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Q:
Name the four historic major social transitions (revolutions) that dramatically increased Earth's carrying capacity for humans, and identify one or two main inventions that created each transition.
Q:
Which regions of the Earth have appropriated the largest percentage of the natural net primary production (NPP)?
Q:
Briefly explain the advantages and disadvantages to China's policy on population control.
Q:
What factors determine whether a population of humans grows, shrinks, or remains stable?
Q:
Briefly explain how the status of women affects population growth.
Q:
What specific population characteristics do demographers study? Why is it important to study these things?
Q:
Match the following.A) MalthusB) CanadaC) JapanD) 120E) Latin America and the CaribbeanF) 80G) African nationsH) European nationsI) IndonesiaJ) ArgentinaK) United StatesL) Cornucopians1.This region has been hit the hardest by the HIV/AIDS epidemic2.Of the two nations, the one with the larger population size3.The 1994 genocide in Rwanda supports the theories of4.TFR is 2.4 in this region5.Of the two nations, the one with a higher percentage of women holding national parliamentary seats6.Number of newborn girls in China per 100 newborn boys
Q:
Refer to Figure 6.1. What is the population in part (a) likely to experience soon?A) more single malesB) exponential population growthC) government institution of a population control policyD) more senior citizensE) resource depletion and decreased quality of life
Q:
Refer to Figure 6.1. What is the population in part (b) likely to experience soon?
A) more single males
B) fewer households
C) lack of economic growth
D) more senior citizens
E) resource depletion and decreased quality of life
Q:
Figure 6.1Use Figure 6.1 to answer the following questions.Refer to Figure 6.1. Looking at the figure, you are able to determine that ________.A) the population in part (a) is growing rapidlyB) the population in part (b) is growing rapidlyC) the population in part (b) has many more males than femalesD) the population in part (b) is aging rapidlyE) there was a "baby boom" in the population in part (b) 30 years ago
Q:
As result of warming, we have seen grizzly bears moving deeper into the Arctic and venturing on ice in an attempt to hunt seals, the staple food of polar bears. If this continues, what will be the most likely relationship between grizzlies and polar bears?
A) competition
B) amensalism
C) commensalism
D) parasitism
E) predation
Q:
Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier in the year. If caterpillars that feed on flower buds do not adjust to the earlier time in which flower buds burst and subsequently starve, this could cause ________.
A) facilitation
B) succession
C) coevolution
D) community climax
E) extirpation
Q:
Global warming has been hypothesized to cause many plants to flower earlier in the year. If in response to this bees search for food earlier, this would represent ________ within the community.
A) facilitation
B) succession
C) coevolution
D) climax
E) extirpation
Q:
Intense hurricanes that may result from global warming can directly lead to ________ within communities.
A) primary succession
B) secondary succession
C) coevolution
D) climax
E) facilitation
Q:
Which of the following might be the first to populate an area after a glacier retreated because of global climate change?
A) lichens
B) shrubs
C) aspen trees
D) grasses
E) conifer trees
Q:
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.Human activities release greenhouses gases, which cause measurable warming of Earth. This warming can alter ecosystem dynamics, through direct and indirect effects. Direct effects may include changes in growth and other metabolic rates of organisms with a rising temperature. Indirect effects may be caused by changes in the ecosystem: shrinking of sea ice, increases in precipitation in Arctic areas, retreat of glaciers, melting permafrost in the tundra, and increase in the intensity of hurricanes in vulnerable areas. Within communities, climatic change can shift interdependent species "out-of-sync," potentially causing indirect loss of species.If the climate warms significantly, glaciers may retreat . This may start the process of ________.A) primary successionB) secondary successionC) coevolutionD) climaxE) facilitation
Q:
Explain secondary succession. Illustrate it by describing the sequence of events expected after farmland is abandoned in eastern North America (the case illustrated by Figure 5.13 in the textbook).
Q:
Explain why the trophic pyramid has the shape of a pyramid. If, in a given community, the producers obtain 1000 units of energy per year, how many units of energy would you expect to get to the level of secondary consumers?
Q:
Explain how an invasive species can cause economic harm. Provide an example.
Q:
Zebra mussels have changed the aquatic communities of the Great Lakes. Explain who are the winners and who are the losers of this change, and why.
Q:
Discuss the differences between intraspecific and interspecific competition.
Q:
Discuss the interrelationship between great whales, orcas, sea lions, sea urchins, and kelp in the Pacific Ocean.
Q:
Discuss ways to control invasive species.
Q:
List the three major trophic types in a food web. What organisms are found in each type? Where are the autotrophs and heterotrophs found? Discuss the significance of each level for the integral functioning of the food web.
Q:
Why do environmentalists favour the term food web as opposed to food chain?
Q:
What ecological traits do successful invasive species possess? How do these traits interact to make controlling them difficult?
Q:
Biosphere is a large ecological unit influenced by temperature, elevation, precipitation, and latitude.
Q:
Facilitation is an example of amensalism.
Q:
Commensalism is a relationship in which two species negatively affect each other.
Q:
Keystone species are most often found at lower trophic levels.
Q:
Temperature and oxygen concentrations are the two abiotic factors that exert the greatest influence on biome determination.
Q:
The 30-year, $7.8-billion, Everglades Restoration Project intends to dam up portions of the Everglades to aid in water control.
Q:
Climbing up in elevation causes a much more rapid change in climate than moving the same distance toward the poles.
Q:
A pilot fish follows a shark and feeds on scraps of food left by the shark, and eats parasites attached to the shark's skin. The relationship between the two fish can be best described as a combination of ________ and ________.A) commensalism; amensalismB) commensalism; predationC) mutualism; amensalismD) commensalism ; mutualismE) mutualism; competitive exclusion
Q:
Different species of finches on the Galpagos Islands have differently shaped beaks, allowing them to access different types of food. This in NOT an example of ________.
A) competitive exclusion
B) resource partitioning
C) character displacement
D) natural selection
E) reduction of competition
Q:
Which factor is important in determining terrestrial biomes, but not important in oceanic biomes?
A) precipitation
B) temperature
C) salinity
D) light
E) nutrient availability
Q:
The Everglades Restoration Plan in Florida ________.
A) seeks to exterminate numerous invasive fish species and plants
B) will restore natural levels of water flow by undoing many dams and drainage projects
C) will result in serious depletion of drinking water supplies for humans in south Florida
D) will probably destroy much of the commercial fishing in the area
E) is a short-term restoration project with a two-year implementation plan
Q:
Global climate change may produce major shifts in biomes for any given location because ________.
A) biodiversity and day length will change
B) mean temperature, precipitation, and salinity will change
C) many species may become extinct
D) food web dynamics will change
E) soil chemistry, pH of precipitation, and the frequency of invasive species will change
Q:
Environmentally and economically acceptable means of controlling introduced invasive species include, among others, ________.
A) introduction of suitable predators and examination of imported goods
B) application of potent pesticides to kill the introduced species
C) banning of all importation of non-native species
D) removal of all the invasive individuals by collecting, baiting, trapping and, for plants, by prescribed burning
E) killing off pollinators for invasive plants and removing food sources for invasive animals
Q:
Kelp ________.
A) is eaten by sea otters
B) is eaten by orcas
C) suffers intense herbivory from zebra mussels
D) suffers intense herbivory from sea urchins
E) is inhabited by sea urchins
Q:
Efforts at urban restoration ________.
A) have failed in Vancouver
B) mostly have been attempted in developing nations
C) are relatively straightforward
D) intend to undo damage done to communities by urban development
E) are not viable conservation strategies for the future
Q:
Techniques to eradicate zebra mussels ________.
A) are global and long-term
B) include introducing quagga mussels
C) are relatively simple
D) have not yet been attempted
E) include introducing predators and diseases
Q:
Which of the following are pioneer species?
A) lichens
B) sea urchins
C) beavers
D) aspen trees
E) zebra mussels
Q:
Microbes in our digestive tract that help us digest food demonstrate a(n) ________ association.
A) allelopathic
B) homeopathic
C) trophic
D) symbiotic
E) pathogenic
Q:
Benthic organisms in the Great Lakes ________.
A) live near the water's surface
B) occupy a different depth zone than lanthic organisms
C) benefit from the presence of zebra mussels
D) include phytoplankton
E) include zooplankton
Q:
Herbivory is a type of ________.
A) competition
B) mutualism
C) neutralism
D) amensalism
E) predation
Q:
A climax community always ________.
A) is achieved once the succession gets under way
B) remains in place until a disturbance restarts succession
C) applies to terrestrial biomes
D) applies to aquatic biomes
E) returns to its original state
Q:
________ are typical primary consumers in a temperature deciduous forest.
A) Snakes
B) Deer
C) Shelf fungi
D) Bison
E) Wolves
Q:
The statement "hiking up a mountain in the southwestern United States is like walking from Mexico to Canada" is meant to demonstrate that ________ change(s) as you change altitude and latitude.
A) biomes
B) oxygen levels
C) carbon dioxide levels
D) levels of industrial air pollutants
E) human population density
Q:
Taiga and tundra both ________.
A) lack trees
B) have low temperatures in winter
C) lack birds
D) have many burrowing rodents
E) have a similar amount of precipitation in summer
Q:
Desert and tundra both ________.
A) have lithosols
B) have wide temperature between day and night
C) lack insects
D) have relatively low precipitation
E) lack shrubs
Q:
Which terrestrial biome has the most biodiversity?
A) temperate deciduous forest
B) prairie
C) tropical rainforest
D) temperate rainforest
E) boreal forest
Q:
The most important cause for the similarity between altitudinal and latitudinal zonations of biomes is the the similarity in ________.
A) temperature
B) UV radiation
C) precipitation
D) atmospheric pressure
E) oxygen levels
Q:
Secondary succession ________.
A) requires primary succession to precede it
B) occurs after a volcano spreads lava across a landscape
C) occurs after a fire or flood
D) typically begins with lichen colonizing rock
E) is very predictable because it always ends in the formation of a climax community
Q:
Which of the following istrue about top predators?
A) They are likely to be keystone species.
B) They are likely to be herbivores.
C) They are likely to be producers.
D) They include bacteria and fungi.
E) Their removal increases biodiversity.
Q:
Zooplankton-eating fish are ________.
A) producers
B) primary consumers
C) secondary consumers
D) detritivores
E) herbivores
Q:
Gazelles grazing on grass in savannah are ________.
A) producers
B) primary consumers
C) secondary consumers
D) detritivores
E) decomposers
Q:
________ capture solar energy and use photosynthesis to produce sugars.
A) Producers
B) Primary consumers
C) Secondary consumers
D) Detritivores
E) Heterotrophs
Q:
Orchids require tree limbs for support, but do not harm the trees. This demonstrates ________.
A) facilitation
B) commensalism
C) amensalism
D) mutualism
E) allelopathy
Q:
By definition, parasites ________ their host.
A) kill
B) are much smaller than
C) feed on and harm
D) cannot live independently of
E) never kill
Q:
Zooplankton populations in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario have declined by up to 70% since the arrival of zebra mussels because ________.
A) zebra mussels prey on zooplankton and its food, phytoplankton
B) zebra mussels carry a parasite that kills zooplankton
C) zebra mussels feed on cyanobacteria, which zooplankton need as a food source
D) zebra mussels block sunlight penetration into lakes and thus prevent zooplankton from photosynthesizing
E) waste from zebra mussels promotes bacterial growth that kills zooplankton
Q:
Individuals of a single species fighting over access to a limiting resource is one example of ________.
A) resource partitioning
B) competitive exclusion
C) interspecific symbiosis
D) interspecific competition
E) intraspecific competition
Q:
Zebra mussels ________.
A) are native to Canada
B) were introduced into the United States in the early 1900s
C) are presently restricted to the Great Lakes and the Hudson River, but they are expected to spread rapidly in the near future
D) are clogging water intake pipes at factories, power plants, and wastewater treatment facilities
E) excrete waste that facilitates algal blooms and subsequent eutrophication of lakes
Q:
What determines which biome covers any particular portion of the planet?
Q:
What is the difference between community resistance and resilience?
Q:
The relationship between flowering plants and caterpillars is best described as ________.
Q:
Explain briefly how killer whales could be linked to the disappearance of underwater kelp "forests" off Alaska.
Q:
The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as ________.
Q:
When multiple organisms seek the same limited resource, their relationship is said to be one of ________.
Q:
Removal of a ________ from an ecological community has a particularly strong or far-reaching impact on food webs.
Q:
Briefly describe what is meant by a pioneer species.
Q:
Briefly describe the factors that determine characteristics of aquatic biomes.
Q:
Briefly explain ecological restoration of the Great Plains.
Q:
Briefly explain the restoration of Garry oak-associated ecosystems at Chatterton Hill Park in Victoria, British Columbia.
Q:
Explain briefly the mutualistic relationship between plant roots and some fungi.
Q:
Define the term invasive species and give two examples from your textbook.
Q:
Match the following.A) temperate rainforestB) parasitismC) temperate deciduous forestD) savannaE) amensalismF) temperate grasslandG) tropical dry forestH) coevolutionI) commensalismJ) chaparralK) desertL) predationM) boreal forestN) tropical rainforest1.Describes the region in southeastern Canada, which is characterized by stable precipitation and moderate seasonal temperature variation2.Describes the region west of the Great Lakes, which is characterized by little precipitation, thick organic soils, and extreme temperature differences between winter and summer3.Describes the Pacific Northwest of Canada, which is characterized by heavy rainfall and monthly average temperatures between 8 and 24C4.Describes the terrestrial biome bordering the Mediterranean Sea, which is characterized by mild wet winters, and warm dry summers5.Describes a tropical biome with a dry and a wet season, and with very warm temperatures year-round6.Describes biome in Egypt; characterized by very sparse rainfall and large variations in temperature between day and night, and between seasons7.Hosts and parasites repeatedly evolve new responses to one another in this process8.Describes a sea lamprey's relationship to fish9.The type of relationship that occurs when large desert plants create shadow and leaf litter that benefit other plant species
Q:
Refer to Figure 5.1. Organisms most likely to be found at the bottom (left) of this figure would be ________.A) loosestrifeB) frogs and fishC) wolvesD) bisonsE) snakes
Q:
Refer to Figure 5.1. The montane spruce-fir forest in this figure most closely resembles a ________.
A) boreal forest
B) prairie
C) temperate rainforest
D) temperate deciduous forest
E) chaparral
Q:
Figure 5.1Use Figure 5.1 to answer the following questions.Refer to Figure 5.1. What does the diagram illustrate?A) Biomes at the highest altitudes are similar to biomes near the equator.B) Biomes at the highest altitudes are similar to biomes near the poles.C) Rules regarding climate and biomes do not apply to mountainous regions.D) Increasing altitudes demonstrate the stages of succession.E) Mountain ranges contain all of Earth's biomes.