Q&A Hero

Q: Describe the developmental changes in attention, memory, and metacognition in early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. What are the implications for teaching based on childrens abilities in each age group?

Q: According to the text, IQ scores are best thought of as indicators of: A. creativity. B. innate abilities. C. how well a child will do in school. D. complex reasoning skills.

Q: Using the age group you are planning on teaching, describe four strategies that you could use to help your students improve their memory, attention, metacognition, or self-regulated learning. Be sure to include a brief discussion of research that supports your choice of a particular strategy.

Q: Which of the following statements regarding the stability of IQ scores is true? A. The stability of IQ scores increases as children develop. B. By middle childhood, IQ scores are reasonably good predictors of adult IQ. C. IQ scores can fluctuate by as much as 30 points from early childhood to adolescence. D. All of these statements are true.

Q: Compare and contrast the single-factor and multiple-factor approaches to defining and measuring intelligence. What are some of the benefits and disadvantages of each approach?

Q: The tendency to choose an environment that complements our heredity is called: A. heritability. B. niche-picking. C. practical intelligence. D. standard deviation.

Q: Baby Huey is a happy baby. Because he is always cheerful and positive, people tend to give him positive responses and lots of attention. This, in turn, reinforces his pleasant disposition. According to Sandra Scarr, this is an example of a(n) ______ gene-environment effect. A. evocative B. passive C. active D. proactive

Q: Which of the following statements regarding the effect of environment on intelligence is false? A. Parents can positively affect their childrens cognitive development by being warm, supportive, and responsive. B. Early interventions, like Project Head Start, can help offset the negative effects of a poor home environment. C. There have been many studies on the role of fathers in facilitating the cognitive development of children. D. On average, children who start school earlier and remain in school longer have higher IQ scores than those who do not.

Q: Cindi is a fourth-grade student who is being tested for a gifted program. She is given an intelligence test that contains ten subtests divided into two scales, verbal and performance. Which test is Cindi taking? A. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale B. Iowa Test of Basic Skills C. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children D. National Assessment of Educational Progress

Q: Which person is most closely associated with a single-factor conception of intelligence? A. Robert Sternberg B. Howard Gardner C. Lewis Terman D. J. P. Guilford

Q: Chad has excellent word fluency, vocabulary, and verbal comprehension. These skills are called: A. crystallized intelligence. B. fluid intelligence. C. practical intelligence. D. multiple intelligences.

Q: According to Sternbergs model, ______ intelligence involves the ability to cope with new situations in an effective, efficient, and insightful manner. A. practical B. experiential C. contextual D. componential

Q: One of the problems with Sternbergs triarchic model of intelligence is that: A. he proposes too many categories of intelligence. B. the theory emphasizes the single-factor model of intelligence. C. there are few standardized tests to measure his components of intelligence. D. the tests he has developed to measure practical intelligence are biased against females and minorities.

Q: Research from expert-versus-novice studies suggests that advances in childrens thinking processes are explained by: A. quantitative changes in knowledge. B. qualitative changes in how knowledge is organized. C. both quantitative and qualitative changes in knowledge. D. neither quantitative nor qualitative changes in knowledge.

Q: Geoffrey has an uncanny ability to sense other peoples moods, desires, and motivations. He uses this knowledge to effectively respond to others and is generally considered a people person. What type of multiple intelligence does Geoffrey possess? A. intrapersonal B. bodily-kinesthetic C. naturalistic D. interpersonal

Q: Compared to older elementary schoolchildren, younger schoolchildren are more likely to: A. say that relearning something is easier than learning it for the first time. B. believe their memory capabilities are better than they actually are. C. have more metacognitive knowledge. D. understand that the longer one studies something the longer it will be remembered.

Q: Jane was very athletic in school. She also studied dance for many years and has now become a professional dancer and choreographer. Howard Gardner would suggest that Jane has ______ intelligence. A. spatial B. musical C. bodily-kinesthetic D. linguistic

Q: Twelve-year-old Jack knows how to apply different metacognitive strategies in his learning. Jack is using his ______ knowledge. A. declarative B. conditional C. self-regulated D. procedural

Q: Gardners theory of multiple intelligences suggests all but which of the following? A. All of the intelligences use the same form of perception, memory, and learning. B. Each intelligence may be governed by a distinct region of the brain. C. A student may show strength in more than one area of intelligence. D. Teachers can learn that there is more than one way of being smart.

Q: Academic abilities like planning, goal-setting, organizing, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation are called: A. metacognition. B. practical intelligence. C. self-regulated learning. D. multiple intelligences.

Q: Kaitlyns performance on the WISC-III suggests that her IQ is average. Her numerical IQ score would be: A. 50. B. 100. C. 115. D. 150.

Q: As a future teacher, you want to help your students be self-regulated learners. Which of the following strategies would be most effective at helping the students improve their self-regulation? A. using questions, outlines, and visual aids to help cue attention and keep students focused B. encouraging students to monitor and check their comprehension as they read and learn C. reviewing key concepts or information regularly D. using instructional methods and formats that will hold students interest

Q: Your child has recently received a score of 145 on an intelligence test. What might this score suggest? A. Your child has average intelligence. B. Your child has below-average intelligence. C. Your child has very high intelligence. D. Your child is like 95 percent of all other children.

Q: Generalizing from research presented in the textbook, which strategy would youas a new middle school teacherselect to help your students have a deep processing of information? A. providing concept maps and outlines for your students B. having your students develop their own concept maps and outlines C. avoiding the use of concept maps and outlines D. focusing on lecturing to your students

Q: In the community of learners approach, collaboration refers to: A. the design of the classroom to stimulate active exchange of ideas. B. a practice of focusing on a central theme that can sustain in-depth research over a period of time. C. the fact that both teachers and students share in the development and sustenance of the learning community. D. the value placed on analysis and critique.

Q: ______ created the first intelligence test. A. Lewis Terman B. Alfred Binet C. Howard Gardner D. David Wechsler

Q: In Binets measure of intelligence, the ______ is a score that represents the number of test items a child gets correct, compared to the average number of items children of the same age get correct A. IQ B. CA C. MA D. g

Q: Sixteen-year-old Joanns mental age is 20. Using Sterns formula, what is Joanns IQ? A. 80 B. 100 C. 125 D. 300

Q: As a school counselor, you want to obtain a measure of students potential to learn or apply information in new ways. You should choose an: A. achievement test. B. intelligence test. C. both an achievement and an intelligence test. D. neither an achievement nor an intelligence test.

Q: Which of the following statements would be endorsed by both Piaget and Vygotsky? A. Play is important for the cognitive development of children. B. The teacher is less a transmitter of information than an organizer, guide, and supporter of learning. C. Children drawn on their experiences in the process of actively constructing their own knowledge. D. all of these

Q: The process of focusing attention on relevant information and ignoring irrelevant information is called: A. automaticity. B. metacognition. C. rehearsal. D. selective attention.

Q: The community of learners approach to education is characterized by which of the following? A. grouping large numbers of children by age B. focus on Big Ideas that connect across the curriculum C. attempts to motivate children by grading their performance D. the exclusive use of instructional discourse in the classroom

Q: Chucks Mom asks him to pick up 15 grocery items on his way home from school. In order to remember the list, Chuck categorizes the items into produce, canned goods, dairy items, and freezer foods. Chucks memory strategy is called: A. organization. B. rehearsal. C. elaboration. D. automaticity.

Q: As a future teacher, you should implement which of the following recommendations if you want to base your teaching practices on Vygotskys work? A. Use guided participation in which students can be apprentices in learning. B. Encourage students to talk themselves through challenging problems. C. Provide opportunities for students to collaborate on learning activities, especially with more skilled peers. D. all of these

Q: As a first-grade teacher, which memory strategy would you expect to appear first in your students? A. elaboration B. rehearsal C. organization D. creativity

Q: Identify the grade/age level that you are planning to teach. Describe the level and nature of cognitive development typical of children in this age group. What are some implications of this cognitive level for your teaching?

Q: Ms. Vickers, a fifth-grade teacher, uses the analogy of a hamburger and its parts to help her students memorize the components of a good paragraph. Ms. Vickers is utilizing the ______ memory strategy. A. organization B. rehearsal C. elaboration D. creativity

Q: Describe Piagets four stages of cognitive development, including the typical ages and achievements of each stage, as well as some of the tests used by Piaget to measure these achievements.

Q: All but which of the following are true regarding childrens memory-retrieval strategies,? A. Older children are more exhaustive in their memory searches than younger children. B. Younger children tend to be more systematic and deliberate in their memory searchers than older children. C. Older children are more likely to recognize on their own when to use particular strategies, while younger children need to be directed to do so. D. Younger children are more likely to give up when they do not recall information.

Q: Compare and contrast Piagets and Vygotskys theories of cognitive development. With which theory do you most identify? Why? List three applications of your preferred theory for your own teaching practice.

Q: Your state has recently approved a lottery, the proceeds from which will fund a statewide preschool program for all four-year-olds. Given what you have learned about cognitive development in this age group, discuss the structure and curriculum you would design for this program.

Q: In the last 30 years, ______ theories have become the most common strategy for studying childrens cognitive development. A. information-processing B. intelligence C. psychoanalytic D. behaviorist

Q: Meghan is at a circus, experiencing many sights, sounds, smells, and tastes. Which component of her information processing system stores her initial impressions through these sensory modalities? A. short-term memory B. long-term memory C. semantic memory D. sensory memory

Q: Which of the following statements regarding the sensory memory is false? A. There is a single sensory register for all the senses. B. Information from this system is lost unless it is recognized or interpreted. C. Information is stored in the sensory memory for only a few seconds. D. The sensory memory is the first component in information processing.

Q: Because information is consciously manipulated here, ______ is also referred to as working memory. A. short-term memory B. long-term memory C. semantic memory D. episodic memory

Q: According to Vygotsky, the first stage of language use is ______ speech, in which language is used primarily for communicative functions. A. inner B. private C. egocentric D. social

Q: You want your eighth-grade history students to remember all 50 states, their locations, and their capitals. Based on the level-of-processing theory, you should encourage them to: A. skim over the material and repeat it many times. B. use both their short- and long-term memory. C. divide the material into chunks and then link it to some existing knowledge. D. read the material at least ten times.

Q: The zone of proximal development is the: A. second stage of language use, where speech is used to regulate behavior. B. gap between cognitive activities that children can do on their own and what they do with the assistance of others. C. process of constructing an internal representation of external physical actions or mental operations. D. place where technical and psychological tools are used.

Q: Five-year-old Leigha has just been given the digit-span task by her teacher. If Leigha is like the average child her age, how many digits will she remember? A. 2 B. 4 C. 7 D. 9

Q: The computer is a good example of a ______ that is part of American culture. A. zone of proximal development B. psychological tool C. technical tool D. social tool

Q: Steve has the ability to divide his attention between more than one activity at the same time, and he uses his attention strategically. What age group would you estimate Steve to be in? A. preschool B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. adolescence

Q: Vygotskys theory suggests that private speech plays an _______ role in education, and Piagets theory suggests that private speech plays an _______ role in education. A. important/important B. unimportant/unimportant C. important/unimportant D. unimportant/important

Q: Currently, attention is defined as: A. a general mental capacity. B. a set of behaviors and processes used to extract information from events. C. both of these D. neither of these

Q: ______ involves adults helping children perform some task they could not perform without help, and then gradually withdrawing help as the children become more proficient. A. Guided participation B. Scaffolding C. Seriation D. Internalization

Q: In Anderson and Levins (1976) study of childrens attention to Sesame Street , the researchers found all but which of the following? A. Childrens attention was highly variable, greater in the presence of some program features and lower in the presence of others. B. Childrens attention decreased when attractive toys were placed in the room. C. Children were more attentive to abstract content. D. Attention improved between 1 and 4 years of age.

Q: Which three mental operations do children use to perform conservation tasks? A. seriation, classification, and transitivity B. animism, egocentrism, and deferred imitation C. negation, compensation, and identity D. propositional logic, deductive logic, and combinatorial reasoning

Q: Which sequence most closely resembles the typical order of developing conservation concepts? A. substance, length, area, volume B. length, number, area, weight C. number, volume, area, substance D. number, substance, area, volume

Q: Melody, age 13, understands that the space occupied by an object remains unchanged regardless of a change in shape. Melody has developed which conservation skill? A. length B. volume C. area D. weight

Q: The ability to draw a logical inference based on the relationship between two statements or premises, characteristic of formal operational thought, is called: A. propositional logic. B. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. C. combinatorial reasoning. D. probability logic.

Q: You teach tenth-grade biology. Given your knowledge of the stage of formal operations, you expect your students to generate and test hypotheses in a systematic manner when completing their biology labs. You know that they can do this because they have developed: A. hypothetico-deductive reasoning. B. combinatorial reasoning. C. conservation skills. D. zone of proximal development.

Q: Although Piaget theorized that adolescents and adults are capable of formal operational tasks, research suggests that only about ______ percent actually are capable. A. 20 B. 30 C. 55 D. 75

Q: Which of the following is not a criticism of Piagets theories? A. His equilibration model is inadequate for explaining childrens advances in cognitive development. B. He paid little attention to the cultural context in which thinking skills develop. C. His model is biased against females and minorities. D. He underestimated cognitive abilities in both infancy and childhood.

Q: A Piagetian theorist would recommend all but which of the following educational strategies? A. Students in math and science should have opportunities to experiment, question, and create their own meaning and understanding of the material. B. Students of all ages should be provided social interactions with others in order to advance the development of cognitive abilities. C. Teachers should be encouraged to develop more effective skills of lecturing so that they can more effectively transmit information. D. Early childhood education should include more opportunities for all different types of play.

Q: Compared to Piaget, Vygotsky places more emphasis on: A. mental representations. B. innate abilities. C. genetics and heredity. D. social interaction and setting.

Q: When driving in the car at night with her parents, Kristina says, Look, the moon is following me. Kristinas statement is an example of: A. centration. B. animism. C. collective monologue. D. seriation.

Q: ______ is the process of forming a mental representation of external physical actions or mental operations. A. Internalization B. Scaffolding C. Inner speech D. Guided participation

Q: A child is asked to sit in a chair, looking at a landscape of three mountains. Then the child is asked to select a drawing that best describes how the mountains might look to someone sitting in a different chair. What is being studied in this research setting? A. egocentrism B. conservation C. zone of proximal development D. animism

Q: Which of the following statements is not consistent with Vygotskys perspective on cognitive development? A. Developmental changes in childrens thinking can be described in terms of the cultural tools, both technical and psychological, they use to make sense of their world. B. Language is the most important psychological tool that influences childrens cognitive development. C. The history of the childs experience, but not the childs culture, is important in understanding cognitive development. D. Basic cognitive functions are transformed into higher mental functions through interactions with more knowledgeable peers and adults.

Q: The tendency of young children to focus their attention on only one aspect of a stimulus is called ______. A. egocentrism B. hypo-deductive thinking C. centration D. seriation

Q: Which of the following is not a mental operation used by children in the concrete operational stage of development? A. propositional logic B. classification C. conservation D. seriation

Q: Which of the following logical rules must be known and understood in order to solve a seriation problem? A. rule of progressive change B. rule of transitivity C. rule of class inclusion D. both the rule of progressive change and the rule of transitivity

Q: Jeremy is shown pictures of two cows and five pigs. His teacher than asks, Jeremy, are there more pigs or more animals? Jeremys teacher is trying to test Jeremys understanding of: A. conservation. B. hierarchies. C. number. D. transitivity.

Q: The understanding that an entity remains the same despite superficial changes in its form or physical appearance is: A. conservation. B. egocentrism. C. scaffolding. D. combinatorial reasoning.

Q: Jesse is able to classify objects and solve conservation tasks. Based on Piagets description of child development, which age is Jesse most likely to be? A. 1 year B. 5 years C. 10 years D. 14 years

Q: Jessicas toy bear is out of reach under the couch. She crawls around to the back of the couch to get her toy. Jessica is at the ______ of the sensorimotor period of development. A. beginning B. middle C. end D. None of these; Jessica is in the concrete operations period.

Q: Object permanence is the: A. intentional, goal-directed action of infants. B. understanding that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or acted upon. C. cognitive achievement of the preoperational period. D. inability to distinguish between animate and inanimate objects.

Q: Before Piaget, children were generally thought of as: A. having their own logic and ways of knowing that change with time. B. actively constructing knowledge through interactions with the environment. C. passively shaped and molded by the environment. D. little scientists.

Q: Which of the following is a criticism of Piagets findings on object permanence? A. Mental representation of objects occurs earlier than Piaget suggested. B. Babies may not lack object permanence but rather lack the memory skills or motor skills to demonstrate their understanding. C. both of these D. neither of these

Q: Piaget initially studied childrens reasoning processes by using the ______ method. A. clinical interview B. experimental C. survey D. naturalistic observation

Q: All but which of the following are limitations of preoperational thought? A. egocentrism B. centration C. representational thinking D. animism