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Q:
Aquaculture ________.A) can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regionsB) has no real environmental disadvantagesC) frequently results in unintended catch of non-target speciesD) uses more fossil fuels than traditional commercial fishingE) produces less fish per unit area compared to ocean water harvesting
Q:
The European Union nations ________.A) have converted all farms to organic agricultureB) along with Canada, Brazil, and Argentina have developed and planted many GM cropsC) have refused to allow synthetic pesticides to be used on non-exported cropsD) produce so little food that they have to import most meats and vegetablesE) do not support the growth of GM crops
Q:
Recombinant DNA technology ________.A) preserves the original combinations of genesB) contributes to pollutionC) presently is not approved by the FDAD) creates transgenic organismsE) is no different than selective breeding
Q:
Plants with showy flowers typically ________.A) are eaten by animalsB) are pollinated by animalsC) are genetically modified by animalsD) are killed by animalsE) decrease biodiversity in an area
Q:
A monoculture ________.A) decreases the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticidesB) is more resistant to pests than a polycultureC) is more resistant to pests than an aquacultureD) preserves crop diversity by making the crops grown in monocultures less likely to become extinctE) is frequent in industrialized agriculture
Q:
Which of the following best describes integrated pest management (IPM)?A) biocontrol measures, crop rotation, habitat diversificationB) major reliance on synthetic pesticidesC) subsidies for pesticide useD) continuous monoculture cropping and harvestingE) transgenic crops
Q:
Of the following, ________ increased fastest (in %) between 1961 and 2000.A) area used for agricultureB) food productionC) nitrogen fertilizer useD) world populationE) food production per capita
Q:
________% of the food we consume comes from ________ crop species.A) 90; 15B) 90; 100C) 50; 20D) 50; 50E) 10; 100
Q:
Green Revolution techniques ________.A) focus on organic farmingB) have contributed to an increased diversity of foods in the human dietC) have increased crop yields but may not be sustainableD) focus on preserving biodiversityE) focus on sustainability
Q:
Which of the following is true?A) World hunger has increased significantly since 1970.B) Aquaculture has decreased significantly since 1985.C) World grain production has increased significantly since 1985.D) Paul Ehrlich predicted catastrophic failure of agricultural systems.E) The main reason why people are undernourished is because they are not educated about proper nutrition.
Q:
Oaxaca, Mexico ________.A) is a world centre of biodiversity for maizeB) has more poverty than any other place in the worldC) is known for successful organic farmingD) is where the Green Revolution was launchedE) is where the gene revolution was launched
Q:
Which of the following requires the least land to produce 1 kg of protein?A) eggsB) milkC) chickenD) porkE) beef
Q:
Bt crops ________.A) have not yet been approved by the CFIAB) include strawberries that are resistant to frost damageC) include corn and potatoesD) have terminator seedsE) are widely grown in Europe
Q:
Golden rice ________.A) is an invasive speciesB) is a GM variety that contains vitamin AC) is a wild variety of rice from ChinaD) is resistant to herbicidesE) is resistant to most insects
Q:
Researchers in Canada, the United States, and Switzerland have demonstrated that organic farming ________.A) is only sustainable with government supportB) presently has no market in CanadaC) increased topsoil depth and activity of earthwormsD) increased the incidence of invasive speciesE) requires bees
Q:
Raising ________ requires the most land and water.A) beef cattleB) dairy cattleC) chickensD) pigsE) goats
Q:
What is true about GM crops?A) Europe leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.B) The United States has almost half of the world's land area dedicated to GM crops.C) Canada leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.D) They are unanimously opposed by environmentalists.E) They are unanimously favoured by environmentalists.
Q:
Recombinant DNA ________.A) describes pollination of one plant by another of the same speciesB) describes pollination of one plant by another of a different species to create new hybridsC) describes the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create new hybridsD) is assembled in the lab from mononucleotidesE) was part of the Green Revolution of the 1960s
Q:
In Queensland, Australia, cactus moths ________.A) effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangelandB) are an invasive speciesC) are raised as a food source for native AboriginesD) are examples of species that have developed resistance to pesticidesE) are a keystone species
Q:
Feedlots do NOT ________.A) contribute to soil degradationB) emit strong odoursC) meet the increasing demand for meatD) cause outbreaks that kill fishE) promote the antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Q:
What are the two main categories of agricultural lands that provide our food, and what is produced on them?
Q:
The practice of planting vast areas with a single type of crop is known as ________.
Q:
Why is industrialized agriculture necessary in industrialized countries?
Q:
Biological approaches such as composting and biocontrol are termed ________.
Q:
________ is agriculture that does NOT deplete soils faster than they form.
Q:
________ is any process whereby scientists directly manipulate an organism's genetic material in the lab, by adding, deleting, or changing segments of its DNA.
Q:
What are the encouraging aspects of Cuba's agricultural practices?
Q:
Why is resistance to pesticides likely over time when they are used in agriculture?
Q:
Briefly discuss some disadvantages to aquaculture.
Q:
In 2002, the Zambian government refused a U.S. shipment of genetically modified (GM) corn. Briefly explain how the Zambian government arrived at its decision.
Q:
List and define the three types of pesticides.
Q:
Briefly describe the advantages and disadvantages of monocultures.
Q:
What was the concern associated with the genetic stock of maize in Mexico, and why was it controversial?
Q:
What is the basic concept of sustainable agriculture?
Q:
Describe the use of biological control for battling pests.
Q:
How did we increase food production during the 1960s?
Q:
Match the following.A) earthwormsB) Pseudomonas syringaeC) Escherichia coliD) Cactoblastis cactorumE) beesF) PfiesteriaG) Bacillus thuringiensisH) mitesI) aphidsJ) wasps1.Major pollinators of many flowering non-grain crop plants2.Can protect crops from pest-related damage; are present in some bacteria and in some GMOs3.Introduced to the Caribbean Islands, and now is eating through rare native Opuntia (prickly pear) cacti in Florida and spreading to other states4.Biological control introduced for control of pest caterpillars5.A microbe that poisons fish; linked to poor waste containment practices at some feedlots6.Source of generic plasmids for genetically modified organisms
Q:
Refer to Figure 8.1. Cows require a high quantity of feed because they ________.A) are genetically modified organismsB) can feed more people than pigsC) are raised on feedlotsD) take time to grow and have a low energy conversion efficiencyE) are the best source of high-quality protein
Q:
Refer to Figure 8.1. The comparison shown in the figure is environmentally significant because ________.A) grain is a nonrenewable resourceB) we cannot survive without eating the foods picturedC) the same grain used to feed chickens and cows could be fed to many humans insteadD) cows are a keystone speciesE) production of beef and pork is resource-intensive
Q:
Figure 8.1Use Figure 8.1 to answer the following questions.Refer to Figure 8.1. The figure demonstrates that it requires roughly ________% more feed input to produce 1 kg of eggs, compared to 1 kg of milk.A) 30B) 40C) 50D) 100E) 400
Q:
Differentiate between splash, sheet, rill, and gully erosion. Of these four types, list all that can be prevented, or at least limited, by contour farming.
Q:
Discuss how specific land-use management strategies, such as management of rangelands and forests, can result in degradation of soils.
Q:
Discuss the practices used by farmers to protect their soils.
Q:
Describe the Prairie Dust Bowl in Canada and the lesson learned.
Q:
Define the term soil profile. What are the influences on the development of a soil profile, and how do profiles differ?
Q:
Tropical rain forest has the most fertile soil of all major terrestrial biomes.
Q:
Inorganic fertilizers can cause environmental damage even if used only in the amounts necessary to supply sufficient nitrogen for a crop.
Q:
Acid precipitation may damage the fertility of soil by leaching away aluminium cations.
Q:
Soil profiles in all ecosystems contain O, A, E, B, C, D, E, and R horizons.
Q:
Soil particle surfaces that are positively charged hold on to the biologically important cations such as magnesium and potassium ions.
Q:
Many permafrost soils in the Arctic are peat soils.
Q:
When soil becomes waterlogged for an extended time, it tends to ________.A) increase its contribution to climate change by emitting methane, which is a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide (CO2)B) increase its contribution to climate change by emitting CO2, which is a more potent greenhouse gas than methaneC) decrease its contribution to climate change by emitting methane, which is a less potent greenhouse gas than CO2D) decrease its contribution to climate change by emitting CO2, which is a less potent greenhouse gas than methaneE) maintain its previous contribution to climate change, because any change in methane emission would be compensated by the change in CO2 emission having the opposite effect
Q:
What organisms can fix nitrogen gas?
A) symbiotic and free-living bacteria
B) symbiotic bacteria
C) free-living bacteria
D) symbiotic and free-living bacteria, and symbiotic algae
E) free-living bacteria and symbiotic algae
Q:
The Soil Conservation Council encourages farmers to ________.
A) grow native crops such as corn and beans
B) stop cultivating highly erodible cropland
C) grow cattle feed instead of commercial crops
D) stop growing mustard plants
E) grow soybeans
Q:
The consequences of overfertilization can include ________.
A) very large fruits and vegetables
B) eutrophication in nearby waters
C) large crop yields per acre
D) crops spreading rapidly into nearby areas
E) very fertile soils in future years
Q:
Microorganisms that convert ammonium into nitrites are ________, while microorganisms converting molecular nitrogen into ammonium are ________.
A) heterotrophs; chemoautotrophs
B) photoautotrophs; heterotrophs
C) chemoautotrophs; heterotrophs
D) heterotrophs; photoautotrophs
E) chemoautotrophs; photoautotrophs
Q:
A farmer has a nitrogen-depleted field. To address this shortage, he plants beans to take advantage of ________.
A) denitrification
B) nitrification
C) nitrogen fixation
D) nitrogen defixation
E) the Haber-Bosch reaction
Q:
The frequent negative side effect of irrigation in arid climates on the quality of soil is ________.
A) salinization
B) nutrient leaching
C) wind erosion
D) water erosion
E) evaporation
Q:
Shelterbelts are to ________ as terraces are to ________.
A) wind erosion; water erosion
B) water erosion; wind erosion
C) leaching; desertification
D) stratification; salinization
E) salinization; stratification
Q:
The Canadian agency charged with slowing soil degradation is the ________.
A) Soil Aggregation Service
B) Agricultural Standards Agency
C) Conservation Integration Service
D) Soil Conservation Council
E) There is no Canadian agency charged with soil degradation, only volunteer firms funded by farmers.
Q:
The loss of more than 10% productivity in arid areas because of erosion, soil compaction, forest removal, and an array of other factors is called ________.
A) climatization
B) global change
C) desertification
D) salinization
E) waterlogging
Q:
Acidity of precipitation is likely to influence ________.
A) cation retention
B) nitrogen fixation
C) soil compaction
D) the number of soil horizons
E) soil clumpiness
Q:
Farmer John bought a field in which soils have lots of sand particles. This suggest that this soil will have ________.
A) high permeability
B) high capacity to hold water
C) high fertility
D) high cation exchange capactiy
E) low interconnectedness
Q:
Oxidation of minerals, warm and wet conditions, reactions of water with parent material: all are components of ________.
A) chemical weathering of soils
B) erosion
C) leaching
D) physical/mechanical weathering of soils
E) humus formation
Q:
The zone beneath the A horizon, where leaching has deposited materials, is called the ________.
A) O horizon
B) B horizon
C) C horizon
D) E horizon
E) Leaching removes, rather than deposits, materials.
Q:
The O horizon is ________.
A) composed primarily of bedrock
B) composed of equal amounts of bedrock and organic material
C) primarily loam
D) usually more sand than silt or clay
E) primarily composed of organic materials
Q:
Leaching ________.
A) can help plant growth only if done properly
B) is caused by movement of water upward through soil from the water table
C) adds nutrients to soil naturally
D) is increased in low pH conditions
E) is a common agricultural practice to improve soil
Q:
The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ________.
A) mineralization
B) affected by rainfall, freezing and thawing
C) unaffected by winds
D) a major cause of topsoil erosion
E) primarily caused by topsoil erosion
Q:
A soil deficient humus would ________.
A) not be very productive
B) be vulnerable to droughts
C) have stable neutral pH
D) have a large amount of vegetative detritus at the surface
E) have unusually high levels of biological activity
Q:
The nineteenth-century peasant immigrants to Canada looking for the most fertile soil to settle and grow crops would have looked for soil characterized by an abundance of ________.
A) clay particles and humus
B) clay and silt particles
C) clay and sand particles
D) silt particles and humus
E) sand particles and humus
Q:
As a result of acid rains, the soil may supply plants with cations of ________.
A) aluminium
B) calcium
C) potassium
D) ammonium
E) magnesium
Q:
Which is NOT true about biochar?
A) Its production does not emit carbon dioxide.
B) It can be used for a long-term carbon sequestration.
C) It can be produced by natural processes.
D) It can be produced by pyrolysis.
E) It can help improve soil fertility.
Q:
Which factors are involved in soil formation?
A) nitrogen-fixing bacteria, grazing by herbivores
B) erosion, level terrain, absence of rooted vegetation
C) weathering of parent material, freezing/thawing, growth of tree roots
D) tropical climate, acid precipitation, frequent wildfires
E) seasonal changes in the tides
Q:
Currently, the main reason for the loss of productive cropland is ________.
A) conversion of agricultural land to forest by replanting
B) erosion, over-irrigation, and other factors
C) climate change increasing temperature, limiting precipitation, and other factors
D) subsidization and other factors
E) abandonment, feralization, and other factors
Q:
Humus is ________.
A) the artificial fertilizer applied to monocultures
B) composed of organic compounds and is necessary for fertile soils and for holding soil moisture
C) a layer sometimes found in a soil horizon that is created by eluviation; it causes serious problems in agricultural fields in climates with high humidity
D) caused by agricultural runoff into waterways or into the water table
E) one of the primary causes of desertification if it is present in excess
Q:
How could the climatograph describing the biome found in the Amazon explain the high or low fertility of the soils there?
Q:
How are overgrazing and invasive plants linked?
Q:
What are the advantages of biochar?
Q:
The artificial provision of water to support agriculture is known as ________.
Q:
Salinization is an irrigation problem widespread in countries with a ________ climate, because ________.