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Q:
What is swidden agriculture, and under what conditions could it be sustainable?
Q:
Forest Service scientists in some districts have become involved in extensive programs of ________, attempting to protect, recover, or restore whole plant and animal communities that had been lost or degraded.
Q:
What one word describes clearing forests and the resulting loss of this practice?
Q:
________ encompasses making decisions on how resources are extracted and then monitoring resource recovery to make sure resource levels are not overly depleted and that wasteful practices are modified toward greater sustainability.
Q:
Is taiga the same as boreal forest?
Q:
Describe briefly Canada's forests of the north.
Q:
What are logging concessions, and do they make forestry sustainable?
Q:
Name four forest types (regions) in the Canadian forest of the west.
Q:
Grazing can be sustainable if it minimizes damage to ________. (List three objects/factors.)
Q:
Why does the government offer farm subsidies?
Q:
Why do most ecologists and foresters view tree plantations more as crop agriculture than as ecologically functional forests?
Q:
Match the following.A) adhesionB) CP RailC) Parks CanadaD) hardwoodE) downF) softwoodG) Clayoquot SoundH) Canadian Forest ServiceI) An increase in infestation as warmer winters do not kill enough beetlesJ) osmosisK) upL) light forestM) woodlandN) A decrease in infestation as beetles emerge earlier in spring when there is not enough food for them to surviveO) MacMillan-BloedelP) Hudson Bay1.Tzeporah Berman became a figurehead for a movement in British Columbia to stop the logging of a particular area.2.Its mission is to protect natural resources for future generations through the use of restrictions and prohibition of resource extraction, while providing public access for current enjoyment3.A wooded area with openings between trees allowing light to penetrate4.Owns and manages large tracts of timber in Western Canada5.Fire burning ________ the slope of a mountain can spread very fast6.Timber harvested from pine and spruce trees7.Soil water moves into the roots mainly by this process8.Possible effect of climate change on pine beetle infestation
Q:
Refer to Figure 10.2. When stomata open, they allow CO2 in, but "at the price" of letting some water out. Trees grown under high CO2 conditions tend to have fewer stomata, because they need fewer openings to get the same amount of CO2 into their leaves for photosynthesis. This means that the future CO2-rich atmosphere might benefit MOST the trees that grow today in soils with ________.A) shortage of nutrientsB) shortage of waterC) abundance of water and abundance of nutrientsD) abundance of water but shortage of nutrientsE) trees in all the soils listed above are likely to benefit equally
Q:
Refer to Figure 10.2. According to climate models used by IPCC, the climate change will increase temperature and precipitation in the northern part of Russia's boreal forests (taiga). For trees growing there this would mean ________.
A) increased transpiration and increased water uptake
B) increased transpiration and decreased water uptake
C) decreased transpiration and increased water uptake
D) decreased transpiration and decreased water uptake
E) increased transpiration and decreased cohesion
Q:
Figure 10.2Use Figure 10.2 to answer the following questionsRefer to Figure 10.2. The stomata are directly involved in ________.A) transpiration and evaporationB) cohesionC) water uptakeD) evaporation and water uptakeE) transpiration, evaporation, and water uptake
Q:
Refer to Figure 10.1. The production of forest roads is a greater cause of deforestation than ________.A) industry and resource extractionB) hydroelectricityC) urban development, transportation, and recreationD) agricultureE) industry and resource extraction and hydroelectricity combined
Q:
Refer to Figure 10.1. The largest cause of deforestation in Canada today is ________.A) forest firesB) industry and resource extractionC) agricultureD) forest roadsE) hydroelectricity
Q:
Figure 10.1Use Figure 10.1 to answer the following questions.Refer to Figure 10.1. The second major cause of deforestation is ________.A) forest firesB) agricultureC) urban development, transportation, and recreationD) industry and resource extractionE) hydroelectricity
Q:
The increased incidence of catastrophic fires in western Canada in recent years has been attributed primarily to ________.
A) an increase in prescribed burns
B) an increase in vandalism
C) a decrease in federal funding to fight forest fires in national parks
D) increased carelessness of campers
E) long-term fire suppression
Q:
Burning wooded areas to clear land for ranching can pollute rivers by ________.
A) increasing evaporation from the newly cleared areas
B) increasing sediment runoff
C) decreasing transpiration by vegetation
D) heat generated from fires warms the water, reducing concentration of dissolved oxygen in water
E) creating conditions for mini-tornadoes
Q:
Burning wooded areas to clear land for ranching can contribute to increased hurricane intensity because ________.
A) trees serve as a wind block during hurricanes
B) trees store carbon and then release carbon when burned, so tree burning can increase atmospheric greenhouse gases and promote global climate change
C) smoke destroys the ozone layer
D) heat generated from fires creates circular air currents
E) hurricanes strengthen over rangeland
Q:
Which of the following techniques can lower the likelihood and intensity of catastrophic forest fires?
A) clear-cutting
B) adaptive management
C) selective removal of mature trees from an area
D) ecosystem-based management
E) salvage logging
Q:
Which of the following techniques can best lower the likelihood and intensity of mud slides in a region?
A) clear-cutting
B) adaptive management
C) selective removal of mature trees from an area
D) ecosystem-based management
E) salvage logging
Q:
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.Natural disasters are a fundamental and unavoidable element of our environment. Some observers have commented that natural disasters on Earth have become more frequent, intense, and destructive in recent years. People settled in many regions of Canada need to be watchful of oncoming tornados, mud slides, fires, hurricanes, and flooding. As we have seen in recent years, disasters such as these can directly kill thousands of people and other organisms. Indirectly, they significantly alter the habitats of many organisms, as the soil, air, and water are adversely affected by these events and their aftermaths. Many say that modern human lifestyle choices have contributed to the devastating nature of these natural disasters. Burning fossil fuels alters climate, making hurricanes more intense. Suppressing fires can lead to fires that burn out of control, as they have fuel that has built up for years. Deforestation makes areas more susceptible to erosion. Sediment that runs off can pollute waterways so terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems can become irreversibly damaged. Little environmental stresses are magnified.Which of the following human activities most directly contributes to an increased incidence of mud slides?A) aquifer depletionB) application of nitrogen-containing fertilizersC) huntingD) deforestationE) oil drilling
Q:
Discuss the factors causing and spreading forest fires.
Q:
Explain salvage logging.
Q:
What part of American history makes it difficult for the United States to suggest halting deforestation in a temperate or tropical rain forest? How did deforestation proceed in the United States? Why was deforestation in United States different than it was in a tropical rainforest?
Q:
Who owns the forest land that is home to timber harvesting in Canada? Why was the national forest service established and what was its mission?
Q:
Why have environmentalists and ranchers been at loggerheads? What threat has recently seen them aligned on the same side?
Q:
Why do trees need water?
Q:
How has the Smokey the Bear campaign damaged forest health? What is the importance of fire in ecosystem management? What is the cost of fire suppression for ecosystem health? What is the alternative to fire suppression?
Q:
Why should we protect forests?
Q:
The World Conservation Union's Red List includes several species of birds and amphibians that live in these Sky Islands. This indicates that these species ________.
A) are completely extinct
B) have been extirpated
C) are under intense breeding programs to increase biodiversity
D) face high risks of extinction
E) have been successful in returning from near extinction
Q:
Regarding the Sky Islands, it is likely that ________.
A) the biodiversity is evenly distributed through the mountains that stretch from Central America up through the Rockies into Montana, Idaho, and Canada
B) there is more biodiversity in the northern end of the mountain ranges because of the milder climate
C) there is more biodiversity in the southern end of the mountain ranges because of the latitudinal gradient
D) the biodiversity is patchy because of the altitudinal gradient
E) no claims about relative biodiversity can be made
Q:
Because the pine-oak woodlands of the Sky Islands of Mexico and the southwestern United States have a large number of endemic species and have lost large amounts of habitat to development, they have been listed as one of the ________.
A) extirpation areas of the Endangered Species List
B) keystone areas of the Endangered Species List
C) umbrella species areas for the Convention on Biological Diversity
D) biodiversity hot spots of Conservation International
E) transport areas of CITES
Q:
According to the principles of island biogeography and the species-area curve, these Sky Islands have ________.
A) more large mammals than birds
B) more carnivores than producers
C) more beetles and butterflies than reptiles
D) more snakes than mice
E) more fish than mammals
Q:
The tendency of humans to want to live in these Sky Islands, visit them for recreation, and use them for lumber or for wood pulp, causes ________.
A) increased ecosystem diversity
B) increased genetic diversity
C) increased biomass
D) increased habitat fragmentation
E) decreased extirpation
Q:
Large predators and omnivores, such as mountain lions and bears, roam the Sky Islands of the southwestern United States. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biodiversity than they did in the past.
B) Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less genetic diversity than they did in the past.
C) Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less biodiversity than they did in the past.
D) Because of immigration and emigration, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have more biomass than they did in the past.
E) Because of extirpation, many of these individual populations have more biodiversity than they did in the past.
Q:
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.Western Canada contains a series of tall mountain ranges that extend south through the United States and far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Coast Range, but they are all part of the same mountain-building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. In the southwestern United States, much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is alpine, or very similar to the vegetation of the mountains in Western Canada, and they are often referred to as "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other, their higher moisture content, and their isolation from the lower, drier, areas surrounding them.There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots, that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that ________.A) more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado or CanadaB) more of these birds are found in the taller mountains of Canada than in the shorter mountains in southern Arizona, even if the relative area of the mountains is the sameC) these birds can live in the lower, drier elevations in Canada as well as in the mountain rangesD) these birds migrate to southern Vancouver Island in the winter because it is warmer thereE) these birds have higher genetic diversity in the Canadian populations than in the populations in Central America
Q:
What is the latitudinal gradient in species richness? Describe several hypotheses explaining it.
Q:
Define a biodiversity hot spot. Why is this concept useful in international conservation efforts?
Q:
What is the "wise-use" movement? What are its goals compared with the goals of the environmental movement and whose interests does it represent?
Q:
Provide several reasons why our estimates of species numbers are incomplete and to which taxonomic groups these reasons particularly apply. How we can try to compensate for these limitations?
Q:
What are the four traditional reasons for the development of parks and protected areas? What fifth reason has been added recently?
Q:
What is the main federal legislation protecting the biological diversity in Canada? What are its criticisms? Give an example.
Q:
Is extinction natural? How has the extinction rate changed over time? Why are extinction rates today different than in the past?
Q:
What are the basic concepts of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography? How do they apply to terrestrial ecosystems?
Q:
What is the value, to humankind, of biodiversity in the organisms with which we share our planet?
Q:
What is the value, to a species, of having genetic diversity?
Q:
Land trusts are local or regional organizations funded by forest industries that purchase land to harvest its resources.
Q:
Biosphere reserves are one of several types of internationally managed protected lands.
Q:
Under the Canadian legislation of the Species at Risk Act (SARA) the final word on whether or not a species is included on the protected list belongs to the scientific body COSEWIC.
Q:
Habitat fragmentation increases ecological diversity and also biodiversity.
Q:
Nongovernmental agencies are currently paying off countries' debts in exchange for promises to keep diverse areas under protection.
Q:
Extinction is a relatively new phenomenon, as it only results from the impacts of humans on natural species.
Q:
DNA is currently being recovered from extinct species to be used in cloning.
Q:
Resource conservation for protection of pharmaceuticals is overstated because only about 25% of the people on our planet use biological resources directly in traditional medicine.
Q:
Paleontologists estimate that roughly 99% of all species that have ever lived are already extinct.
Q:
The Hamilton Naturalists Club was ________.A) was formed in 1976 with the intent to ensure multiple use and sustainable yield of forest resourcesB) established in 1989 and was instrumental in establishing a bird sanctuary in HamiltonC) founded in 1919 and began acquiring land for conservation; it is the oldest land trust in CanadaD) organized in 1981 and offers subsidies to timber companies if they replant areas in public landsE) was chartered in 1973 to set up the formation of land trusts on public lands
Q:
In all wildlife refuges ________ is/are NOTallowed.
A) hunting
B) hunting and fishing
C) logging, hunting, and fishing
D) logging and hunting
E) logging
Q:
Wildlife corridors between several small protected areas are NOT ________.
A) a solution that favours the "Several Small" option in the SLOSS dilemma
B) providing large animals with access to more habitats
C) an example of the application of the findings of an island biogeography model
D) helping to counter the habitat fragmentation
E) a solution that favours the "Single Large" option in the SLOSS dilemma
Q:
The SLOSS dilemma is often resolved using ________.
A) insights from island biogeography models
B) controlled burns
C) government subsidies to farmers and ranchers
D) biological characteristics of biomes
E) climatographs
Q:
Buying a parcel of land to preserve it in its natural condition is an action typical of ________.
A) municipal governments
B) Department of Natural Resources
C) Greenpeace
D) Land Lease
E) Nature Conservancy
Q:
The first Canadian national park was ________.
A) Prince Albert
B) Gros Morne
C) Banff
D) Cape Breton Highlands
E) Glacier
Q:
Which of the following would be most vulnerable to extinction?
A) a moth, brought to Canada for silk production, escaping into the wild and becoming established
B) an orchid endemic to an area where logging is occurring
C) Atlantic salmons brought to the salmon farms on the Pacific Coast of Canada and escaping from the cages.
D) a migratory flock of warblers stopping along its winter route to feed on local resources that are now gone and replaced by a suburb
E) a mould that attacks wheat in a field
Q:
There are three islands off the coast of British Columbia: their distance from the mainland and area are, respectively: island X: 10 km, 10 km2; island Y: 20 km, 10 km2; and island Z: 10 km, 20 km2.
Based on the equilibrium model of island biogeography, one may expect that ________.
A) X will have the most species
B) Y will have the most species
C) Z will have the most species
D) Y and Z will have the most species
E) X and Y will have the most species
Q:
In his 2005 book, Richard Louv maintains that today's children ________.
A) develop more balanced emotions in urban compared to natural settings
B) should not be exposed to the dangers of natural ecosystems
C) have a better understanding of natural environments than their grandparents
D) suffer psychologically and emotionally from "nature deficit syndrome"
E) should not participate in environmental education programs until high school
Q:
The wood thrush makes its nest in woodlands in southeastern Canada. As patches of woods become smaller, and with more of their perimeter exposed, increasing numbers of wood thrush nests have eggs laid in them by the brown-headed cowbird. Cowbirds live in open fields and are nest parasites; the female cowbird flies up to an unattended nest, quickly lays an egg in another bird's nest, and leaves the host parents to raise their "adopted" young. Wood thrushes are decreasing in numbers because ________.
A) habitat fragmentation makes it easier for cowbird parasitism to occur
B) cowbirds are an invasive species that is rapidly increasing
C) climate change is reducing nest site availability
D) overharvesting in the open fields has driven the cowbirds into the woodlands
E) pollution of the open fields has caused a change in cowbird behaviour
Q:
European rabbits were introduced into Australia and quickly spread, reproduced, and became a terrible pest. They eat up to $600 million worth of food and pasture crops annually, and have damaged the populations of many native plants and the populations of animals that eat the plants. Twice in the past 50 years, rabbit diseases have been introduced to try to control the population, with some success.This is a case where ________.
A) an extirpation has occurred
B) habitat alteration has reduced biodiversity
C) an invasive species has reduced the genetic diversity of indigenous species
D) introduced diseases reduced the genetic diversity of indigenous species
E) climate change has reduced the genetic diversity of indigenous species
Q:
The country of Belize depends on lobster for a major portion of its income, along with fishing and tourism. Over the past 30 years the average size of an individual lobster has dropped, even as increasing numbers of Belizeans buy boats, build lobster traps, and enter the industry. This is an example of ________.
A) the problems with monoculture
B) habitat alteration
C) the effects of pollution
D) the results of an invasive species
E) overharvesting
Q:
The Convention on Biological Diversity produced documents ________.
A) that included a set of international laws
B) designed to reduce biodiversity
C) that require biodiversity be used in a sustainable manner
D) that ensure the distribution of biodiversity's benefits to wealthy countries that can pay for it
E) that spell out future management plans for all biomes
Q:
The area effect of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography suggests that ________.
A) the number of species increases with the size of the island; all else being equal, larger islands contain more species
B) the number of individuals of each species decreases as the size of the island increases because competition decreases population sizes
C) the number of species decreases with increasing island size; all else being equal, larger islands contain fewer species
D) organism size (large or small) is what most affects the number of individuals of each species
E) the total number of species increases as an island is further from the mainland; the larger distance from the mainland, the higher the probability of speciation
Q:
Ecotourism ________.
A) is a reasonable option only in impoverished countries
B) decreases biodiversity by causing increased speciation in environmentally sensitive areas
C) increases biodiversity by providing income for areas that might otherwise be destroyed
D) decreases biodiversity by selling souvenir organisms
E) increases biodiversity by introducing new, rare species
Q:
A migratory bat species pollinates agave plants in northern Mexico on its way to the southwestern United States, where it spends the summer eating insects and reproducing. Farmers spraying pesticides affect these bats, which eat the insects and also feed them to the baby bats. This could be the start of a story about ________.
A) a top predator
B) an extirpation
C) an umbrella species
D) insect biodiversity
E) a keystone species
Q:
The field of conservation biology ________.
A) was developed in response to government intervention
B) was initially viewed as too measurement oriented, looking at details and not at the big picture
C) attempts to integrate an understanding of evolution, ecology, and extinction
D) tries to conserve every species, everywhere
E) tries to increase speciation events in order to increase biodiversity
Q:
The species most often vulnerable to human impact is the ________.
A) top predator
B) keystone species
C) decomposer
D) producer
E) competitive species
Q:
Removal of which of the following species will always result in the greatest changes in an ecological system?
A) a competitive species
B) a carnivore species
C) a keystone species
D) a producer species
E) a decomposer species
Q:
Which of the following are facing the highest rates of extinction?
A) K-strategists in general, especially through overexploitation
B) r-strategists in general
C) insects in general
D) birds in general
E) plants in general
Q:
Which of the following can change global species diversity?
A) immigration and extirpation
B) speciation and extinction
C) speciation and immigration
D) emigration and extinction
E) extirpation and extinction
Q:
Which of the following can change local species diversity but NOTglobal diversity?
A) immigration and extirpation
B) speciation and extinction
C) speciation and immigration
D) emigration and extinction
E) extirpation and extinction