Q&A Hero

Q: Which of the following statements accurately describes Anne Hutchinson? a. She was banished after being accused of witchcraft by her neighbors. b. As an unmarried woman, she lived on the edges of Puritan society. c. She fled Massachusetts rather than face trial for sedition. d. She spoke openly of receiving divine revelations directly from God. e. She founded the colony of Rhode Island.

Q: Anne Hutchinsons trial demonstrated that a. she was unable to speak in front of a large group of people. b. she had secretly converted to Catholicism. c. she had been influenced by Native American religion. d. women in Puritan communities were considered equal to their husbands. e. colony leaders and church elders considered her a threat to their authority.

Q: What perceptions of Indian society encouraged the publication of captivity narratives and why? a. English leaders feared that the abundance of gold in Indian societies would make Native American societies far too rich to become the captives of settlers. b. English leaders believed that the lack of desirable qualities in Indian societies would forever guarantee that only Indians could become captives of the English, not vice versa. c. English leaders questioned the tendency of Indians to treat enslaved African Americans poorly and, thus, outlawed any form of servitude or captivity in their own societies. d. English leaders believed that the religious views of the Indians were essentially the same as those of English settlers and would help fuel the creation of shared religious writings. e. English leaders feared that the life of freedom enjoyed by Indians would tempt English settlers to join Indian societies and, thus, required a deterrent.

Q: For most New Englanders, Indians represented a. savagery. b. teachers. c. curiosities. d. sources of culture. e. survival.

Q: What was a result of King Philips War in the 1670s? a. White New Englanders became increasingly less free because the number of taxes increased. b. Great Britain formed the Dominion of New England to protect Native American land. c. The Native American population now significantly outnumbered the white population. d. In the long run, white New Englanders freedom broadened as their access to land expanded. e. Although most Native American leaders lost power, Metacom grew increasingly powerful.

Q: Which of the following was highly valued by Puritan societies? a. undisciplined natural liberty b. literacy in order to read the Bible c. charity to help the poor d. individual self-expression e. ornate decorations

Q: In what way was Puritan church membership a restrictive status? a. Only those who could prove they had received formal education could be members, because the ability to read and discuss sermons was so highly valued. b. Although all adult male property owners elected colonial officials, only men who were full church members could vote in local elections. c. Only property owners could be full members of the church. d. Full membership required demonstrating that one had experienced divine grace. e. Full membership required that ones parents and grandparents had been church members.

Q: How did most Puritans view the separation of church and state? a. They were so determined to keep them apart that they banned ministers from holding office, fearing that they would enact pro-religious legislation. b. They allowed church and state to be interconnected by requiring each town to establish a church and levy a tax to support the minister. c. The Massachusetts Bay Colony endorsed the Puritan faith but allowed anyone the freedom to practice or not practice religion. d. They had never heard of the concept before local native leaders introduced them to the practice. e. They invented and successfully enacted the concept, but their efforts ultimately fell apart when Parliament refused to send them written permission.

Q: Puritans viewed individual freedom and personal freedom as a. good because Massachusetts Bay leaders welcomed debate over religion. b. dangerous to social harmony and community stability. c. integral to leading a religious lifestyle, as they played a prominent role in the Bible. d. vital because they had been discouraged from enjoying these back in England. e. detrimental to the individual but ultimately a positive development for the community.

Q: Which of the following did the Puritan settlers of seventeenth-century New England value most highly? a. freedom of speech b. privacy within the family home c. individual expression d. religious toleration e. social unity

Q: Where in the Americas did the Pilgrims originally plan to go? a. New Netherland b. Plymouth Rock c. Boston d. Virginia e. Pennsylvania

Q: The Mayflower Compact established a. religious toleration and freedom in Massachusetts. b. the right to emigrate to America. c. a company chartered to settle New England. d. a civil government for Plymouth Colony. e. peaceful relations between English colonists and Indians in Rhode Island.

Q: What benefited the Pilgrims when they landed at Plymouth? a. They met a Native American, Opechancanough, who helped them. b. It was the late spring, so it was planting season. c. Native Americans, decimated by disease, had left behind cleared fields for farming. d. The local Indian leader considered the English to be divine. e. John Smith arrived to help organize them.

Q: What is the significance of the Mayflower Compact? a. It was the first written frame of government in the American colonies. b. It formally acknowledged Indian ownership of their ancestral territories. c. It established the headright system. d. It was only signed by the wealthiest of the colonists. e. It acknowledged that women had the right to vote.

Q: Which group of settlers in the New World originally held all land in common until 1627? a. the Roanoke colony b. supporters of Anne Hutchinson c. Levellers d. Pilgrims e. the Virginia Company

Q: In contrast to the Chesapeake region, the population in New England a. did not stress family-based activities. b. focused on rice and tobacco. c. grew rapidly because of healthier surroundings. d. included even fewer women. e. was not as deeply religious.

Q: What was one difference between life in New England and in the Chesapeake in the seventeenth century? a. The Chesapeake was a far healthier environment, so more children survived infancy there than in New England. b. Tobacco plantations dominated New England, while family farms dominated the Chesapeake. c. Religious beliefs were less influential on New England society. d. Patriarchal family patterns emerged quickly in New England but more slowly in the Chesapeake. e. Chesapeake society was more socially unified, because the region had many more towns than New England.

Q: The Puritans believed that male authority in the household was a. an outdated idea. b. to be unquestioned. c. so absolute that a husband could order the murder of his wife. d. not supposed to resemble Gods authority in any way, because that would be blasphemous. e. limited only by the number of childrenthe more, the better.

Q: In Puritan marriages a. reciprocal affection and companionship were the ideal. b. divorce was not allowed. c. husbands could beat their wives without interference from the authorities. d. wives were banned from attending church services. e. women could speak only when spoken to.

Q: Maryland was established as a refuge for which group? a. Quakers b. Puritans c. Pilgrims d. Native Americans e. Catholics

Q: In early seventeenth-century Massachusetts, freeman status was granted to adult males who a. owned land, regardless of their church membership. b. had served their term as indentured servants. c. were freed slaves. d. were landowning church members. e. raised cash crops for the colony.

Q: Puritans of the seventeenth century a. were completely unified on all issues. b. believed the Church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism in its rituals and doctrines. c. fundamentally opposed all beliefs of the Church of England. d. believed in both religious freedom and toleration. e. secretly supported the Catholic Church.

Q: The Massachusetts General Court a. reflected the Puritans desire to govern the colony without outside interference. b. was selected exclusively by the king. c. was selected exclusively by the governor. d. ruled the colony from its beginnings in 1630. e. by law had to consist of a majority of Puritan judges.

Q: Puritans were a. English settlers who advocated for the right of all religious dissenters in New England to freely practice their own religion. b. English Catholics who wanted England to become Catholic again. c. English Protestants who rejected the teachings of John Calvin. d. English Protestants who believed that the Church of England was still too similar to the Catholic Church. e. Catholic settlers in Maryland who sought to keep all Protestants out of the colony.

Q: Which of the following ideas was at the center of the religious doctrine of John Calvin? a. The Catholic Church needed to stop its sale of indulgences. b. The hierarchy of the congregation ran from the top down. c. Conversion of Indians must be emphasized. d. It was predetermined by God who was going to receive salvation. e. Performing good works on a consistent basis was the only clear path to heaven.

Q: What was Puritan leader and Massachusetts Bay governor John Winthrops attitude toward liberty? a. He saw two kinds of liberty: natural liberty, the ability to do evil, and moral liberty, the ability to do good. b. He saw two kinds of liberty: negative liberty, the restricting of freedoms for the sake of others, and positive liberty, the ensuring of rights through a constitution. c. He believed that individual rights took precedence over the rights of the community. d. He believed in a dictatorship, with only himself in charge of the Puritan community. e. He believed liberty had a religious but not a political meaning.

Q: To Puritans, liberty meant a. that wives had equal authority with husbands in the family. b. that all people had a right to challenge religious or political authority. c. that all people must be free to practice their religious beliefs. d. that the elect (as opposed to the damned) had a right to establish churches and govern society. e. natural liberty, or acting without restraint.

Q: Why did Puritans decide to emigrate from England in the late 1620s and 1630s? a. Because so many of them had become separatists, they had to leave England to save their church. b. Charles I had started supporting them, creating conflicts with Catholic nobles. c. The Church of England was firing their ministers and censoring their writings. d. Puritan leader John Winthrop wanted a high-level position, and leaving England was the only way for him to get it. e. The Poor Law of 1623 banned non-Catholics from receiving government aid.

Q: In what sense was the Virginia Company a failure? a. It was not profitable for its investors. b. None of its white inhabitants survived. c. Tobacco failed to thrive in its colonys climate. d. The local Indians refused to sell land to its founders. e. Spain seized control of the companys colony.

Q: What is the significance of the Uprising of 1622? a. It was the inspiration for Mary Rowlandsons popular captivity narrative. b. It resulted in the complete victory of one of the regions most powerful Indian groups. c. It was a colonial manifestation of the English Civil War. d. It was caused by the implementation of the enclosure movement in Ireland. e. It fundamentally altered the balance of power between the Indians and English.

Q: What was Virginias gold, which ensured its survival and prosperity? a. cotton b. fur c. tobacco d. indigo e. sugar

Q: Tobacco production in Virginia a. enriched an emerging class of planters and certain members of the colonial government. b. benefited from the endorsement of King James I. c. declined after its original success, as Europeans learned the dangers of smoking. d. resulted in more unified settlements, thanks to tobaccos propensity to grow only in certain areas of Virginia. e. was under the control of two planters, Walter Raleigh and the Earl of Kent.

Q: The spread of tobacco farming in seventeenth-century Virginia a. discouraged land speculation and reduced the demand for field labor. b. led to a decline in profits for the colonial government and the crown. c. helped to create a highly unequal society, dominated economically and politically by an elite plantation-owning class. d. led to a remarkably equal, socially unified society, centered on networks of closely connected towns. e. impoverished the landholding elite and allowed poor laborers to acquire most of the land.

Q: Of the English women who came to Virginia in the seventeenth century, a. a majority arrived as wives of merchants and English gentlemen. b. a majority were indentured servants who labored in the tobacco fields, often facing early death and sexual abuse by masters. c. most married very young, during their term of indentured service. d. most remained single because women outnumbered male settlers ten to one. e. most encountered social conditions that strengthened the traditional authority of husbands and fathers.

Q: Why did many women in Virginia not start a family until their mid-twenties? a. Women mostly came to Virginia as indentured servants. b. Women were too busy running the family business. c. Women outnumbered men, so they had a difficult time finding a husband. d. Women focused on doing work for the church. e. Women and men were not together often due to men fighting in wars with Indians.

Q: Maryland was similar to Virginia in that a. both started out as proprietary colonies. b. tobacco proved crucial to its economy and society. c. John Smith had to take over the colony and organize its settlers to work. d. both offered settlers total religious freedom. e. the king approved the creation of each colony only because of pressure from Parliament.

Q: Marylands founder, Cecilius Calvert, a. wanted Maryland to be like a feudal domain, with power limited for ordinary people. b. supported total religious freedom for all of the colonys inhabitants. c. gave a great deal of power to the elected assembly but not to the royal governor. d. lost ownership of the colony and died a pauper. e. actually hated Catholics, which is why he set up a colony for them in a swamp.

Q: The Native American leader Powhatan a. tried to avoid trade with the colonists at all costs, as he had strongly distrusted them from the beginning. b. managed to consolidate control over some thirty nearby tribes and initially promoted trade with the English. c. was the brother of Pocahontas and believed Native Americans should be subservient to the English. d. invited the colonists to feasts with his tribe and then slaughtered the entire colony of Jamestown. e. recognized that the English settlers controlled most of the regions food and, thus, sought their graces.

Q: How did Pocahontas play a key role in Jamestown society? a. She served as an intermediary between Powhatan and English leaders, transporting food and messages. b. Her marriage to John Rolfe led to many more interracial marriages between Indians and the English. c. She became a symbol of the animosity between settlers and Indians and was denied entry to King James Is court. d. She married John Smith and led the Jamestown colony alongside him, leading to an alliance between the English and Indians. e. Her conversion to Christianity led to the majority of Native Americans in her village to switch to the Church of England.

Q: It can be argued that conflict between the English settlers and local Indians in Virginia became inevitable when a. the Native Americans realized that England wanted to establish a permanent and constantly expanding colony, not just a trading post. b. Pocahontas married John Rolfe instead of her longtime suitor John Smith. c. the House of Burgesses passed a law ordering Native Americans out of the colony. d. Powhatan led an attack against the English settlers in 1644 that expanded into an all-out war that lasted for decades e. Spain formed a military alliance with Powhatan and turned against the English.

Q: Opechancanough a. emphasized peaceful relations with the English colonists in Virginia. b. was responsible for his brother Powhatans death. c. accidentally killed John Smith during a feast. d. mounted a surprise attack against Virginia in the 1620s. e. betrayed rebelling natives to the English authorities.

Q: Which of the following was a consequence of the Uprising of 1622? a. The Virginia Company sold half of its original land to the coastal Native Americans who had gradually gained supremacy. b. The Crown sent hundreds of convicts to settle in Virginia to punish them for their demonstrations in England. c. The Virginia Company banned the cultivation of tobacco because relations between white settlers and enslaved Africans were so fraught. d. The Crown reinstated John Smith as governor to reward him for his role in quelling the uprising and restoring trade. e. Virginia experienced a major shift in the power balance of the colony and, as a result, became the first royal colony.

Q: The colonization efforts of which European power resulted in the most thorough displacement of Indians over time? a. Portugal b. Spain c. England d. France e. Netherlands

Q: With regard to Indians, the English were chiefly interested a. in intermarrying with Indians. b. in converting to Indian religions. c. in displacing Indians and settling on their land. d. in ruling over Indians as subjects of the English crown. e. in joining Indian tribes.

Q: Who received most of the profits from trade between Native Americans and colonists? a. Native Americans b. English soldiers c. colonial and European merchants d. the king e. Parliament

Q: How did contact with Europeans affect the hunting practices of Indians? a. Indians stopped hunting in favor of raising livestock. b. Indians began to hunt more birds, because they found that Europeans would pay high prices for fowl. c. Indians began exclusively hunting fish, because new European technology made it far easier to do so. d. The hunting practices of Indians were unchanged by contact with Europeans. e. Indians invested more time in hunting beavers for their fur.

Q: Which English group did the most to reshape Native American society and culture in the seventeenth century? a. traders b. religious missionaries c. colonial authorities d. settlers farming the land e. the Royal Geographical Society

Q: Which of the following statements is true of the Jamestown colony? a. While about half of its settlers died in the first year, forced labor enabled it to survive. b. It was a rich source of gold and silver that proved the envy of the Spanish settlers. c. It was established predominantly as a haven for Catholics persecuted in Europe. d. Constant Native American attacks decimated the population and led to its failure. e. Its inhabitants completely disappeared, leaving behind a mysterious word carved into a tree.

Q: As leader of the Jamestown Colony, John Smith a. was a failure and had to return to England. b. improved relations with Native Americans by marrying Pocahontas. c. used rigorous military discipline to hold the colony together. d. used an elaborate reward system to persuade colonists to work. e. set up the first representative assembly in the New World.

Q: The Virginia Companys establishment of the headright system in 1618 a. gave every former indentured servant fifty acres of land, which created the basis for a more socially equal society than that of Massachusetts. b. gave fifty acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own or anothers passage, which in effect awarded large estates to anyone who brought in a sizable number of servants. c. gave widows the entirety of their husbands properties in perpetuity, which undermined the patriarchal social order. d. forbade the development of large plantations, which hindered the spread of tobacco farming. e. abolished indentured servitude and slavery and dispersed all plantation owners lands to former servants and slaves.

Q: How did the Virginia Company reshape the development of the colony of Virginia? a. It instituted the headright system, giving fifty acres of land to each colonist who paid for his own or anothers passage. b. It fired John Smith and allowed the local election of a more popular leader. c. It gave control back to the king, who straightened out its problems through Parliament. d. It required all settlers to grow tobacco, a highly profitable crop. e. It created an executive committee that really ran the colony and a committee of colonists who thought they were running it.

Q: The Virginia House of Burgesses a. was dissolved by King James because he objected to all representative government. b. was created as part of the Virginia Companys effort to encourage the colonys survival. c. banned the importation of both indentured servants and African slaves. d. had more power than the royally appointed governor. e. was included in the original charter for the Jamestown Colony.

Q: Which colony created the first elected assembly in colonial America? a. Rhode Island b. Maryland c. Roanoke d. Virginia e. Massachusetts

Q: How did indentured servants display a fondness for freedom? a. Most of them became abolitionists, fighting to end slavery in British North America. b. Some of them ran away or were disobedient to their masters. c. They sent letters home detailing their rapid rise as prominent members of American society. d. They insisted on their right to serve in the militia because they believed in the right to bear arms. e. They regularly published pamphlets criticizing their masters, displaying their love of free speech.

Q: Intermarriage between English colonists and Native Americans in Virginia a. was quite common following the wedding of John Smith and Pocahontas. b. was only permitted for colonists who were part of the upper class. c. was very rare before being outlawed by the Virginia legislature in 1691. d. created a prevalent mixed race of Native Americans who often wound up enslaved. e. produced a member of a British royal family who became an Indian chief.

Q: Which is true of the approach taken by English colonies to Native American land in the seventeenth century? a. The English usually acquired land from the Native Americans by forcing treaties on them. b. The first English colonists sought the permission of local Indian chiefs before establishing settlements. c. English leaders encouraged settlers to establish farms on Native American land in order to provoke warfare, which inevitably resulted in treaties favoring the English. d. The English did not acknowledge that the Native Americans had any rights to their ancestral lands. e. Puritan preachers made popular the argument that only Indians who converted to Christianity could claim ownership to any land.

Q: Why did the English make use of the argument that Catholic Spain was uniquely murderous and tyrannical? a. to justify their efforts to overthrow the Spanish monarchy b. to disparage the practices of Puritans and other separatists c. to present their own imperial endeavors as being in support of the cause of freedom d. to present the Catholics living in Ireland as more civilized by comparison e. to prevent the English underclass from fleeing to the New World

Q: In late-sixteenth-century England, a. Catholicism was the dominant religion. b. anti-Catholicism was deeply ingrained in popular culture. c. Catholics and Protestants lived in harmony. d. Queen Elizabeth I executed more than 100 Protestant priests. e. Queen Elizabeth I converted to Catholicism.

Q: Which of the following ideas did Richard Hakluyt use to raise support for Englands colonization efforts in the New World? a. The creation of rich agricultural colonies could prevent mass famine as the English population grew. b. English colonization was part of a divine mission to save the New World from Spanish tyranny. c. The abundant gold in the New World would make England a prosperous nation. d. New World lumber would allow England to create an armada to rival the Spanish. e. Colonization would ease international tensions by encouraging interdependence between England and Spain.

Q: As a result of British landowners evicting peasants from their lands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a. there was an increase in the number of jobless peasants, whom the British government aided with an early form of welfare. b. efforts were made to persuade or even force those who had been evicted to settle in the New World, thereby easing the British population crisis. c. mass numbers of peasants converted from Protestantism to Catholicism, because the Catholic Church took better care of the poor. d. there was a sharp reduction in the number of sheep and other livestock. e. the spread of the Black Plague decreased because of the elimination of cramped living quarters.

Q: What role did the enclosure movement play in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England? a. It created a crisis in which many people had no way to make a living. b. Queen Marys failure to address the problem helped lead to her overthrow. c. Spain reacted by launching an invasion of England. d Poverty rates were worse in New England than England. e. The problem was such a crisis that Henry VIII authorized judges to order the jobless to work.

Q: In England, the idea of working for wages a. was a completely foreign concept. b. was associated with servility and the loss of liberty. c. was romanticized in ballads and tales. d. was predominantly seen as preferable to controlling ones own labor. e. grew exceedingly popular among the poor during the sixteenth century.

Q: Poor and working-class English people generally hoped that emigrating to America would provide a. the opportunity to rely entirely on their employer. b. ways to escape their lives as masterless men. c. a place where they could once again be peasants on a feudal manor. d. opportunities to become independent landowners. e. a place to practice their Catholic faith without harassment.

Q: Which North American area received the most English settlers in the seventeenth century? a. Newfoundland b. Chesapeake region c. West Indies d. New England e. Middle Colonies

Q: Most seventeenth-century migrants to North America from England a. arrived with other members of their families. b. were single, middle-class men. c. were single, lower-class men. d. had been released from debtors prisons. e. sought to escape the Black Death then ravaging England.

Q: Which of the following was a significant factor in the greater number of English settlers in the New World, compared to French or Spanish settlers? a. Economic conditions were worse in England. b. The English population was by far larger. c. The English government forcibly deported all of its paupers and criminals. d. The English government funded the passage of anyone willing to settle the New World. e. The North American climate was identical to that of England.

Q: What was a key difference between indentured servants from England and slaves from Africa? a. Indentured servants never changed owners. b. After giving birth, indentured servant women had to give up the child to the owner. c. The indentured servants could freely choose their spouse. d. Three-quarters of indentured servants escaped and found permanent freedom. e. Most indentured servants voluntarily came to the colonies.

Q: Indentured servants a. made up only a small minority of seventeenth-century English emigrants. b. could be bought and sold, were subject to physical punishment, and often died before they finished their terms of service. c. all acquired land and achieved economic independence at the end of their terms of service. d. were famously diligent, with stellar work ethics. e. usually emigrated as married couples.

Q: During the seventeenth century, indentured servants a. made up less than one-third of English settlers in America. b. had to surrender their freedom for a minimum of ten years to come to the colonies. c. had a great deal of trouble acquiring land. d. had to pay half of the fare to get them to the New World. e. were almost entirely Irish.

Q: Which of the following statements exemplifies how freedom and lack of freedom characterized seventeenth-century America? a. The settlers success involved depriving Native Americans of their land and enslaving large numbers of Africans. b. The New England Puritans gained economic freedom but lost any sort of religious freedom in the New World. c. The northern colonists success depended on depriving the southern colonists of all agricultural success. d. Catholics became the immigrant group with the most freedomat the expense of Protestants, who lost their freedom. e. In Virginia, indentured servants took more and more of the wealthy landowners land, leaving them impoverished.

Q: How had the concept of English freedom developed through the centuries before 1700? What had defined freedom, and to whom were liberties granted? How and why had those definitions changed over the centuries? How did the English Civil War help to change those definitions?

Q: In 1607, the colonists who sailed to Jamestown on three small ships a. were funded entirely by the queens government. b. chose an inland site partly to avoid the possibility of attack by Spanish warships. c. were officers and sailors in the British Royal Navy. d. built a colony at Cape Henry in the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. e. were members of Puritan congregations in search of religious freedom.

Q: Which of the following lists these colonies in the proper chronological order by the dates they were founded, from the earliest to the latest? a. Plymouth, Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island b. Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Jamestown c. Jamestown, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island d. Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Rhode Island, Jamestown e. Jamestown, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island

Q: The 104 settlers who remained in Virginia after the ships that brought them from England returned home a. were all men, reflecting the Virginia Companys interest in searching for gold as opposed to building a functioning society. b. included women and children, because the Virginia Company realized that a stable society would improve the settlers chances of success, economic and otherwise. c. included representatives of several other countries, part of Englands effort to build a strong network of supporters in case of Spanish attack. d. built the second permanent English settlement in North America after Roanoke. e. were only half of those who originally set sail; the rest turned around and went back.

Q: Who provided funding for the first permanent English settlement in what would become the United States? a. the English government b. the Anglican church c. a private business organization d. a wealthy individual e. the settlers themselves

Q: Many settlers came to America from England because they felt it could provide expanded opportunities. What was the primary reason aristocrats decided to immigrate? a. They wanted to earn money in the New World for a couple of years, and then move back to England. b. They wanted to start new lives as adventurers. c. They wanted to develop a more egalitarian society. d. They wanted to give their servants a better life. e. They wanted to re-create a vanished world of feudalism.

Q: Why did King Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church? a. He felt the Catholic Church was treating other Catholic nations such as Spain and Portugal unfairly. b. He wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, and the pope refused to grant it. c. He recognized that England was at its peak as an international power and sought to take advantage. d. He wanted to be pope, and the College of Cardinals refused to elect an English Catholic. e. He felt the Catholic Church was not opposing the Protestant Reformation harshly enough.

Q: Which of the following statements is true of Queen Mary of England, who reigned from 1553 to 1558? a. She ascended to the throne immediately after a long period of civil war and successfully unified the nation. b. Her refusal to marry led to her designation as the Virgin Queen, after whom Virginia was named. c. When the pope refused to allow her to divorce her French royal husband, she founded an independent Church of England. d. She temporarily restored Catholicism as the state religion of England and executed a number of Protestants. e. Under her authority, colonists established the first permanent English settlement in North America.

Q: Approaches and policies used by the English in relation to Native American tribes in North America repeated patterns the English had established in ________ in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. a. Ireland b. India c. Spain d. Germany e. France

Q: During the reign of ________, the English government turned its attention to North America by granting charters to Humphrey Gilbert and Walter Raleigh for the establishment of colonies there. a. Henry VIII b. Mary I c. James I d. James II e. Elizabeth I