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Q:
17+ Calculate ï“X2 with X1 = 2, X2 = 5.
a) 11
b) 29
c) 18
d) 49
Q:
16+ Which of the following is most certainly an ordinal scale?
a) football numbers
b) mailbox numbers
c) IQ scores
d) Celsius temperature scale
Q:
15 In an equation, a constant is
a) always represented by the letter "c."
b) a term that you can ignore.
c) another word for "variable."
d) a number that does not change its value in a given situation.
Q:
14 An important general rule given in the text is
a) always square values before you do anything else.
b) work algebraic equations from right to left.
c) perform operations that are within parentheses before you perform operations outside of parentheses.
d) operations can be performed in any order.
Q:
13+ The Greek letter ï“ is a symbol for
a) multiplication.
b) suppression.
c) the square root.
d) summation.
Q:
12+ Which of the following is a discrete variable?
a) gender
b) age
c) height
d) depression score
Q:
11+ Which of the following is least likely to be an example of an independent variable?
a) gender
b) age
c) treatment condition
d) test score
Q:
10 If we want to obtain a random sample of people to interview, we could best do so by
a) drawing random numbers from a table and linking a number to a person.
b) taking every 10th name out of the telephone book.
c) knocking on doors and interview whoever answers.
d) asking for volunteers.
Q:
9 When we use paw-lick latency as a measure of temperature sensitivity, latency is
a) an independent variable.
b) a categorical variable.
c) a continuous variable.
d) a discrete variable.
Q:
8 In the preceding question the independent variable is
a) stress.
b) adrenaline.
c) location.
d) the number of children treated for sleep disturbance.
Q:
7+ If we are comparing the adrenaline scores of children who live near an airport with those who live away from an airport, the dependent variable is
a) location.
b) adrenaline.
c) stress.
d) distance from the airport.
Q:
6 In the study of children living near an airport, we first need to be concerned about
a) the underlying scale of adrenaline scores.
b) the relationship between numerical scores on adrenaline and underlying stress.
c) whether adrenaline increases over time in a continuous fashion.
d) the number of children who showed high adrenaline scores.
Q:
5 Evans et al. (1998) recorded adrenaline levels of children who lived near a newly opened airport to see if the presence of the airport increased stress levels in children. (Increased stress would be associated with increases in adrenaline levels.) In this study we would most likely view adrenaline as
a) a ratio measurement of stress.
b) a nominal measure of stress.
c) somewhere between an ordinal and an interval measure of stress.
d) an absolute measure of stress.
Q:
4 When we are concerned about the measurement scale, we are concerned about
a) the numbers we have collected.
b) the underlying concept which we are trying to measure.
c) the interpretation we can give to our resulting statistics.
d) both the underlying concept and our interpretation of them.
Q:
3+ The major difference between an interval and a ratio scale is that
a) with an interval scale you know which values represent more of the quantity.
b) with an interval scale you can speak meaningfully about a score of 0.
c) with a ratio scale you can speak meaningfully about a score of 0.
d) both scales carry the same level of information
Q:
2+ Which scale really isn"t much of a scale at all?
a) nominal
b) ordinal
c) interval
d) ratio
Q:
1 Scales of measurement are important because
a) they influence the kinds of statistical tests we will use in at least a crude way.
b) they reflect the kinds of statements we may make about relationships between points on the scale.
c) they limit the kinds of conclusions we can draw from a study.
d) all of the above
Q:
61 Briefly describe the importance of random samples in statistics.
Q:
60 Describe a process to obtain a random sample of Olympic athletes from the 2006 Winter Games.
Q:
59 Name three samples that could be drawn from the population of all Olympic athletes from the 2006 Winter Games.
Q:
58 Name three types of categorical data.
Q:
57 Name three types of measurement data.
Q:
56 Indicate whether the following examples are of descriptive statistics or inferential statistics.
a) 40% of the students in this class are male.
b) Determine if students in the Advanced Calculus Class have higher scores on the Math portion of the SAT than the average student on campus.
c) The average grade on the first statistics exam.
Q:
55 Indicate whether the following are examples of testing relationships or differences.
a) Increased smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower birth weight of infants.
b) Males tend to engage in more physical aggression than females.
c) Students in the study skills course had higher grades than students who were not in the study skills course.
Q:
54 A non-profit organization is interested in identifying the need for subsidized childcare in a low-income neighborhood. They conduct phone interviews with 100 families who live there and find out that 25% of them need childcare.
a) What is the population of interest?
b) What is the sample?
c) Is their sampling technique a good way to represent the population of interest? Explain.
d) Is 25% a statistic or a parameter?
Q:
53 The drug company claims that only 6% of all patients experience severe side effects when using the new medication. An independent researcher reported that 10% of patients in his study of 300 patients using the new medication experienced severe side effects.
a) Does the drug company consider 6% to be a parameter or a statistic?
b) Is 10% a parameter or a statistic?
c) What inference might be drawn from these data?
Q:
52 A drug company is interested in testing the effectiveness of a new treatment for clinical depression by comparing the depressive symptoms of patients using the new drug to the depressive symptoms of patients using a drug that is already on the market. Is the drug company interested in relationships or differences?
Q:
51 Testing if increases in hours of sleep are associated with increases in grade point average is an example of testing a relationship rather than a difference.
Q:
50 The students who took the study skills course are a sample rather than a population.
Q:
49 Comparing the grade point average of students who took a study skills course to the grade point average of students who did not is an example of testing a relationship.
Q:
48 Comparing the grade point average of students who took a study skills course to the grade point average of students who did not is an example of inferential statistics rather than descriptive statistics.
Q:
47 The grade point average of a random sample of students surveyed in a dining hall is a statistic.
Q:
46 The grade point average of all freshmen at a particular university is a parameter.
Q:
45 The type of data, categorical or measurement is not an important consideration when selecting a statistical procedure.
Q:
44 When deciding which statistical procedure to use, the number of groups or variables is an important factor.
Q:
43 Grade point average is an example of categorical data rather than measurement data.
Q:
42 The number of males and females in this class is an example of categorical data rather than measurement data.
Q:
41 In which of the following experiments could we NOT use random assignment?
a) a comparison of groups receiving three different levels of a drug
b) a comparison of driving errors with and without consuming alcohol
c) the comparison of people from several religious groups in terms of acceptance of others' beliefs
d) None of the above could use random assignment.
Q:
40 Which of the following do NOT go together?
a) categorical data, frequency data
b) measurement data, quantitative data
c) quantitative data, frequency data
d) frequency data, count data
Q:
39 The mean number of arrests for those who rarely attended high school would be
a) a statistic.
b) a parameter.
c) a parametric test.
d) an inference.
Q:
38 In the preceding question the dependent variable will most likely be treated as
a) a categorical variable.
b) a discrete variable.
c) a continuous variable.
d) a qualitative variable.
Q:
37 A psychologist was interested in relating the number of times a young adult had been arrested to that person's attendance in high school. The number of arrests is
a) the independent variable.
b) the dependent variables.
c) the covariate.
d) a parameter.
Q:
36 Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic?
a) mean
b) standard deviation
c) t-statistic
d) median
Q:
35 Statistics are
a) only useful in analyzing experimental research in psychology.
b) useful in teaching a logical approach to data (information).
c) impossible to calculate without a background in calculus.
d) all the data in a population.
Q:
34 Because it is impossible to make an unlimited number of observations, researchers often collect data from _______ instead of from _______.
a) samples; populations
b) parameters; populations
c) statistics; samples
d) parameters; statistics
Q:
33+ The amount of time it takes you to open a child-proof container is an example of
a) frequency data.
b) measurement data.
c) count data.
d) categorical data.
Q:
32+ Without a random sample, we cannot
a) calculate statistics.
b) collect quantitative data.
c) accurately estimate the parameters of a population.
d) consult a decision tree to decide on an appropriate statistical procedure.
Q:
31 An example of a statistical inference is
a) generalizing data from a sample of girls to a population of girls.
b) generalizing data from a sample of girls to a population of people.
c) categorical data.
d) the relationship between height and weight.
Q:
30 When is it most important to know the exact calculational formulae used to calculate a statistic?
a) when it is frequently used
b) when it is very complex
c) when it deals with more than two groups
d) when the formula is important in defining the concept
Q:
29 If you were interested in finding out how learning increases with increases in studying, what statistical question would you be asking?
a) Is there a relationship?
b) Is there a difference?
c) Is there a variable?
d) A decision tree is needed to answer this question.
Q:
28+ A researcher obtained attractiveness ratings on a scale from 1 to 100. She then classified people into "attractive" and "unattractive" groups on the basis of these scores. In this example, the researcher used _______ data to create _______ data.
a) descriptive; inferential
b) inferential; logical
c) categorical; measurement
d) measurement; categorical
Q:
27+ Which of the following is NOT a potential contextual cue in the study of mice injected with morphine?
a) the morphine dose injected
b) the room the injection occurs in
c) the color of the cage the injection occurs in
d) the size of the cage the injection occurs in
Q:
26 In deciding on which statistical procedure to employ for a set of data, which of the following questions is least important?
a) Are the data measurement or categorical?
b) Are we looking for differences or relationships?
c) How many participants contributed to the data set?
d) How many groups and variables are involved?
Q:
25 Which of the following is a logical, as opposed to a statistical, conclusion?
a) If a sample of mice overdoses on morphine in novel contexts, the population of mice will also overdose.
b) If mice overdose on morphine in novel contexts, human beings may also overdose in novel contexts.
c) If a relationship is present, there is also a difference.
d) If one child is left-handed, then all children are left-handed.
Q:
24+ Which of the following would come closest to recruiting a random sample of college students?
a) drawing 50 telephone numbers from a hat containing the phone numbers of all students
b) advertising for 50 volunteers with posters in the dining halls
c) asking 50 people in the library on Saturday morning to participate
d) calling the first 50 names from an alphabetical list of all students
Q:
23 Why is the study of mice injected with morphine useful to humans?
a) Mice cannot overdose on morphine.
b) Mice display tolerance to morphine, just as addicts develop tolerance to heroin (a derivative of morphine).
c) Mice do not show effects of context in their tolerance to morphine.
d) The study of mice cannot be related to human drug addicts.
Q:
22 Descriptive and inferential are forms of statistics, while _______ are forms of data.
a) measurement and categorical
b) parameters and statistics
c) populations and samples
d) random and nonrandom
Q:
21+ In order for a researcher to be able to estimate accurately the parameters of a population from his or her sample, the sample must be
a) very large.
b) racially diverse.
c) low in variability.
d) random.
Q:
20+ Which of the following is what we mean by "statistics"?
a) average of the heights of college basketball teams
b) a set of procedures for handling data
c) the batting averages of the local baseball team's starting players
d) All of the above are examples of statistics.
Q:
19+ Which of the following is false?
a) The average score on an example for a class is a descriptive statistic.
b) A sample refers to the observations drawn from a population.
c) Categorical data is also known as frequency data.
d) We usually collect data from an entire population.
Q:
18 Why is it appropriate to assess the number of ears college sophomores have by counting one sophomore's ears, but it is not appropriate to assess how intelligent professors are by giving one professor an IQ test?
a) There is less variability in number of ears for sophomores than intelligence for professors.
b) There is more variability in number of ears for sophomores than intelligence for professors.
c) It is appropriate to only give one professor the IQ test.
d) College sophomores are harder to assess than professors.
Q:
17+ When given a cup of coffee before a race, a sample of runners were found to run the race faster than without coffee. If we then conclude that on average runners run faster after drinking coffee, this would be an example of
a) an illogical inference.
b) an inferential inference.
c) a statistical inference.
d) a descriptive inference.
Q:
16 One of the most i
Q:
15+ Which of the following best illustrates the conclusions that statisticians draw from experiments?
a) Y = 12X2 + 3X " 7
b) The average of the sample is 12.4.
c) Male teenage delinquents show higher levels of testosterone on average than do male non-delinquents.
d) The Gross National Product increased 2 points last year.
Q:
14 Inferential statistics are primarily concerned with
a) making inferences about a population from a sample.
b) describing what the data look like.
c) relationships rather than differences.
d) none of the above
Q:
13 The branch of statistics dealing with making comparisons between two different conditions in which subjects were tested is called
a) descriptive statistics.
b) test statistics.
c) correlational statistics
d) inferential statistics
Q:
12+ Which of the following is least likely to be a factor in selecting among statistical procedures?
a) the type of data we have collected
b) how many observations we have
c) whether we are looking at relationships or differences
d) how many groups or variables we have
Q:
11 The important thing in estimating the proportion of blue M&Ms that the manufacturer produces is
a) the randomness of the sample.
b) the size of the sample
c) the variability from bag to bag.
d) all of the above
Q:
10 Suppose that you dumped out a bag of M&MsTM and found 48 blues, 35 greens, 30 reds, and 15 browns. Which of the following seems like the most reasonable conclusion to draw?
a) The manufacturer produces the same proportion of each color.
b) The manufacturer produces more blue M&Ms than any other color.
c) It is impossible to tell what the manufacturer is doing.
d) The manufacturer produces exactly 48/128 = 37.5% blue M&Ms.
Q:
9+ Which of the following is the appropriate pairing?
a) Population: Statistic ; Sample: Parameter
b) Population: Parameter ; Sample : Statistic
c) Population: Statistic ; Statistic : Sample
d) Parameter: Statistic ; Sample : Population
Q:
8 To produce good estimates of population parameters we need to have a _______ sample.
a) normal
b) independent
c) random
d) systematic
Q:
7 Another name for measurement data is _______ data.
a) frequency
b) categorical
c) quantitative
d) numerical
Q:
6+ Which of the following is most likely to be measured categorically?
a) weight gain in first year college students
b) level of authoritarianism in a sample of public accountants
c) species of dogs appearing in the Sunday comics
d) deterioration in driving performance under the influence of alcohol
Q:
5 You would need the largest sample if you wanted to obtain a fairly accurate estimate of
a) the average allowance of high school sophomores in Burlington High School.
b) the average income of college students in the United States.
c) the average family income in California.
d) the average starting salary of graduating history majors.
Q:
4 If you want to study the effect of hormonal changes as boys reach adolescence, your sample would most likely include
a) pre-adolescent and post-adolescent boys.
b) adolescent boys.
c) pre-adolescent and post-adolescent girls.
d) adult men.
Q:
3+ If you want to study the effect of hormonal changes in adolescent boys, your population would be
a) all people in the world.
b) all males.
c) all adolescents.
d) all adolescent males.
Q:
2 The effect of context on morphine tolerance would most likely be seen by differences in
a) the averages of paw-lick latencies in the same and different contexts.
b) the variability of paw-lick latencies within the same and different contexts.
c) number of mice tested under each context.
d) both a and b
Q:
1 To understand an example, you need to understand the logic behind the experiment that serves as the example. Morphine tolerance in the example in Chapter 1 would be shown when
a) paw-lick latencies decrease over time with repeated injections of morphine.
b) paw-lick latencies increase over time with repeated injections of morphine.
c) paw-lick latency do not vary as a function of time.
d) short latencies indicate reduced pain sensitivity.
Q:
Which of the following educational approaches is/are helping to "open doors for students traditionally excluded from the general education environment"?
A. Universal Design for Learning
B. Cooperative learning
C. Thematic instruction
D. All of the above
Q:
CASE STUDY: Brandi is a fourth grader who has a severe communication disorder. Her articulation is so severe that her speech is unintelligible 90 percent of the time. However, she is not embarrassed about her communication difficulties and is very outgoing and friendly. She does not have a lot of friends because her peers often tease her because she talks "like a baby." Brandi ignores this and continues to have a very positive attitude. Surprisingly, Brandi has never been referred for testing. Her math skills seem to be comparable to those of her peers but her reading and written language skills seem to be a challenge for her. As her teacher, you schedule an informal meeting with your school's speech/language pathologist to get answers to the following questions:How might a speech and language disorder, such as Brandi "s, affect her academic achievement? Self-concept? Behavior?