becoming Methodist and Baptist. b. It led to womens suffrage by the time of the Civil War. c. The religious aspect led to alcohol being banned in the United States. d. It inspired some to combat the sins of society, such as alcoholism. e. The movement deemphasized self-control.

Q: Which of the following correctly pairs the reform community with the state in which it was located? a. Brook Farm: Virginia b. Oneida: Massachusetts c. Zoar: Maine d. New Harmony: Indiana e. Modern Times: Tennessee

Q: Which statement about the Shakers is true? a. They practiced complex marriage. b. They received their name from a crazy dance they performed during high-society parties. c. They hoped to create a model factory town. d. They believed that women were spiritually equal to men. e. They openly discussed sexual relations.

Q: Although it lasted only a few years, the New Harmony community a. demonstrated that workers could function without discipline. b. influenced education reformers and womens rights advocates. c. popularized the abolitionist movement. d. allowed Josiah Warren to prove his point about absolute individual freedom. e. inspired the formation of more than a dozen offshoot communities by 1850.

Q: What inspired Noyess idea of achieving perfection? a. religious revivals b. Jeffersons ideas on democracy c. original sin d. the Enlightenment e. Calvins ideas on predestination

Q: How did the Catholic viewpoint differ from the Protestant viewpoint in the first half of the nineteenth century? a. Catholics were more confident that their sense of morality applied to all Americans. b. Protestants believed that people were predestined for good or evil. c. Catholics emphasized individual independence. d. Catholics viewed sin as an inescapable part of human society. e. Protestants focused on the importance of family and community.

Q: Utopian communities were unlikely to attract much support because most Americans a. saw property ownership as key to economic independence, but nearly all the utopian communities insisted that members give up their property. b. feared the Communist Party that endorsed and, in some cases, sponsored these communities. c. were Protestants, but all utopian communities required members to deny religious beliefs. d. supported the industrial revolution, but most utopian communities turned away from industry in favor of an agrarian lifestyle. e. considered the utopian communities to be too materialistic and selfish.

Q: Which is true of Robert Owen? a. He designed model communities called phalanxes. b. He promoted a system of complex marriage. c. He founded a model factory village that offered workers free public education. d. He was the son of a U.S. congressman. e. He resented the manual labor required in communal living.

Q: Which of the following examples from modern life is in opposition to the goals of the American Tract Society? a. Bibles available for purchase in a wide variety of languages b. different Protestant faiths joining together to protest government policy c. church services being aired on television d. bars and restaurants being open on Sundays e. churches running homeless shelters

Q: Which was a goal of education in the New Harmony community? a. Americanize the children of immigrants b. ensure strong Biblical knowledge and understanding c. train children to place the common good above their own desires d. teach the discipline needed to succeed in an industrial economy e. train girls for positions as teachers and governesses

Q: The Oneida community a. allowed each member an equal vote in governing the community. b. permitted all of its members to own private property. c. banished any member who divulged any information about the communitys sexual practices. d. invented the concept of birth control in America. e. controlled which of its members would be allowed to reproduce.

Q: How did reformers reconcile their desire to create moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom? a. They did not even try, because they had no intention of enhancing personal freedom. b. They claimed that genuine liberty meant allowing others to eliminate those problems that might threaten that liberty. c. They argued that too many people were slaves to various sins and that freeing them from this enslavement would enable them to compete economically. d. They contended that self-discipline was so rare that someone had to step in and make sure that Americans could enjoy the fruits of their labor. e. They felt that eliminating temptations would lead to the natural liberty that Protestants had long considered crucial to maintaining a good society.

Q: About how many people were living in Shaker communities in America during the movements peak? a. 500 b. 5,000 c. 15,000 d. 50,000 e. 150,000

Q: The reform communities established in the years before the Civil War a. followed all the laws but simply banned ownership of private property. b. usually followed standard gender and marital relations. c. made no effort to combat the growing disparity between rich and poor. d. called themselves utopian because they knew that their efforts were likely to fail. e. set out to reorganize society on a cooperative basis.

Q: Abby Kelley a. was one of the only female voices in the abolitionist movement. b. demonstrated the interconnectedness of nineteenth-century reform movements. c. was the first American woman to speak in public. d. married a leading temperance advocate. e. quit speaking publicly against slavery after her child was born.

Q: Which aspect of American society in the period between 1820 and 1840 is most opposite to the ideal expressed by John Winthrop? a. slavery b. common schools c. the temperance movement d. Brook Farm e. the Oneida community

Q: Who founded the Shakers? a. Joseph Smith b. Ann Lee c. Aimee McPherson d. Louisa Alcott e. Robert Matthews

Q: According to Alexis de Tocqueville, what were the most important institutions for organizing Americans? a. the state and federal governments b. schools c. political parties d. voluntary associations e. churches

Q: How did Shaker communities differ from most other religions? a. They lived in communities but took vows of silence. b. They rejected singing and dancing as unholy. c. They openly celebrated the accumulation of material goods. d. They had only female leaders. e. All members of the community practiced celibacy.

Q: Which idea did John Humphrey Noyes profess? a. Self-fulfillment came through self-discipline. b. Education would equalize the conditions of humanity. c. The perfectionist approach was an affront to true religion. d. God has a dual personality, both male and female. e. People could achieve a state of sinlessness.

Q: Analyze the Grimk -Beecher debate over the role of women in the abolitionist movement. How did each see womens place in society? With examples, explain whose views are more realized in todays world.

Q: Overall, how did utopian societies and worldly communities perceive women? a. A womans place was in the home. b. Women needed to serve in the military. c. The prostitution of women was an example of free love. d. Women should not participate in religious services. e. Women needed to be treated as equals.

Q: In 1841, who wrote In the history of the world, the doctrine of reform has never had such hope as at the present hour. a. Ralph Waldo Emerson b. Nathanial Hawthorne c. John Humphrey Noyes d. Alexis de Tocqueville e. Margaret Fuller

Q: Most utopian reform communities a. celebrated the individualism of the market revolution. b. prioritized the right of private property and condemned communism. c. glorified traditional gender relations. d. tried to reorganize society on a cooperative basis. e. believed the widening gap between rich and poor was natural and inevitable.

Q: What was the source of the term utopia as applied to utopian communities in America in the nineteenth century? a. Shakespeares Twelfth Night b. John Lockes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding c. Thomas Paines Common Sense d. a sixteenth-century novel by Thomas More e. the Bible

Q: About __________ reform communities, often called utopian communities, were established in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century. a. 20 b. 50 c. 100 d. 200 e. 500

Q: None of the women who played leading roles in the womens rights movement in the nineteenth century were married.

Q: To what extent was Theodore Welds argument about the sinfulness of slavery not only radical but also necessary for the popularization of immediate abolition?

Q: Do you agree with the assertion that blacks viewed freedom in a different way than did whites? Defend or reject this idea using examples from the text.

Q: The drop in the birth rate during the nineteenth century is evidence of womens power in the home.

Q: The abolitionist movement split following the appointment of Abby Kelley to an office within the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Q: Abolitionists fought for the right to debate slavery openly and without reprisal. Analyze what led them to elevate free opinion to a central place in what William Lloyd Garrison called the gospel of freedom.

Q: Frederick Douglass wrote, When the true history of the antislavery cause shall be written, women will occupy a large space in its pages. Was Douglass correct? Explain the role women played in the abolitionist movement. Then analyze how that experience influenced the feminist movement.

Q: Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman influenced future womens rights leaders.

Q: What were the women at Seneca Falls advocating? Be sure to explain how they understood freedom and liberty. What methods were the feminists using to promote their cause?

Q: The various reform and utopian communities that sprang up throughout America during the first part of the nineteenth century typically understood the meaning of freedom differently from mainstream Americans. Analyze the various meanings these groups gave to the word freedom and compare those meanings with the ones given by mainstream America. Your essay ought to give the reader a sense of what these communities were rejecting about mainstream society.

Q: The abolitionists greatest achievement lay in shattering the conspiracy of silence that had sought to preserve national unity by suppressing public debate over slavery. Explain how the abolitionists achieved this and comment on how successful the movement was or was not.

Q: Explain how the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening popularized the outlook known as perfectionism, which held that both individuals and society at large were capable of indefinite improvement. How did this idea of perfectionism relate to the various reform movements that arose in the antebellum period?

Q: One persons reform in some cases may be considered an attack on another persons vital interests. Describe how the antebellum reform movementsparticularly temperance, colonization, abolition, and womens rightsinvolved conflict between different sets of ideas and interests.

Q: The participants at Seneca Falls embraced the identification of the home as the womens sphere.

Q: What economic effect did southern slavery have on the North? a. It was minimal at best, which helps to explain why northerners routinely opposed slavery. b. Many northerners profited from investing in real estate partnerships that controlled southern plantations. c. A few New York shipping companies benefited from slavery, but the institution had little effect otherwise. d. Southern slavery helped finance industrialization and internal improvements in the North. e. Southern slavery drained resources from the North and helped keep the whole nation in a depression during the 1850s.

Q: Abolitionists agreed with the labor movements argument that workers were subjugated to wage slavery.

Q: Which statement is true about slave trading within the United States between 1820 and 1860? a. More than 2 million enslaved people were sold during this time. b. The states of the Upper South were known as importing states, because of the vast number of slaves they purchased from the Lower South. c. Slave trading was illegal and took place in secret. d. Cotton Kingdom states refused to take part in slave trading. e. Southern states and municipalities did not tax the sale of slaves, because slave trades were performed off the books.

Q: Abolitionists consciously identified their movement with the heritage of the American Revolution.

Q: In the decades before the Civil War, the northern states a. were unaffected by slavery. b. refused to follow federal law requiring the return of fugitive slaves. c. refused to do business with the slave states. d. financed industrial development with money earned in the trade of cotton produced by slave labor. e. boycotted all American cotton because it was produced by slave labor.

Q: Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin, when published, went virtually unknown for two decades but then became popular in the 1850s.

Q: The term Lords of the Loom refers to a. early New England factory owners. b. preachers who wove heart-wrenching stories of slave suffering into their sermons. c. planters who established textile operations on their plantations. d. master artisans who produced cloth in the South. e. an influential 1840s novel about slavery.

Q: Black abolitionists developed an understanding of freedom that went well beyond that of most of their white contemporaries.

Q: Which two categories delineate the key differences among southern states in the decades before the Civil War? a. slave and free states b. New and Old South c. French and British cultures d. Upper and Lower South e. coastal and interior states

Q: Mob attacks and attempts to limit abolitionists freedom of speech convinced many northerners that slavery was incompatible with the democratic liberties of white Americans.

Q: Why was slavery called a peculiar institution of the South? a. It was unlike anything else in the worlds history b. It had been opposed by a majority of the nations presidents c. Despite the rhetoric, it was an economic drain on southern society d. It affected only a small portion of the southern population e. It set the South apart from the North

Q: In the decades before the Civil War, the southern states a. developed larger cities than the northern states. b. had higher literacy rates than the northern states. c. industrialized very little compared to the northern states. d. attracted more immigrants than the northern states. e. developed a larger public school system than the northern states.