Q&A Hero

Q: According to Eriksons theory, early adulthood is to ______ as late adulthood is to ______. A. integrity; intimacy B. intimacy; generativity C. generativity; intimacy D. intimacy; integrity

Q: Ms. Tucker teaches preschool children. They are working on developing a sense of purpose and direction as their social world expands through school. Ms. Tucker understands that her students stage of psychosocial development is: A. trust vs. mistrust. B. initiative vs. guilt. C. autonomy vs. shame. D. industry vs. inferiority.

Q: Erikson suggests that there are ______ stages in psychosocial development. A. 2 B. 4 C. 8 D. 16

Q: When Mark speaks to his 18-month-old daughter, he uses a high-pitched intonation, repeats himself, and emphasizes important words. Mark is using: A. child-directed speech. B. baby signing. C. collaborative construction. D. all of the these.

Q: According to Erikson, ______ lay(s) a foundation for the development of self-esteem and self-efficacy. A. infancy B. the elementary years C. early childhood D. prenatal development

Q: Will, who is just learning the rules of language, should be first expected to learn rules concerning: A. present and past tense. B. word order. C. questions and negatives. D. adverbs.

Q: Ten-year-old Mary is beginning to understand her strengths and to feel pleasure when she accomplishes tasks. According to Erikson, Mary is developing a sense of: A. identity. B. industry. C. autonomy. D. initiative.

Q: The famous case of Genie, the girl who was confined to a small, dark room for the first 14 years of her life, demonstrates that: A. the critical period hypothesis is correct. B. some degree of language acquisition is possible after the critical period. C. language cannot be learned after the critical period has passed. D. if certain conditions related to language development are missing, a child will never be able to acquire language.

Q: Which of the following is a criticism, or limitation, of Eriksons theory of psychosocial development? A. The theory emphasizes the development of independence, a focus not valued in all cultures. B. The theory was based on studies of men and may not be an accurate description for women. C. both of these D. neither of these

Q: Eleven-month-old Mallory says, baby. Her statement could mean, Give me my baby doll, or There is the neighbors baby, or I am a baby. In this example, baby: A. is a form of telegraphic speech. B. is a holophrase. C. represents parentese. D. is a form of babbling.

Q: Which of the following is an implication of Eriksons theory for your future role as a teacher? A. You should provide a secure, caring environment for your students to help them maintain the sense of trust necessary for personal development. B. You should provide opportunities for students to initiate activities and feel a sense of accomplishment for a job well done. C. You should provide opportunities for your students to learn about different viewpoints as well as various career options. D. all of these

Q: Franklin can refer to himself by name, uses correct word order, uses telegraphic speech, and has a vocabulary of somewhere between 50-200 words. If Franklin is like the average child his age, how old is he? A. 6 to 12 months B. 12 to 18 months C. 18 to 24 months D. 24 to 36 months

Q: The close relationship formed between a child and one or more caregivers is called: A. trust. B. attachment. C. androgyny. D. empathy.

Q: The flexibility of childrens use of word pairs in the two-word stage of early language development suggests that children are first focused on: A. meaning, but not structure. B. structure, but not meaning. C. both meaning and structure. D. neither meaning nor structure.

Q: ______ used the Strange Situation procedure to study differences in infant attachments with their caregivers. A. John Bowlby B. Erik Erikson C. Daniel Goleman D. Mary Ainsworth

Q: The 5- and 6-year-olds in your kindergarten class will have a vocabulary of about ______ words. A. 20,000 B. 15,000 C. 5,000 D. 500

Q: In the Strange Situation, Beverly fusses when she is separated from her mother. When her mother returns, Beverly is easily calmed. Beverly also uses her mother as a base from which to go out and explore the room. Beverlys attachment would be labeled: A. insecure-disorganized. B. insecure-resistant. C. secure. D. insecure-avoidant.

Q: ______ consists of words or expressions that develop in special contexts and have particular meaning. A. Syntax B. Bilingualism C. Communicative competence D. Slang

Q: Which of the following statements regarding attachment is false? A. The roots of self-esteem are developed based on early attachment relations with caregivers. B. A childs temperament has little effect on the development of attachment. C. The quality of childrens attachment relations is linked to social competence in school as well as popularity. D. Children can develop attachments with their teachers.

Q: Since Jennifer speaks English, French, and Spanish she would be called: A. bilingual. B. multilingual. C. communicatively competent. D. an emerging literate.

Q: According to the text, the primary reason that adults have difficulty learning a second language is that: A. they have missed the critical period for language development. B. they do not devote enough time to their study of the language. C. adult instruction is typically in a classroom setting that does not involve meaningful interaction with other speakers. D. most adults attempt to learn simultaneous bilingualism instead of successive bilingualism.

Q: Which of the following statements about Eriksons theory of psychosocial development is false? A. More emphasis is placed on social, as opposed to biological, influences on development. B. Development is believed to be a lifelong process. C. Personal relationships have little influence over the way people respond to basic needs. D. There are eight proposed stages of development.

Q: According to NAEP from 2002, what percentage of children at grades 4, 8, and 11 reach a proficient level? A. 25 B. 50 C. 60 D. 75

Q: Another term for a languages vocabulary is its: A. phonology. B. syntax. C. lexicon. D. semantics.

Q: ______ is a literacy skills program developed by Marie Clay that involves reading short books and writing sentences. A. Writing Across the Curriculum B. Reading Recovery C. Success for All D. Reading Readiness

Q: Which theorists perspective suggests that language development is totally dependent on environmental factors? A. Noam Chomsky B. Jean Piaget C. Lev Vygotsky D. B. F. Skinner

Q: A(n) _____ is a variation of a single language spoken by members of a speech community. A. dialect B. accent C. phoneme D. foreign language

Q: Which of the following statements is not compatible with Chomskys view of language development? A. Children are born with a language-acquisition device, which is programmed to recognize the universal rules underlying language. B. Chomskys view can be described as maturationist. C. Certain qualities of the human mind provide operating principles that languages need to follow. D. Each language has unique qualities that are not shared with other languages.

Q: Which of the following statements regarding dialects is false? A. Linguistically, all dialects are equally valid because they are capable of allowing experiences and thoughts to be expressed. B. Certain dialects, particularly those spoken by the dominant social groups in a culture, may be more valued than others. C. Children who speak several varieties of a particular language are called bidialectal. D. People who speak nonmainstream dialects very seldom experience discrimination.

Q: Piaget viewed language development as being influenced by: A. innate factors. B. environmental factors. C. both innate and environmental factors. D. neither innate nor environmental factors.

Q: You are a teacher in a school with students who speak several different dialects. Which of the following would be the least effective strategy for promoting your students development of the dominant dialect used in the school? A. Ask children to write two versions of the same story on facing pages, one in the dominant dialect and one in their dialect. B. Be vigilant about correcting students use of the nondominant dialect. C. Model the use of the standard dialect used in your school. D. Promote an atmosphere where your students feel comfortable about making mistakes.

Q: According to the text, which theory of language acquisition provides the most comprehensive and flexible explanation? A. interactionist B. maturationist C. behaviorist D. nativist

Q: Ms. Thomason teaches in a multicultural environment. Which of the following strategies would be appropriate? A. Match the pattern of interaction and speaking to those used in the homes and community of her students. B. Focus on the transmission of information through teacher monologues rather than reciprocal-teaching approaches. C. both of these D. neither of these

Q: Moses, who attends school in Georgia, has a native language of Spanish. At his school, Moses received a year of intensive training in English and has now been placed in an English-speaking classroom. Which approach has his school chosen? A. bilingual education B. structured immersion C. submersion D. English as a second language

Q: List and explain six basic principles of language development. What are the implications of these principles for your future role as a teacher?

Q: Compare and contrast the four different perspectives of language development presented in the text: behaviorist, innatist, interactionist (cognitive), interactionist (contextual). Be sure to include research and examples that support each of the perspectives, as well as a discussion of the problems with each perspective.

Q: Describe the progression of language development in each of the following developmental periods: infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence. What can caregivers and teachers do to foster language and literacy development in each of these periods?

Q: Compare and contrast three approaches to the teaching of reading: skills-based, holistic, integrated. What does research suggest about the effectiveness of each method? List what you feel are the top five strategies for teachers to use in teaching reading.

Q: Identify the age group that you are planning to teach. For this group, describe the major issues and concerns regarding literacy (include language, reading, and writing) development. What strategies will you develop to promote literacy in your students?

Q: ______ is the ability to construct and express meaning through reading, writing, and discussing texts. A. Language B. Syntax C. Literacy D. Dialect

Q: The transcription component of the writing system includes: A. handwriting B. spelling C. pronunciation D. both handwriting and spelling

Q: The fact that children need to communicate and that they acquire whatever language they hear spoken by the people around them suggests which basic principle of language development? A. Language is a social phenomenon. B. Language is complex and therefore children cannot learn the system all at once. C. Language is linked to identity. D. All languages are symbol systems with socially constructed rules.

Q: As children grow older, written language development evolves into: A. expanding the variety of writing forms or styles. B. writing for more abstract purposes. C. both of these D. neither of these

Q: As a teacher of 7-year-olds, you should expect most of your students to have learned about what percentage of all the language structures used in their culture? A. 25 B. 50 C. 70 D. 90

Q: Brittons (1975) and Applebees (1981) research suggested that schools most often encourage ______ writing among high school students. A. expository B. personal C. literary D. none of these; high schools were found to place equal emphasis on all three types of writing

Q: Ten-year-old Justin understands to take turns when conversing, and also not to interrupt others while they are speaking. His 4-year-old sister, Kelly, does not. Justin is aware of ______, while his sister is not. A. syntax B. lexicon C. pragmatics D. semantics

Q: A. social B. cognitive C. language D. all of these Answer: D

Q: Linda makes time each day for individual conversations with her children, Tommy and Joe. Linda uses books to engage them in conversations, and she shares the events of her own life with the boys. Which area of literacy development is Linda attempting to influence? A. oral language B. sociodramatic play C. listening skills D. letter and word connections

Q: You are an early childhood teacher. In order to promote phonemic awareness, which of the following strategies should you use with your students? A. Use songs, finger plays, poetry, and stories with rhyming words. B. Equip play areas with written materials that can be used in the childrens play. C. Play games that involve grouping objects by ending or beginning sounds. D. all of these

Q: Meghans second-grade daughter, Elissa, has a strong interest in swimming. She has shown less interest in reading. Meghan has come to you for advice on how to increase Elissas literacy skills. What advice would you give her? A. Check out and read library books about swimming. B. Have Elissa keep a journal about her swim meets and read segments to Meghan. C. Regularly read Swimmer magazine to Elissa. D. all of these

Q: The process of using context, phonic, and sight-word knowledge to identify an unknown word is called: A. literacy. B. reading. C. decoding. D. the phonemic awareness process.

Q: While Jacob is reading his Harry Potter books, he does not always know the words. Sometimes Jacob uses the surrounding text and his own background knowledge to figure out an unknown word. In these instances, Jacob is using: A. context knowledge. B. phonic knowledge. C. sight word knowledge. D. comprehension.

Q: Describe how each of the following environmental factors influences cognitive abilities: home, parenting behavior, schooling. What does research suggest about the potential effectiveness of early intervention preschool programs?

Q: Third-graders who are successful readers should be able to: A. understand how genres differ and write examples of each. B. figure out unfamiliar words with word analysis skills including phonics and context cues. C. both of these D. neither of these

Q: Discuss either racial/cultural/ethnic or gender differences in intelligence or achievement. Your discussion should include possible explanations for the differences in performance, as well as suggestions for how schools can help minimize or eliminate them.

Q: Mr. Anderson, a reading teacher, instructs his students on how to decode and comprehend words. He teaches these strategies in isolation from the actual reading of stories. Mr. Anderson uses the ______ approach to the teaching of reading. A. holistic B. skills-based C. metalinguistic D. integrated

Q: The emergent literacy approach includes all of the following except: A. emphasizing a set of skills children need to master before formal reading instruction. B. a focus on literacy skills from birth to age 5 or 6 years. C. a belief that children who have discovered the purposes for print are preparing for literacy. D. researching links between early literacy experiences and later reading and writing achievement.

Q: Another name for the holistic approach to reading instruction is: A. whole language. B. direct instruction. C. balanced instruction. D. integrated instruction.

Q: ______ is an example of an ideographic system of language. A. English B. Chinese C. Both English and Chinese D. Neither English nor Chinese

Q: Which of the following statements regarding reading for learning among older children and adolescents is false? A. The percentage of children who read for fun regularly decreases from age 9 to 17. B. Researchers have found it is more important for older children and adolescents to focus more on reading material relevant to their schoolwork and spend less time reading self-selected materials. C. Students who are higher in intrinsic motivation tend to read more than students who are low in motivation. D. Older children and adolescents continue to need assistance and instruction in comprehension strategies.

Q: Henri is 20 months old and is able to say just a few words. What are his future language abilities likely to be? A. It is too early to tell, since the rate of early language development is an unreliable predictor of a childs ultimate level of language skills . B. Henri is likely to be diagnosed with a language disorder. C. Henri will have difficulty learning to read. D. Henris vocabulary will probably never be as large as those of most other children his age.

Q: You are a first-grade teacher, and your students are working on writing in their journals. Which is the least effective strategy for you to take in helping them develop their writing skills? A. Focus on gently correcting all of their invented spelling mistakes. B. Focus on the meaning of what the students write in their journals. C. Make journal writing a regular practice in your classroom. D. Read to the children daily, exposing them to new and different words.

Q: Melanie has the ability to connect the distinctive sounds of her native language into words. This ability is called: A. metalinguistic awareness. B. communicative competence. C. emergent literacy. D. phonemic awareness.

Q: Cary writes YESDDAY for yesterday in his composition. In which stage of spelling development is Cary? A. phonemic spelling B. transitional spelling C. conventional spelling D. prephonemic spelling

Q: Which of the following helps children recognize, distinguish, and produce the letters of the alphabet? A. focusing on the distinctive features of each letter B. the development of mental and perceptual processes involved in spatial orientation C. both of these D. neither of these

Q: Mrs. Steptoe is teaching her gifted students about writing. She encourages them to look at their drafts and make changes to accommodate the purpose of their essays. On which phase of the writing process is Mrs. Steptoe focusing? A. planning B. publishing C. revising D. drafting

Q: According to the text, a literate environment is defined as one in which: A. children encounter various types of print with different purposes. B. adults place value on reading and writing. C. adults engage in reading and writing activities. D. all of these

Q: Allison is 2 years old. Based on the developmental milestones of early literacy, Allison will probably be able to do all but which of the following? A. engage in book-sharing routines with her mother and father B. identify 10 alphabet letters, especially those found in her name C. make comments about characters in her books D. produce scribbles that have a letter-like form

Q: You are an eighth-grade teacher in a typical American middle school. What percentage of your students will be proficient readers? A. 90 B. 75 C. 45 D. 33

Q: Which of the following statements regarding racial and cultural differences in cognitive abilities is false? A. On average, Anglo-American children score consistently higher on many different measures of cognitive abilities than children from most other ethnic and racial groups. B. Although narrowing, ethnic differences in IQ and achievement scores remain substantial. C. Asian-American students perform better than Anglo-Americans, African-Americans, and Latino-Americans on standardized tests because of genetic factors. D. Most researchers believe that differences in students IQ and achievement test scores are due to social and economic factors.

Q: According to several recent reports, schools shortchange female students by: A. giving boys considerably more attention in the classroom, thereby reinforcing a perception of male dominance and importance. B. overrepresenting masculine interests in curriculum materials, especially in math and science. C. emphasizing competitive over collaborative efforts in the classroom. D. all of these

Q: You are a media specialist in an elementary school responsible for selecting computer software for use in the second- and third-grade classrooms. Based on research, you should select computer programs that: A. use a constructivist approach. B. emphasize higher-order thinking skills. C. emphasize repetition and skill practice. D. use a constructivist approach and emphasize higher-order thinking skills.

Q: A standard deviation is: A. an average amount of intelligence. B. a measure of the average amount scores vary from the mean. C. the midpoint between the highest and lowest score on an IQ test. D. the mean, or average, of all the scores earned on an IQ test.

Q: Describe the developmental changes in attention, memory, and metacognition in early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. What are the implications for teaching based on childrens abilities in each age group?

Q: According to the text, IQ scores are best thought of as indicators of: A. creativity. B. innate abilities. C. how well a child will do in school. D. complex reasoning skills.

Q: Using the age group you are planning on teaching, describe four strategies that you could use to help your students improve their memory, attention, metacognition, or self-regulated learning. Be sure to include a brief discussion of research that supports your choice of a particular strategy.

Q: Which of the following statements regarding the stability of IQ scores is true? A. The stability of IQ scores increases as children develop. B. By middle childhood, IQ scores are reasonably good predictors of adult IQ. C. IQ scores can fluctuate by as much as 30 points from early childhood to adolescence. D. All of these statements are true.

Q: Compare and contrast the single-factor and multiple-factor approaches to defining and measuring intelligence. What are some of the benefits and disadvantages of each approach?

Q: The tendency to choose an environment that complements our heredity is called: A. heritability. B. niche-picking. C. practical intelligence. D. standard deviation.

Q: Baby Huey is a happy baby. Because he is always cheerful and positive, people tend to give him positive responses and lots of attention. This, in turn, reinforces his pleasant disposition. According to Sandra Scarr, this is an example of a(n) ______ gene-environment effect. A. evocative B. passive C. active D. proactive