Q&A Hero

Q: What was one of the outcomes of the Stamp Act? a. Lower-class riots in response to the act began to worry elite rulers and landholders. b. The Stamp Act Congress insisted that the right to consent to taxation was essential to peoples freedom. c. The Stamp Act Congress adopted the Declaratory Act, which formally defined American liberties. d. Thomas Jefferson publicly stated that revolting against Great Britain had become necessary. e. Disagreements about the best response to the act split colonial governments into opposing factions.

Q: Violent social turmoil in rural areas during the 1760s a. was due entirely to Great Britains Proclamation of 1763, which banned western settlement. b. ended when the British army drove Native Americans beyond the line of settlement. c. flourished because the British army had no interest in going beyond coastal cities. d. led to the creation of the Sons of Liberty. e. involved events in both northern and southern colonies.

Q: Which was an aim of the Stamp Act Congress of 1765? a. to secure support from colonial governments for declaring independence from England b. to end all boycotts of British goods c. to empower colonies to act independently of one another when dealing with the British d. to punish those loyal to the British by seizing their property e. to assert that colonies should not be taxed without consent

Q: 2. Discuss the debates that occurred over virtual representation. How did the leaders in London and the leaders in America view participation in governing the empire differently?

Q: Which of the following statements best explains colonial resistance to the Sugar Act? a. It made rum much more expensive to produce and thus to purchase. b. It doubled the price on sugar, making it too expensive for middle-class consumers. c. It allowed smugglers to pay a fine rather than being tried in a court with a jury. d. It outlawed the admiralty courts and forced smugglers to stand trial in London. e. It was expected to worsen an existing economic recession.

Q: Describe how Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, Common Sense, An Alarm to the Legislature of the Province in New-York, and the Declaration of Independence dealt with the concept of liberty.

Q: With the Sugar Act, Britain a. attempted to force the North American colonies to import more sugar from the British West Indies. b. abolished slavery on all colonial sugar plantations. c. required colonists to work for wages on Barbadian sugar plantations. d. cracked down on smuggling by prosecuting accused smugglers without the benefit of a jury trial. e. required South Carolina and Virginia to shift their main crops to sugar.

Q: Which one of the following statements accurately characterizes the British approach to governing the American colonies prior to 1763? a. The British were entirely hands-off in their supervision of the colonies, granting them complete freedom to issue their own currency and create their own rules and policies. b. The British refused to involve the colonies in major conflicts such as the Seven Years War because they were too far away and the colonies were too poor, thereby causing the colonists to feel excluded. c. The British emphasized giving the colonists complete economic freedom, on the one hand, but requiring that colonists follow British rules regarding religion and social codes on the other. d. The British only occasionally intervened in the internal affairs of the colonies, instead remaining focused on protecting the economic interests of the mother country, especially through trade. e. The British devoted their attention to appointing all positions in colonial government, requiring strict adherence to British rule and mandates, and covering the funding of all military ventures in North America.

Q: After what major event did the British government make the colonies bear part of the cost of the empire? a. the Declaration of Independence b. King Philips War c. the Seven Years War d. the Boston Tea Party e. the appointment of William Pitt as British prime minister

Q: Britain intervened in the colonies in new ways in the 1760s a. because the colonial leaders asked it to. b. because the colonial economies were in chaos. c. because it sought to abolish slavery. d. to raise funds to pay for the debts incurred by the Seven Years War. e. to redistribute wealth from the elite planter class to the working class.

Q: What did the British acquire from the Netherlands in the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713? a. sufficient gold to pay off the British national debt b. the right to trade at Dutch outposts in what is now South Africa c. the right to transport slaves from Africa to Spains New World colonies d. New Netherland, which was then renamed New York e. New Holland, which later became known as Australia

Q: What was an important political origin of the American Revolution? a. The Sugar Act financially hurt merchants living outside colonial ports. b. The Stamp Act was a tax that very few colonists had to pay. c. The colonists wanted a physical westward barrier to settlements. d. The colonists criticized their lack of representation in Parliament. e. The colonists wanted the writs of assistance to be actively enforced.

Q: What area was the major producer of revenue for the British crown in the eighteenth century? a. New England b. the Middle Colonies c. the Caribbean d. Benin e. North Africa

Q: Virtual representation was the idea a. that only those who were elected by a given population could represent that population in a legislative body. b. about representation that most politically active American colonists in the 1760s and 1770s championed. c. that Parliament had always had complete sovereignty over the king. d. that each member of Britains House of Commons represented the entire empire, not just his own district. e. that the king should appoint delegates to represent the colonies in the British House of Commons.

Q: What was the significance of sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco in the eighteenth century? a. The ease of growing these crops meant that fewer slaves needed to be imported from Africa. b. These products were the first mass consumer goods in international trade, and they were all produced by slaves. c. They were imported to the New World in massive quantities due to the regions failure to produce such goods. d. They were staples whose importance paled in comparison to fish, rum, and indigo in the world market. e. They could only be grown in the West Indies, allowing the traders in that area to become massively wealthy.

Q: Writs of assistance alarmed colonists because they a. required colonists to assist British officials in administering the Stamp Act. b. were general search warrants that allowed customs officials to search anywhere they chose for smuggled goods. c. required stamps for all kinds of printed material. d. required colonists to retrieve the tea thrown into Boston Harbor. e. imposed new taxes on goods imported from the Caribbean.

Q: Explain what one historian meant by this statement: The growth and prosperity of the emerging society of a free colonial British America . . . were achieved as a result of slave labor.

Q: Discuss the ways in which the colonists became increasingly integrated into the British empire from roughly 1700 to 1763.

Q: The slave experience was diverse in British America. Describe how slavery evolved in the various regions of British America. What role did African religions play? What liberties, if any, were extended to slaves in the northern colonies, the Chesapeake region, and the rice kingdom of South Carolina and Georgia? What was the impact of the Stono Rebellion?

Q: As Europeans continued to settle the North American continent during the 1700s, Indians constantly struggled to maintain their independence and identities. Illustrate the common obstacles the Indian communities faced and the ways they tried to unite to overcome their hardships during the eighteenth century. Consider the Indians in California during the Spanish missionary period, the Creeks during the early settlement of Carolina, the Indians in Pennsylvania, and the Indians during and after the French and Indian War (including Pontiacs Rebellion).

Q: While slavery was expanding in British America, so too was freedom. Compare the simultaneous expansion of freedom and slavery. How was the concept of race increasingly important in this process?

Q: Olaudah Equiano a. wrote the eighteenth centurys most widely read autobiographical account of a slaves own experiences. b. was popular with Europeans for telling them that their culture was far superior to that of Africans like himself. c. demonstrated in his writings that he perfectly fit the stereotype that blacks were savages incapable of becoming civilized. d. led several Central American slave insurrections before his death that prevented the plantation system from entering the region. e. was one of the few children of African-American and Native American descent ever to be the chief of his Indian tribe.

Q: Britons believed that wealth, religion, and freedom went together. Explain why they believed that those three things went hand in hand. Do you agree with this statement? What evidence is there that proves the statements validity?

Q: What made Olaudah Equiano an atypical slave? a. He was fortunate enough to escape. b. He went directly from West Africa to Virginia. c. He survived the Middle Passage voyage. d. He led a rebellion. e. He was able to purchase his freedom.

Q: The eighteenth century witnessed a considerable expansion of the public sphere. Define what is meant by public sphere, and describe the various ways in which the colonists participated in it. Be sure to include in your discussion not only who was participating but also who was excluded.

Q: Olaudah Equianos life underscored what eighteenth-century theme? a. Slavery was going to continue to grow without the possibility of ending. b. It was ironic that some men in the British colonies were slaves while others had their rights expanded. c. The British and French empires were on a collision course in North America. d. Most Christian ministers opposed the enslavement of Africans. e. Slaves accepted their condition of bondage with little to no resistance.

Q: In Catos Letters, the authors declare that Without freedom of thought there can be no such thing as wisdom, and no such thing as public liberty, without freedom of speech. To what extent did freedom of thought and freedom of speech exist in eighteenth-century British America?

Q: Pontiacs Rebellion was an Indian revolt against British rule.

Q: Compare and contrast the impact of the Enlightenment with the Great Awakening. How do both contribute to the thinking behind the American Revolution?

Q: Due to the influence of its original Quaker settlers, Pennsylvania maintained peaceful relations with its Native inhabitants throughout the eighteenth century.

Q: Explain the impact of the Seven Years War on colonial society. Pay particular attention to how the war and its outcome shaped colonial identities and the relationship between colonists and Indians.

Q: Religious fundamentalism was on the rise throughout the world in the eighteenth century.

Q: Most Britons believed that the king was above the law.

Q: The religious emotionalism of the Great Awakening was confined to the American colonies in the mid-eighteenth century.

Q: John Locke believed that slaves could not be considered part of civil society.

Q: Father Jun pero Serra is recognized as a humane leader who negotiated treaties that recognized the rights of Indian tribes.

Q: Compared with the seventeenth century, colonial politics in the eighteenth century saw far more crises, scandals, and violent struggles for power.

Q: Native Americans retained more power in the territory of British North America than they did in either Spanish or French North America.

Q: The middle ground was an area shared by Indians and European traders.

Q: A higher percentage of the population in Britain enjoyed suffrage as compared to the American colonies.

Q: In the northern colonies the law did not prohibit blacks from voting but local custom did.

Q: Warfare in the eighteenth century resulted in financial strains on its participants that lingered for decades.

Q: Colonial governors, more than colonial assemblies, curbed freedom of the press.

Q: Deists pioneered an emotional form of Christian worship focused on a personal relationship with Jesus Christ.

Q: In the eighteenth century, the transatlantic slave trade was a vital part of world commerce.

Q: On the rice plantations of South Carolina and Georgia, the birthrate of slaves was high.

Q: Northern colonial ports in New York and Massachusetts actively participated in the slave trade.

Q: The majority of slaves during the Middle Passage died on the ship transporting them across the Atlantic.

Q: Three distinct types of slavery developed in the thirteen colonies.

Q: ___ 1. Olaudah Equiano ___ 2. James Oglethorpe ___ 3. Pontiac ___ 4. Benjamin Franklin ___ 5. William Pitt ___ 6. Jonathan Edwards ___ 7. Jun pero Serra ___ 8. John Peter Zenger ___ 9. George Whitefield ___ 10. John Locke ___ 11. William Cosby ___ 12. Trenchard and Gordon a. was a German-born printer of a colonial weekly journal b. was a Great Awakening preacher c. survived the Middle Passage d. founded the first mission in San Diego e. founded the colony of Georgia f. served as the British prime minister g. was an Ottawa war leader h. wrote Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God i. was an English Enlightenment political philosopher j. founded the Junto, a club for mutual improvement k. wrote Catos Letters l. was a victim of Zengers pen

Q: In the eighteenth-century Chesapeake, race took on greater importance over time, and whites increasingly considered free blacks dangerous and undesirable.

Q: ___ 1. Middle Passage ___ 2. Gullah ___ 3. Evangelists ___ 4. Maroons ___ 5. deference ___ 6. Proclamation of 1763 ___ 7. asiento ___ 8. Republicanism ___ 9. Deism ___ 10. Old Lights ___ 11. Stono Rebellion ___ 12. Comanche a. ran away as slaves and waged warfare against British authorities in Jamaica b. traveled to preach religious revivalism c. was a language that mixed various African roots d. prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachians e. was the ship voyage for slaves from Africa to the New World f. was an agreement subcontracting to a foreign power the right to provide slaves to Spanish America g. as religious traditionalists, did not support revivalism h. was the assumption among ordinary people that wealth, education, and social prominence carried a right to public office i. was a belief that God essentially withdrew after creating the world, leaving it to function according to scientific laws j. celebrated virtuous elite giving themselves to public service k. was one of the nomadic tribes that controlled much of the land claimed by Spain l. was an incident that involved conflict between slaves and whites in South Carolina and led to new legislation

Q: Africans had experience cultivating rice in Africa and helped the English settlers grow it in the South.

Q: Recent scholarship has suggested that Olaudah Equiano may have been born in the New World rather than in Africa.

Q: In the early eighteenth century, only one-quarter of the northern urban elite owned at least one slave.

Q: In the eighteenth century, no one foresaw that the American colonies would one day eclipse the mother country in population and wealth.

Q: Most slaves in eighteenth-century British America were born in the colonies.

Q: What was the primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763? a. to end the slave trade b. to protect the Indians c. to open more land for settlement d. to bring stability to the colonial frontier e. to prohibit Catholicism in the territory newly acquired from France

Q: What did the Paxton Boys demand? a. that liquor not be banned in Georgia b. that slave codes be tightened in New York c. that the Indians be removed from Pennsylvania d. that the French be hanged in Quebec e. that John Peter Zenger be tried for treason

Q: Who drafted the Albany Plan of Union? a. George Washington b. Benjamin Franklin c. William Pitt d. John Peter Zenger e. Thomas Jefferson

Q: The revolt against British rule by Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes, known as Pontiacs Rebellion, a. reflected a disintegration of a long-standing pan-Indian identity. b. was opposed by the Delaware prophet Neolin. c. led Britain to issue the Proclamation of 1763. d. led Britain to accelerate colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. e. ended conflict between Native Americans and English colonists.

Q: Why were colonial assemblies critical of the Albany Plan of Union? a. They felt it went against Enlightenment ideas on free trade. b. They feared repercussions from the French. c. They wanted to work as individual colonies to establish better relations with the Native Americans. d. They felt their respective colonial assemblies would lose power. e. They believed it would slow the influence of the Great Awakening.

Q: What was one outcome of the Seven Years War in Pennsylvania? a. Relationships between colonists and Indians improved. b. Indians took over the government for five years. c. The Quaker elite lost power. d. Colonists promised to treat Indians less severely. e. Indian enemies were persecuted, but Indian allies were rewarded.

Q: What was the purpose of Scarouyadys 1765 Speech to Pennsylvania Provincial Council? a. to negotiate a treaty to establish Oneida territory in northwest Pennsylvania b. to pledge the assistance of the Oneida in fighting the French c. to distinguish the Oneida as the friend of white men, unlike other hostile tribes d. to claim compensation for the seizure of Oneida land by white settlers e. to oppose the construction of the fort at Shamokin because it would be on sacred Oneida ground

Q: Which one of the following was a consequence of the Seven Years War? a. strengthened pride among American colonists about being part of the British empire b. the founding of the new colony of Ohio in territory acquired from France c. a weakening of liberties as France made gains in North America d. the creation of a central colonial government under the Albany Plan of Union e. increased popularity of the Anglican Church among ordinary colonists

Q: In his 1765 Speech to Pennsylvania Provincial Council, what does Scarouyady urge the Pennsylvania colonists to do in regard to the Delaware Indians and the Six Nations? a. to convert these groups to Christianity so that they will achieve salvation b. to defeat these groups militarily in order to establish the dominance of the colonists c. to treat these groups with respect because they were sure to defeat the colonists d. to put down their weapons and abandon their colonies by fleeing to the West e. to reject their own way of life and officially join these tribes by adopting their practices

Q: The English finally succeeded in defeating the French in the Seven Years War thanks to the leadership of a. George Washington. b. Edward Braddock. c. Robert Carter. d. John Locke. e. William Pitt.

Q: What was a consequence of the Seven Years War on native cultures? a. It bolstered support for and interest among some Indians in a pan-Indian identity. b. It inspired large-scale conversions to Christianity among native tribes. c. It strengthened the alliance between the Indians of the Ohio Valley and the British. d. It led to two decades of near-constant fighting among the tribes of the Ohio Valley. e. It caused groups like the Iroquois to experience more autonomy than ever before.

Q: What right does Pontiac claim for Indians in his 1762 and 1763 speeches? a. the right to vote alongside British colonists b. the right to take scalps while waging war c. the right to buy and sell land freely for a large profit d. the right to purchase weapons from white men e. the right to occupy the land of their traditional territories

Q: What did Neolin tell his people they must reject? a. a pan-Indian identity b. European technology and material goods c. the enslavement of Africans d. an alliance with the French e. the use of English in trade negotiations

Q: In his 1762 and 1763 speeches, what does Pontiac portray as the wishes of the Great Spirit and the Master of Life, as told to the prophet Neolin? a. the military defeat of the white man b. peaceful coexistence of the Indians and white men c. the adoption of white customs as a means of encouraging Indian prosperity d. the reliance of the Indians on bread, pork, and beef e. an epidemic that will decimate white populations

Q: Why was the Proclamation of 1763 difficult to enforce? a. Most Native American tribes did not agree with the policy. b. The colonial assemblies wanted to avoid wars with Native Americans. c. It involved such a large geographical area. d. The French refused to leave forts in the Ohio Valley. e. It involved taxes the colonists refused to pay.

Q: During the French and Indian War, how did the Quakers uphold their principles? a. They asked for a holiday to honor William Penn. b. They declared war due to aggressive French incursions into Pennsylvania. c. They urged that all Native Americans be removed from Pennsylvania. d. They praised the middle ground because it brought wealth to Pennsylvanians. e. They refused to endorse the war and resigned their colonial assembly seats.

Q: Which aspect of the Great Awakening had significant political influence? a. its widespread condemnation of slavery b. its focus on science over religious emotionalism c. its view of wealth above all as evidence of Gods favor d. its condemnation of alcohol e. its focus on the individuals independent judgment

Q: The French in North America a. had a rapidly expanding empire due to Frances widespread encouragement of migration. b. refused to compete with the British due to strong alliances. c. won control of the Ohio Valley in the Seven Years War. d. were greatly outnumbered by the British on the continent. e. were notorious for their poor relations with Native Americans.

Q: How did Enlightenment thinking influence the Spanish treatment of Indians? a. Reformers recommended moving the Comanche out of Texas. b. There was a call for more humane treatment of Indians. c. It was strongly suggested that the Spanish leave New Spain. d. Reformers pushed for an increase in missions. e. It led to a much larger military presence in Texas.

Q: Which of these factors contributed to a lower number of French immigrants to North America? a. fewer ships with which to sail to the Americas b. lower chance of survival c. the inability of most of the French to hunt and farm d. a restriction of access to the New World by the French monarchy e. the feeling that the Americas were meant for exile

Q: Why did Spain find it difficult to establish effective control over New Mexico and Texas? a. rivalry with the Franciscan missions b. the strength and hostility of the Pueblo Indians c. the combination of too many settlers migrating there and limited resources d. because France controlled most of Texas e. the small number of Spanish citizens living in these locations

Q: What was the significance of the Ohio Valley during the eighteenth century? a. Large numbers of escaped slaves from the Middle Colonies treated it as a haven and established a lasting settlement there. b. Both the British and the French respected it as Cherokee territory, creating a precedent for Native American land ownership. c. The discovery of precious metals elsewhere led to a drastic decline in the population of this area and a decrease of interest in the frontier. d. Caught in imperial rivalries, it was viewed as a lush and promising location for future white settlement. e. It was the preferred area of settlement for crypto-Jews in North America and attracted many Spaniards.

Q: What was Spains Sacred Experiment in California? a. It was a new strategy for converting Indians. b. It was an attempt to halt Russian incursions. c. It was mining for gold and silver. d. It involved a military strategy to weaken the Indians. e. It called for Enlightenment ideas to be implemented.