Q&A Hero

Q: Van Goghs impact on the arts has been significant and far-reaching. Explore some of his innovations in terms of his concepts and their manifestation in his work.

Q: Discuss the use of light in Impressionist paintings. Give examples of specific artists and their work in your explanation of their innovative use of light and color.

Q: Consider Thomas Eakinss The Gross Clinic (Fig. 31-21). How does it reflect the cultural ideas and technological changes of the late nineteenth century?

Q: Discuss the movement of Realism. Provide examples and formal descriptions.

Q: Compare and contrast the design and aesthetics of the Grand Staircase, Opra, Paris (Fig. 31-4) and the Reading Room of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris (Fig. 31-52).

Q: In what ways was Henry Ossawa Tanner unlike his contemporaries in the Paris art world?

Q: How were the first skyscrapers designed and ornamented?

Q: How is Central Park organized?

Q: What is Art Nouveau?

Q: What is Orientalism?

Q: What is Japonisme?

Q: What is repoussoir, and how did Czanne use it?

Q: How did Manet break with conventions in his paintings?

Q: Who was William Morris?

Q: What was the early photographic process?

Q: What was essential to the development of the modern skyscraper? A. electric elevator B. pre-cut glass panes C. truss-and-balloon framing D. cable car

Q: Which English tradition of landscaping did Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux rely on in designing New Yorks Central Park? A. symmetrical B. picturesque C. Grand Manner D. Academic

Q: What did Belgian artist James Ensor frequently use in his terrifying paintings, which combined aspects of Symbolism and Expressionism? A. weapons B. femme fatales C. demons D. masks

Q: What interest led Gauguin to give up his affluent lifestyle in search of simpler pleasures? A. Japonisme B. the primitive C. peasants D. anarchists

Q: Which artist associated with Realism in the nineteenth century found great success in the Salon system, including receiving Frances highest award, membership in the Legion of Honor? A. Courbet B. Manet C. Millet D. Bonheur

Q: The reading room at the Bibliothque Nationale in Paris (Fig. 31-52) demonstrates the tendency of late nineteenth-century architects to A. fuse a historicizing approach to form with new technologies. B. reject the use of mass-produced and industrial materials in design. C. explore new architectural forms that could reflect the modern world. D. adhere to the dictum that form ever follows function.

Q: Czannes professed aim of painting was to A. evoke a strong emotional reaction from the viewer. B. create an image of pure aesthetic pleasure. C. make of Impressionism something solid and durable. D. capture transitory effects of light and atmosphere.

Q: In Degass The Rehearsal on Stage (Fig. 31-33), the seemingly arbitrary cropping of figures suggests the influence of A. synthetism. B. historicism. C. photography. D. stained glass.

Q: What innovation seen in Auguste Rodins The Burghers of Calais (Fig. 31-45) signaled his departure from established traditions of sculpture? A. Rodin enlarged the figures hands and feet. B. The figures show emotional anguish and despair. C. Rodin suggests their pain through physical discomfort. D. The figure grouping is placed at eye level.

Q: In what way was Gustave Courbets The Stone Breakers (Fig. 31-12) an explicit political statement? A. His elevated his lower-class subject to the heroic status afforded history painting. B. He refused to exhibit it in the Salon and wrote a manifesto criticizing the academies. C. He rejected academic conventions to idealize the subject. D. He depicted an actual event that spawned violent protests outside the city of Ornans.

Q: What was a disadvantage of a daguerreotype? A. The image was blurred. B. The image would fade over time. C. The image could not be reproduced easily. D. The image was very dark.

Q: What style did American-born sculptor Edmonia Lewis employ to address modern issues such as slavery? A. Realist B. Symbolist C. Impressionist D. Neoclassical

Q: What common denominator unifies the artists who are considered Post-Impressionists? A. They lived in France and formally trained at an academy. B. They experimented with form and expanded on Impressionism. C. They rejected ancient Greek and Roman ideas and form. D. Their work is characterized by the use of impasto.

Q: What impact did the suppression of the Paris Commune have on art? A. There was a resurgence in religious art and the Romantic style. B. Artists turned to lithography and other printed formats for social critique. C. Overt political commentary in French art diminished. D. Avant-garde artists produced politically charged work under pseudonyms.

Q: Although artists in different countries developed their own approach to Realism, what common interest united them? A. a rejection of Academic standards for artistic styles and patronage B. a desire to present an unflinching look at the lives of the working poor C. a preference for oil painting and symmetrically balanced compositions D. their political and religious affiliation and activist role in society

Q: In contrast to some of the other Impressionist painters, Renoir focused on the A. marketplace. B. streetlight. C. landscape. D. figure.

Q: Although associated with the Academy, Gustave Moreaus sensuous treatment of biblical themes served as a precursor to which art movement? A. Neo-Impressionism B. Symbolism C. Impressionism D. the Pre-Raphaelites

Q: Which Renaissance culture influenced Manets Luncheon on the Grass (Le Djeuner sur lHerbe) (Fig. 31-17) and Olympia (Fig. 31-18)? A. Venetian B. German C. Spanish D. Netherlandish

Q: William Morriss reaction against the mass production of furniture and other functional objects was rooted in his A. desire for his own wealth. B. socialist concerns for industrial workers. C. idea that art was only for the elite. D. religious beliefs and ceremonies.

Q: Winslow Homer employed an unadorned realism in depicting the heroic struggles of A. African Americans. B. the working poor. C. soldiers in the Civil War. D. young male athletes.

Q: Which artist is known for producing portraits of some of Britains leading intellectuals? A. Timothy OSullivan B. Henry Fox Talbot C. Julia Margaret Cameron D. James Abbott McNeill Whistler

Q: To emphasize the abstract nature of his paintings, James Abbott McNeill Whistler often chose titles that were more commonly used in A. psychology. B. music. C. poetry. D. mathematics.

Q: Van Goghs insistence on his emotional state over fidelity to nature contributed to the development of which subsequent movement in modern art? A. Symbolism B. Japonisme C. Expressionism D. Art Nouveau

Q: Which of the following were major patrons of the arts in the nineteenth century? A. monarchs B. workers C. church officials D. entrepreneurs

Q: What structure that was erected for the 1889 Universal Exposition was intended to be temporary? A. Crystal Palace B. Paris Opra C. Statue of Liberty D. Eiffel Tower

Q: How did John Singleton Copleys Watson and the Shark (Fig. 30-32) exemplify the Romantic movement?

Q: How did Sir Joshua Reynolds approach painting? Discuss his philosophies as they appear in Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces (Fig. 30-24).

Q: Neoclassicism and Romanticism are usually considered to have opposing styles. Write an essay offering examples that demonstrate the overlapping aspects of the visual characteristics, thematic interests, and cultural significance of both styles.

Q: How were Enlightenment ideas reflected in art of the eighteenth century? Choose examples that demonstrate the diverse range of styles used to express these interests.

Q: What are the main features of the Rococo style, as seen in Jean-Antoine Watteaus The Signboard of Gersaint (Fig. 30-3)?

Q: What are the sources for Thomas Jeffersons Monticello (Fig. 30-70)?

Q: What was the impact of lithography?

Q: How did art develop in Mesoamerica in the eighteenth century?

Q: How did artists of the nineteenth century use landscape painting to convey ideas associated with Romanticism?

Q: How did Neoclassical artists rebel against Rococo art?

Q: What was the role of art academies in the eighteenth century, and how did they influence artistic development of the period?

Q: How did Joseph Wright of Derby glorify science?

Q: Why did Diderot encourage artists to work for the common good?

Q: What defines the Rococo style? Give an example.

Q: What is the derivation of the word Rococo?

Q: In 1779, what material was used in the Severn River Bridge (Fig. 30-22), which replaced the heavy, hand-cut stone voussoirs of earlier bridges? A. iron struts B. Classical keystones C. decorative crenellations D. wooden arches

Q: What did Joseph Mallord William Turner try to capture with a mixture of fascination and fear? A. vedute B. salons C. sublime D. fte galante

Q: Who painted a series of entertaining scenes of scientific experiments? A. Richard Boyle B. Joseph Wright of Derby C. Thomas Cole D. Joseph Mallord William Turner

Q: Who were really only honorary members of the academies? A. sculptors B. foreigners C. women D. architects

Q: Enlightenment thinking is marked by the conviction that. A. all developments should have church support. B. the aristocracy is best able to rule. C. all should have equal rights. D. women should have the right to vote.

Q: Cardinal Albani built the Villa Albani to A. reflect on Enlightenment ideals. B. display his vast collection of antique artifacts. C. promote the Industrial Revolution. D. house royal travelers from Northern Europe.

Q: What is demonstrated in Thodore Gricaults The Raft of the Medusa (Fig. 30-51)? A. principles of the Grand Manner B. the emphasis on reason C. the religious potential of art D. influences from the Americas

Q: Thomas Gainsboroughs style of portraiture reflects the influence of A. Flemish artists, such as Van Dyck. B. Reynolds concept of the Grand Manner. C. realism found in Dutch genre painting. D. Romantic ideas about nature.

Q: How do the landscape paintings of John Constable evoke themes of Romanticism in art? A. the heightened drama of the scene B. the nostalgic emphasis on nature as idyllic C. the reference to the philosophical sublime D. the inclusion of exotic details

Q: What about Ingress work in the early nineteenth century demonstrates the ongoing interest in Neoclassicism? A. his erotic or aristocratic subject matter B. his attention to color and surface textures C. his academic line and formal structure D. his emphasis on moral virtue and reason

Q: How did Benjamin Latrobe incorporate new symbolic forms in his design for the U.S. Capitol building? A. an asymmetrical floor plan B. Native American patterns on walls C. representations of indigenous plants on columns D. brick made from local clay

Q: A common thread that connected Romantic artists was A. the belief in the necessity of the Grand Tour. B. a simplified composition and individual forms. C. a focus on rational subjects. D. an emphasis on expressiveness.

Q: How did French artist Jacques-Louis David incorporate ideas of Grand Manner painting into his depiction of Napoleon Crossing the Saint Bernard (Fig. 30-49)? A. He represented subjects in Classical settings and costumes. B. He used artistic license to suggest heroic qualities. C. He adhered to models for history painting established in England. D. He showed the figures control over the environment.

Q: What about Goyas Third of May, 1808 (Fig. 30-45) epitomizes Romanticism in art? A. It is not factual. B. It glorifies the victors. C. It is an image of terror. D. It is a mythological subject.

Q: In Angelika Kauffmans Cornelia Pointing to Her Children as Her Treasures (Fig. 30-28), how does the mother depict Classical virtues? A. She expresses interest in material wealth. B. She shows frustration with her children. C. She gestures to the monumental architecture. D. She stands gracefully in a tranquil setting.

Q: Which artist was admired by Denis Diderot, an Enlightenment philosopher who thought art should inspire refined manners? A. Fragonard B. Blake C. Boucher D. Chardin

Q: Swiss artist John Henry Fuseli specialized in depicting dramatic subjects drawn from literary sources, including A. the Bible B. Erasmus C. Chaucer D. Shakespeare

Q: What does Fragonards The Swing (Fig. 30-6), which was commissioned by an unknown patron, suggest about the artists aristocratic clientele? A. devout religious practice B. erotic interests C. intellectual pursuits D. scientific curiosity

Q: What were typical architectural elements in French Rococo salon design of the 1730s? A. cantilevers B. arabesques C. iron rods D. striations

Q: In the eighteenth century, the Industrial Revolution replaced the land-based power of the aristocracy with A. the financial power of capitalists. B. the religious power of the Church. C. the political power of the laity. D. the social power of philosophers

Q: Rosalba Carriera specialized in painting portraits with A. ink. B. acrylic. C. pastels. D. wood.

Q: What is the name for intimate, fashionable, and intellectual gatherings hosted by accomplished, educated Frenchwomen of the upper class? A. satires B. tours C. salons D. academies

Q: Davids Death of Marat (Fig. 30-39) echoes the pose of Christ in a sculpture by A. Reynolds. B. Boucher. C. Carriera. D. Michelangelo.

Q: What site became a venerated pilgrimage center in Mexico after Juan Diego claimed that he had seen the Virgin Mary there? A. Guadalupe B. Madrid C. Segovia D. Toledo

Q: In England, what style experienced a revival accompanied by Neoclassicism? A. Gothic B. Roman C. Romanesque D. Byzantine