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Q:
In some countries, marketable emissions permits can be bought, sold, and traded among polluters, allowing industry to manage who is allowed to pollute.
Q:
Earth Day began as a local Canadian event, but now is a worldwide celebration of environmental protection.
Q:
Regulation of pesticide use is the sole domain of the federal level of government.
Q:
Historically, Canada has always followed the lead of other countries in creating and enforcing environmental laws.
Q:
The OPEC countries, by being affluent and already having a very hot climate, are in the forefront of the efforts to avert climate change.
Q:
"Free riders" ________.A) use economic externalities to their advantageB) are a necessary element in neoclassical economicsC) is a name that cyclists use to self-identifyD) are a problem that occur when solutions to environmental issues are based on voluntary measuresE) are a problem in public transportation
Q:
As society becomes more affluent, which of the environmental qualities tend to improve first?
A) biodiverstity
B) access to clean water
C) reduced waste generation
D) reduced carbon emissions
E) air quality
Q:
Critics of the World Trade Organization ________.
A) charge that it gives too much money to environmental causes
B) complain that it frequently worsens environmental problems
C) complain that it shapes environmental policy by establishing unfair international laws
D) say that the international taxes that it regulates are burdensome to smaller countries
E) charge that the WTO's subsidy policies unfairly target poor people
Q:
The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________.
A) provide ease of banking for multinational corporations
B) fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples
C) fund international projects for developed nations, including dams on international rivers, multicountry irrigation projects, and the spraying of herbicides and insecticides
D) fund international environmental studies of issues such as pollution and global warming
E) help weak governments by loaning money to heads of state for spending on their preferred goals
Q:
The entire environmental policy process ________.
A) includes more steps than the average citizen is able to accomplish alone
B) can be accomplished by anyone acting alone
C) is accessible only to wealthy individuals
D) can be completed only by the major political parties
E) can be completed only by paid political lobbyists
Q:
Juanita and Sam attend a beach party and notice that much more trash has washed up on the beach than what used to wash up when they were young. The water doesn't appear nearly as clear, and there seems to be fewer small water creatures living in the shallows. An afternoon at the local library convinces them that one major cause of this change is the new factory nearby. After some discussion, they decide their next step should be ________.
A) identifying the problem
B) identifying the cause of the changes
C) talking to a local environmental group about solutions
D) lobbying their elected representatives to complain about the problem
E) picketing the guilty factory
Q:
The UNEP ________.
A) is the environmental arm of the United Nations
B) has a mission of economic development
C) has three subsections that govern international laws, treaties, and regulations
D) is a federal agency based in Montreal
E) is primarily concerned with the education of children on environmental issues
Q:
International environmental law arises from ________.
A) democratic voting procedures to choose and ratify laws
B) informal agreements reached by multinational corporations
C) bidding on subsidies
D) distribution and use of pollution permits
E) international conventions or treaties
Q:
"Green taxes" are used to ________.
A) defer environmental costs
B) internalize environmental costs
C) externalize environmental costs
D) generate money to fund "green" administrations such as Environment Canada
E) encourage the creation of green spaces through tax credits
Q:
The sewage found in the Tijuana River watershed was/is ________.
A) caused primarily by Mexican-owned maquiladoras
B) a transboundary problem
C) caused by the pressure on American companies to hire American workers
D) easy to legislate once the causes were found
E) dramatically improved once subsidies were in place
Q:
Greenpeace is an environmental organization founded in Vancouver and it ________.
A) compiles data on tax laws that encourage or shelter polluters
B) reported that less than $1 million is spent annually on environmentally harmful subsidies
C) supports conservative, right-wing groups interested in cutting government
D) is a branch of the government
E) compiles data and actively demonstrates for environmental issues
Q:
To control pollution, industry has been given limits and been threatened with punishment if these limits are violated. This approach is called ________.
A) end of the alley
B) carrot and stick
C) command and control
D) limit and manage
E) last chance
Q:
Environment Canada and Health Canada together ________.
A) oversee the production of pharmaceuticals
B) oversee the production of food additives
C) protect mineral rights of property owners
D) protect water quality
E) encourage water usage by agriculture for improved crops
Q:
The Canadian Environmental Assessment Act of 1992 ________.
A) was proposed by Mackenzie King
B) requires compensation to be given to anyone harmed by deliberate pollution from any business or corporate entity
C) altered the amount of chemicals allowed in water as a result of industrial pollution
D) put all federal land under stringent environmental protection
E) required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the federal or provincial governments
Q:
Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, published in the 1960s, ________.
A) awakened the Canadian public to the negative effects of artificial hormones
B) was the beginning of the first wave of Canadian environmental policy
C) focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals
D) focused on the effects of acid rain on ecosystems
E) was concerned with birth defects in humans
Q:
Which of the following is most likely to support unsustainable projects in developing countries?
A) WTO
B) World Bank
C) NAFTA
D) ENGO
E) OPEC
Q:
The Canadian Environmental Protection Act ________.
A) has been subjected to major overhauls in the last century
B) provided broad environmental legislation as well as providing for citizen input into policy decisions
C) provided free equipment to promote mining in the West
D) ensured that mining operations would repair and restore an area when they were done with it
E) allowed mining companies to drill on land held by private citizens without needing to compensate them
Q:
Environment Canada was established in ________.
A) 1980
B) 1990
C) 1971
D) 1866
E) 1900
Q:
The environmental justice movement is ________.
A) currently required by most legislative bodies as they consider new laws
B) based on the notion of fairness toward people of all races, cultures, and economic backgrounds
C) provided for by the income from carbon taxes
D) currently illegal in most provinces
E) composed of lawyers and judges concerned with environmental issues
Q:
In the pressure state response model, which would be the correct examples of pressure (denoted by "P") and state ("S") and/or response("R")?
A) P: Growing agricultural crops; P: Households saving energy
B) P: Energy generation; S: Water availability
C) P: Energy generation; S: Households saving energy
D) P: Energy generation; R: Water availability
E) P: Growing agricultural crops; P: Government regulation
Q:
If you are an oil producer from the Middle East and you have problems with exporting your oil to the United States because your oil exceeds the limit of contaminants allowed by the U.S. environmental regulation, which of the following institutions would you most likely use to declare these U.S. environmental regulations illegal?
A) NAFTA
B) WTO
C) OPEC
D) World Bank
E) ENGO
Q:
The judicial system is important for environmental policy because ________.
A) grassroots and other nongovernmental organizations have brought lawsuits to correct environmental damage
B) it regulates administrative agencies
C) it mandates that environmental law preempts other federal laws
D) it allows corporations in the other NAFTA states to disregard the environmental laws of Canada
E) its purpose is to assist corporations to negotiate with the legislative branch
Q:
Laws, or statutes, are passed by ________.
A) federal preemption
B) the legislative branch
C) CEOs
D) the prime minister of Canada
E) voters
Q:
"Green taxes" are NOT________.
A) similar to "sin taxes"
B) the cornerstone of the current Canadian federal policies to meet the targets of the Kyoto Protocol
C) an economic tool that can be used to achieve environmental goals
D) one of the alternatives to the command-and-control approach
E) designed to penalize heavy polluters and provide competitive advantage to the companies that reduce their environmental footprint
Q:
Which of the following is NOT true about marketable trade permits?
A) They have been tried in Europe to meet the targets of the Kyoto Protocol.
B) They are the cornerstone of the current Canadian federal policies to meet the targets of the Kyoto Protocol.
C) They have run into implementation problems in Europe.
D) They may increase the degree of monopolization of the market by blocking new entries into the market that are not able to purchase the necessary permits.
E) They may be unable to prevent local pollution hot spots.
Q:
The primary role of the United Nations is to ________.
A) maintain international environmental education standards
B) develop international business cooperatives
C) make international laws regarding commerce and the environment
D) regulate international travel, emigration, and immigration among member states
E) cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems
Q:
Environmental policy aims to ________.
A) use natural resources for economically important industrial products
B) protect the values of the landowner
C) promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources
D) preserve all present natural areas in their pristine condition
E) promote economic growth
Q:
What is a federal environmental impact assessment (EIA)? Who has to complete it and why is it done?
Q:
List examples of ecolabelled products.
Q:
Give some examples of environmental regulation and enforcement at the municipal level.
Q:
What is the role of the National Round Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE)?
Q:
What is OPEC and what is its influence on environmental policies?
Q:
What are two different historical/legal concepts that determine who has the right to withdraw water from rivers?
Q:
Previous court rulings serve as ________, or legal guides, for later cases.
Q:
Who owns water in Canada? What are Canada's water management models?
Q:
What are the five questions answered by SOER?
Q:
How does the WTO affect the environment? Give an example.
Q:
What is the Car Heaven program and where did it start?
Q:
What are the impacts of NAFTA on the environment?
Q:
Name a few international ENGOs active in Canada.
Q:
Political boundaries do not always match environmental boundaries. What does this mean for environmental protection in each country?
Q:
Match the following.A) regulationsB) environmental clausesC) public policyD) actsE) customary lawF) conventional lawG) statutory lawH) summary of the ecological researchI) policyJ) state of the environment reportingK) statutesL) treaties1.A formal set of general plans and principles intended to address problems and guide decision making in specific instances2.Agreements with foreign countries3.Specific rules established by governments to allow them to implement, enforce, and achieve the objectives of environmental acts4.Specific legal instructions, passed by a federal or provincial parliament, for use by its respective agencies5.International law that arises from long-standing practices6.SOER stands for
Q:
Refer to Figure 22.1. Regarding the issue of global warming, until the hurricane season of 2005, the United States federal government's official stance (and Canada believed the same) was that the information available from the scientific community was neither conclusive nor persuasive. This governmental position was probably due to ________.A) the lack of good, measurable data from the scientific communityB) the private sector's use of its lobbying power to prevent the government from stopping industry from emitting greenhouse gases for freeC) the consumer opinion pollsD) lobbying efforts on the part of environmental organizationsE) laws passed by voters
Q:
Refer to Figure 22.1. The distinction of scientific study's input into the governmental solution of environmental problems is that it ________.
A) is modified by consumer incentives, such as rebates and tax breaks
B) is the product of both consumer advocacy and industrial goals
C) is independent of any other influences in its effect on forming government policy
D) bypasses the private sector in making improvements to technology
E) bypasses the public sector in determining consumer choices and lifestyles
Q:
Figure 22.1Use Figure 22.1 to answer the following questions.Refer to Figure 22.1. According to the figure, the basis for government policy regarding environmental issues ________.A) comes only from the natural and social sciences and is acted upon without biasB) comes primarily from the private sectorC) comes from both the public and the private sectorsD) comes from the sciences, with additional input from the public and private sectorsE) is primarily driven by lobbying
Q:
________ would oppose fuel efficiency standards because they believe "we will find more oil" to solve the fossil fuel crisis.
A) Cassandras
B) Conservationists
C) Preservationists
D) Cornucopians
E) Transcendentalists
Q:
What measures might consumers take to aid in the fossil fuel crisis?
A) lobby the government to stop industry permit trading
B) protest high taxes on fossil fuels
C) purchase only domestic fuel
D) purchase only imported fuel
E) carpool
Q:
What alternative measures might the federal government take to aid in the fossil fuel crisis?
A) abolish green taxes
B) reopen closed coal mines
C) drill for oil in Ontario
D) build more oil refineries
E) encourage more provincial governments to support better public transportation.
Q:
What factors might lead to more political support for higher fuel-efficiency standards?
A) higher oil prices
B) lower oil prices
C) an end to political instability in the Middle East
D) release of oil from the national petroleum reserves
E) decreased demand for oil
Q:
Which of the following represents one possible explanation for why the federal government has NOTbeen successful at mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for vehicles?
A) the cost-effectiveness of producing smaller vehicles
B) the cost-effectiveness of operating smaller vehicles
C) Western Canada's dependence on imported oil
D) the threat caused by Canadian branches of American auto manufacturers which may move their assembly lines to another country
E) the exemption of auto manufacturers from federal laws
Q:
Why is the consumption of fossils fuels high, despite high prices?
A) no available alternatives
B) nonrenewability of fossil fuels
C) cultural preferences and resistance to change
D) political unrest in the Middle East
E) bad weather
Q:
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.Burning fossil fuels and their derivatives produces, among other things, harmful pollutants such as particulates, acid rain-producing sulphur and nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides. These air pollutants threaten ecosystems all over the world, and high carbon dioxide levels contribute to global warming. Furthermore, fossils fuels have a limited supply. The market price of fossil fuels, especially crude oil, has continued to rise in recent years. Despite this, Canadians continue to consume fossil fuels at alarming rates. We rely on fossil fuels for most of our energy needs. At various times, the federal government has considered mandating higher fuel efficiency standards for Canadian vehicles as a possible solution to this environmental energy crisis. Most auto manufacturers, however, are opposed to the imposition of standards.Which of the following have contributed to the rapid increase in crude oil prices over the past decade?A) decrease in demand for oilB) increase in demand for oilC) increase in supply of oilD) increased availability of alternative fuelsE) higher gas taxes
Q:
In April 2012, Canadian minister of natural resources, the Honourable Joe Oliver, justified shortening environmental assessments, limiting who can have a voice in them, and downloading the assessment to the provinces whenever possible. He said, "It is projected there could be more than 500 major projects representing half a trillion dollars of new investments in our energy and mining industries over the next decade. What a fantastic opportunity for Canadians across this great country. But we must seize the moment. These opportunities will not last forever." What are some possible problems with this argument?
Q:
Can environmental sustainability and economic growth coexist?
Q:
Nine times out of ten when a politician says that we need to balance the protection of the environment with the interests of the economy, what he or she really means is that he or she is planning to sacrifice the environment on the altar of short-term economic growth. Explain why this might be good short-term politics, but a bad long-term policy.
Q:
Why do environmentalists see neoclassical cost-benefit analysis as biased in favour of economic development and against environmental protection?
Q:
Briefly discuss the connection between deep ecology and environmental economic principles.
Q:
Explain the two ways in which environmental injustice manifests itself. Give Canadian examples.
Q:
Describe the ways in which a nation's attitude toward environmental issues might be shaped by economics, culture and religion, and political ideology, and laws.
Q:
Compare and contrast the philosophies of John Muir and Gifford Pinchot.
Q:
Briefly explain why Aborigines opposed Jabiluka.
Q:
In 2004, the chief executive officer of the corporation holding rights to the Jabiluka ore body cancelled the company's mining plans at Jabiluka and gave the Mirrar people veto power over future development. What factors might contribute to the future development of mining despite the officer's 2004 pledge?
Q:
Unlike classical economics, neoclassical economics internalized in its costs the damage to the environment and society.
Q:
In recent decades, the rate of economic growth is the highest it has ever been in human history because of technology.
Q:
Economists study the "household" of human society and ecologists study the "household" of life.
Q:
Ethics and economics both deal with questions about what we value.
Q:
Environmental ethics and the belief that humans are part of nature had their roots in the ecology movement of the mid-1900s.
Q:
The Aborigines in the Kakadu region of Australia unanimously oppose development of the Jabiluka mine.
Q:
Among the world ecosystem's services discussed in Chapter 21, the highest monetary values had ________.A) erosion controlB) waste treatmentC) water regulationD) cultural usesE) nutrient cycling
Q:
Among the world ecosystem's services discussed in Chapter 21, the lowest monetary value was assigned to soil formation. What is the likely reason? (Hint: Recall Chapter 7.)
A) The formation of soil is offset by processes destroying soil.
B) The formation of soil is fast and as such does not carry high monetary value.
C) The formation of soil is relatively straightforward and as such does not carry high monetary value.
D) Most of the newly formed soils in the world are of little economic use.
E) The formation of soil is extremely slow.
Q:
Utilitarianism in its philosophical assumptions is closest to ________.
A) the environmental justice movement
B) ecocentrism
C) biocentrism
D) deep ecology
E) anthropocentrism
Q:
Given that fossil fuels are nonrenewable, the breakneck speed of extraction and exporting of bitumen from Alberta's tar sands is NOT ________.
A) a triumph of the "me, now" mentality
B) an example of intergenerational environmental injustice
C) unsustainable
D) a new version of Madame de Pompadour "after us, Deluge" thinking
E) a wise, long-term development strategy that does not sacrifice the rights of future Canadians
Q:
Which is NOT an obstacle in moving toward sustainability?
A) neoclassical economics
B) equating economic well-being with economic growth
C) belief that economic well-being and environmental well-being are opposed to each other
D) cornucopianism
E) cassandrism
Q:
A school of philosophy exemplified by Emerson and Whitman, which saw nature as a symbol of deeper spiritual truth was called ________.
A) the environmental justice movement
B) ecofeminism
C) deep ecology
D) preservationism
E) transcendentalism
Q:
GPI is an acronym for ________.
A) Gas Price Index
B) Good Parent Index
C) Genuine Progress Indicator
D) Good Price Indicator
E) Global Pollution Index