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Engineering
Q:
What are some problems associated with open-pit mining and mountaintop removal?
Q:
Give a few examples of metals that are effectively recycled. What are the environmental and social benefits of recycling these metals?
Q:
Discuss the environmental impacts of processing minerals.
Q:
Strip mining is the method of choice used by many small-scale, or artisanal, miners indeveloping countries.
Q:
Reclamation of mine sites typically does not restore the natural plant communities.
Q:
The non-fuel mining industry, together with processors and manufacturers of products from mined materials, employs more than 5% of all Canadians.
Q:
25% of old cell phones in Canada are recycled.
Q:
Unlike most non-metallic resources, most metals are found in a pure state in Earth's crust.
Q:
Unlike open-pit mining, in mountaintop coal mining there is no need to fill adjacent valleys with waste rock, because after the removal of coal, the remaining waste rock will occupy less volume than the original mountaintop rock.
Q:
The top three metals (by weight) that can be recovered from old cell phones are, in descending order (i.e., the first being the highest weight) ________.A) copper, silver, goldB) copper, palladium, goldC) copper, silver, tantalumD) silver, copper, goldE) silver, copper, tantalum
Q:
Which of the following is NOT a problem that has been often caused by placer mining?
A) poisoning rivers with hydrogen sulphide
B) poisoning rivers with mercury
C) poisoning rivers with cyanide
D) polluting water with large amounts of suspended debris
E) causing erosion
Q:
It takes ________ times more energy to produce 1 kg of aluminum starting from aluminium ore compared to the same 1 kg produced from recycled sources.
A) 20
B) 10
C) 5
D) 3
E) 1
Q:
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons why areas reclaimed after mining are often covered with grasses instead of the original vegetation?
A) Grasses take advantage of a symbiotic relationship with fungi, which grow better in acidified soils.
B) Grasses are used to stabilize the ground and to control the erosion.
C) Grasses can grow on compacted soils.
D) Grasses can grow on nutrient-poor soils.
E) Grasses can grow on acidified soils.
Q:
In the ocean, a good place to extract gold, silver, and zinc is ________.
A) a hydrothermal vent, because vents emit dissolved metals from volcanic activity
B) a continental shelf, because that is where minerals eroded on land end up
C) a shelf break, because that is where minerals eroded on land end up
D) at the deep trenches near the coasts, because that is where minerals eroded on land end up
E) in seawater itself, because seawater contains significant concentrations of dissolved gold and other metals
Q:
Manganese nodules can be extracted using ________.
A) vacuum-cleaner like dredges
B) solution mining
C) conveyor systems of strip mining
D) machines operating in subsurface shafts
E) placer mining
Q:
Solution mining ________.
A) is more similar to subsurface mining than to strip mining
B) exerts more environmental impact than other mining techniques
C) is used to mine gold
D) does not cause large underground cavities
E) is also called "in vito recovery"
Q:
Mountaintop removal is NOT________.
A) less damaging to the environment than subsurface mining
B) used to mine coal in the United States
C) similar to strip mining
D) similar to tar-sands mining in Alberta
E) clogging streams and rivers
Q:
Placer mining ________.
A) is used by artisanal miners
B) is a mining type often used in Canada
C) is used by uranium miners in Congo
D) often releases mercury or cyanide
E) is used by zinc miners
Q:
Which are the LEAST likely problems associated with strip mines?
A) methane explosions
B) acid drainage
C) aquifer pollution
D) massive land disruption
E) habitat loss
Q:
Which of the following is the LEAST likely to pose a dangerto miners in subsurface coal mines?
A) acid burns from acid drainage
B) methane explosions
C) toxic fumes
D) coal dust ignition
E) rock bursts
Q:
Regulations in developed countries require that waste heaps from mining have to be covered with clay mainly to ________.
A) reduce the exposure of the heaps to water and oxygen
B) increase oxidation of the toxic compounds in the heaps
C) neutralize acids by reactions with clay particles
D) lower emissions of greenhouse gases
E) reduce emissions of hydrogen sulphide from the heaps
Q:
Subsurface mines can be as deep as ________ km.
A) 4
B) 8
C) 3
D) 2
E) 1
Q:
Acid drainage is NOT ________.
A) usually a problem in a reducing environment
B) a natural phenomenon
C) usually associated with oxidizing sulphides
D) serious problem in Canada
E) helping grasses to outcompete other plants in reclaimed lands
Q:
Leachate is NOT ________.
A) always caused by aerobic reactions
B) always a liquid
C) forming in landfills
D) forming in mines
E) toxic
Q:
Waste rock and nonvaluable minerals associated with ores is called ________.
A) gangue
B) alloy
C) smeltite
D) extract rock
E) probit
Q:
Canada is NOT one of the main world producers of ________.
A) iron
B) potash
C) uranium
D) indium
E) diamonds
Q:
The most commonly mined mineral resources is/are ________.
A) sand and gravel
B) coal
C) iron ore
D) calcite
E) uranium ore
Q:
"Blood diamonds" are to non-metallic minerals what ________ is to metallic minerals.
A) coltan
B) carborum
C) calcite
D) manganese
E) gangue
Q:
Brass is made by melting and combining copper and zinc. Therefore, brass is an example of a(n) ________.
A) alloy
B) chemical compound
C) virgin metal
D) bimetal
E) element
Q:
Which of the following is a metal needed for your cell phone (a metal that fuels brutal wars in central Africa)?
A) tantalum
B) unobtainium
C) pandorium
D) coltanium
E) nokium
Q:
A ________ is a pit mine used to extract clay, gravel, sand, or stone.
Q:
Can technological progress change economically recoverable reserves of a given mineral resource? Can it change technically recoverable reserves of a given mineral resource? Why?
Q:
Which areas of the deep oceans are most promising for mining metals and why?
Q:
What mineral resources come from our oceans?
Q:
What is placer mining, and how is using this method to mine gold damaging to the environment?
Q:
A mine is opened. What process will create an acid mine drainage problem?
Q:
Name four mineral resources extracted using strip mining.
Q:
Diamonds from the Northwest Territories are laser-inscribed as originating in Canada to distinguish them from ________.
Q:
________ involves heating ore beyond its melting point and combining it with other
metals or chemicals.
Q:
Name a few properties of a metal.
Q:
Match the following.A) in situ recoveryB) strip miningC) smeltingD) subsurfaceE) manganeseF) tailingsG) gangueH) ironI) platinumJ) open-pitK) refiningL) iridium1.The type of mining most dangerous to its workers2.Heating ore beyond its melting point and combining it with other metals or chemicals3.Large amounts of this metal are in small ball-shaped accretions that are scattered across parts of the ocean floor4.The most economical method of extraction of minerals occurring in shallow horizontal deposits near the surface5.Remnants that are left over after metals have been extracted from ores6.Metal used in a car's catalytic converter
Q:
Refer to Figure 11.1. The costs of mining which metal from those listed below is likely to increase most (in percentage of its current value) in the next 50 years?A) molybdenumB) iron from oreC) cobaltD) titaniumE) lead
Q:
Refer to Figure 11.1. If the demand for molybdenum doubled and no more technically recoverable resources for this metal were found, we would run out molybdenum in about ________ years.
A) 50
B) 20
C) 100
D) 140
E) 160
Q:
Figure 11.1. In this figure, the dark bars correspond to the remaining years that certain metals are estimated to be economically recoverable at current prices, given known global reserves and assuming current rates of consumption. The entire lengths of the bars (dark red plus orange segments) show the remaining years that shown metals are estimated to be available using current technology on all known deposits, whether economically recoverable or not. All these time lengths could increase, if more reserves are found, or decrease, if consumption rates rise.Use Figure 11.1 to answer the following questions.Refer to Figure 11.1. Assuming today's rate of consumption and no discoveries of new reserves, the price of which metal from those listed below is likely to increase most (in percentage of current value) in the next 25 years?A) zincB) iron from oreC) copperD) cobaltE) titanium
Q:
Since the 1900s, the forest cover of the United States has decreased substantially.
Q:
To achieve maximum sustainable yields of timber, forest managers recommend cutting the trees when they reach their maximum size.
Q:
Cropland covers more land than rangeland.
Q:
Most of the world's forests are privately owned.
Q:
Agriculture covers 38% of Earth's terrestrial surface.
Q:
Timber harvests are currently increasing in developing nations and decreasing in developed nations.
Q:
Livestock graze one-quarter of Earth's surface.
Q:
Forests cover 20% of Earth's surface.
Q:
Salvage logging does NOT ________.A) create uneven age standsB) make sense from an economic point of viewC) help in replanting burned forestsD) reduce the number of habitats for animalsE) involve removal of less valuable wood
Q:
Salvage logging ________.
A) eliminates wildfires from forests
B) has no effect on the severity of wildfires
C) increases the number of habitats for wildlife by stimulating new growth
D) increases erosion
E) significantly decreases long-term timber yield (by more than 60%)
Q:
Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when ________.
A) they are frequently burned
B) they are frequently logged using clear-cutting
C) they are in the fast growth stage in the early stages of recovering from logging
D) they are mature and exhibit a multi-level canopy
E) shrubs and other ground cover plants are absent
Q:
According to the 2011 FAO assessment on global forests ________.
A) the world loses about 7 million hectares of forest per year
B) most of the forests are still publicly owned
C) the amount of carbon held in forests is increasing
D) secondary forests are lost more quickly than primary forests
E) more than 15% of forests are now designated for biodiversity conservation
Q:
Second-growth forests ________.
A) support less diversity than the forests they replace
B) include the forests in Clayoquot Sound
C) are less abundant on Earth today than they were 500 years ago
D) in North America are mostly in British Columbia and Alaska
E) are those forests in the National Parks that are protected from logging
Q:
Today deforestation occurs at the fastest rate in ________.
A) tropical rainforests
B) temperate rainforests
C) chaparral
D) temperate deciduous forests
E) boreal forests
Q:
________ will NOT result in forests in which most of the trees are of similar age.
A) Selection systems
B) Clear-cutting
C) Shelterwood
D) Seed-tree approach
E) Swidden forestry
Q:
According to the FAO study described in the Surveying Earth's Forests segment, between 1990 and 2005 different types of forests either increased or decreased in size. Arrange the following forest types in order of increasing area (the first decreased the most or increased the least, and the last increased the most).
A) primary forest, productive plantations, forest for soil protection, forest for recreation
B) productive plantations, primary forest, forest for soil protection, forest for recreation
C) primary forest, forest for soil protection, productive plantations, forest for recreation
D) primary forest, forest for soil protection, forest for recreation, productive plantations
E) primary forest, forest for recreation, forest for soil protection, productive plantations
Q:
The Canadian Forest Service ________ national forest land.
A) has the responsibility to preserve timber on Dominion lands and to develop policies to encourage tree culture in
B) was created by the Harper administration in 2007 to loosen environmental protection and restricting public oversight of
C) directs timber companies to remove small trees, underbrush, and dead trees to reduce fires in
D) offers subsidies to timber companies for road building on
E) was created to set up the formation of land trusts on
Q:
Selection systems are timber harvesting methods that ________.
A) are the most cost-efficient in the short term
B) have the greatest impacts on forest ecosystems
C) leave seed-producing or mature trees uncut to provide for future forests
D) are ecologically harmless
E) are very popular with timber companies
Q:
In Canada, trees are being removed at a faster rate than they are growing back on ________ land.
A) forest industry
B) national forest
C) privately owned
D) national park
E) non-national public forest
Q:
"Sloppy clear-cuts" ________.
A) are done on mountain slopes
B) mimic changes in a forest after severe windstorms
C) result in uneven aged stands
D) stop soil erosion
E) are a form of selection system
Q:
Most of the world's forests occur as ________.
A) temperate deciduous forest
B) chaparral
C) taiga and rainforest
D) tropical dry forest
E) temperate rainforest
Q:
The Iisaak ________.
A) were rewarded for allowing clear-cutting of their forest
B) were left without resources when the Malaysian government allowed clear-cutting in their forest
C) began an oil palm farm and made lots of money once trees were removed from their homeland
D) are native Alaskans opposed to oil drilling in ANWR
E) is a native Canadian company that logs in an environmentally sensitive manner
Q:
The spruce budworm is a known pest of Douglas fir trees. The hatching of this insect's larvae is triggered by the warmer temperatures in the early spring, while the development of fir trees is timed by amount of available light and day length. Recently, winters in a given area have become warmer, perhaps as a result of the warming trend. You would expect: that with the larvae hatching ________ in the year,
the development of fir trees would ________, and the damage caused by spruce budworms infestations would ________.
A) earlier; be unchanged; decrease
B) later; be unchanged; decrease
C) earlier; start earlier in the year; increase
D) earlier; be unchanged; increase
E) earlier; start later in the year; increase
Q:
Clear-cutting ________.
A) restricts timber harvesting to mountaintops
B) is harvesting trees from coastal areas only
C) involves the elimination of subsidies to farmers
D) is a form of violent protest favoured by radical environmental organizations
E) removes all trees from an area
Q:
Why do developing nations impose few or no restrictions on logging?
A) Local residents use most of the timber, and the government does not want to impose restrictions on its citizens.
B) They are desperate for economic development.
C) Most timber is extracted by local corporations that support the government.
D) There is practically an infinite supply of timber because wood is a renewable resource.
E) No old-growth forests remain in developing nations.
Q:
Deforestation ________.
A) decreases carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere
B) prevents erosion
C) contributes to population explosion
D) has the greatest impacts in tropical areas and arid regions
E) increased substantially between the 1990s and 2011
Q:
Forests in Canadado NOT include ________ forests.
A) old-growth
B) subalpine
C) deciduous
D) temperate rain
E) temperate mangrove
Q:
South America and Africa suffer the highest rates of deforestation. Which of the following is NOT one of the likely contributing factors?
A) climate change affecting forests in these two regions more than in other regions
B) logging concessions for multinational corporation
C) fallow periods that are too short in swidden agriculture
D) cutting trees for cooking and heating
E) governments' subsidies for clearing the land for farming
Q:
Which of the following is the LEAST likely to contribute to the recently observed increase in the number and intensity of catastrophic forest fires?
A) prescribed burns
B) changing climate
C) fire suppression
D) accumulation of dead wood
E) fuel buildup
Q:
________% of Earth's forests are forest plantations.
A) Less than 1
B) Approximately 3
C) Approximately 7
D) Almost 10
E) Almost 20
Q:
Forests cover ________% of Canada, and constitute ________% of all Earth's forested areas. (Use approximate numbers.)
A) 50; 10
B) 30; 20
C) 40; 10
D) 30; 10
E) 50; 20
Q:
The Canadian forest strategy includes which of the following objectives?
A) managing individual, commercially important, tree species
B) reversing privatization of forests by purchasing private woodlots
C) improving the sustainability of forest communities through legislation and policies
D) conveying ownership of forested areas from the Crown to private forest companies
E) protecting threatened forest-dwelling species
Q:
You are travelling through an open area dominated by grasses with widely scattered trees. You are most likely in the biome called ________.
A) tropical dry forest
B) steppe
C) savannah
D) grassland
E) shrubland
Q:
The Sarawak tribes ________.
A) were compensated for allowing clear-cutting of their forest
B) are pressured to switch from hunting-gathering to farming
C) depend on oil palm farming for income
D) failed to mount a protest in the face of the destruction of their way of life
E) went extinct
Q:
Fire history in an open pine woodland ecosystem would be best determined by ________.
A) the density of vegetation
B) charcoal in the soil
C) soil chemistry
D) tree ring scars
E) ambient air temperature
Q:
Several organizations examine the practices of timber companies and offer ________ to products produced using methods they consider sustainable.