Q&A Hero

Q: The GPI ________. A) for Canada has increased dramatically since 1950 B) adds to GDP unpaid work, such as parenting C) subtracts from GDP unpaid work, such as parenting D) is positively correlated with increases in fossil fuel use E) for Canada far exceeds that of the rest of the world

Q: Which American president is famous for instituting the protection of the California wilderness in the early 1900s? A) John Quincy Adams B) Woodrow Wilson C) Thomas Jefferson D) William McKinley E) Theodore Roosevelt

Q: Developed countries have built their wealth on the unrestricted use of fossil fuels. Unrestricted use of fossil fuels causes climate change. Climate change disproportionally affects people in developing countries. This type of issue is the dominant concern of ________. A) environmental justice movements B) deep ecologists C) land ethicists D) socialists E) environmental virtue groups

Q: "Ecosystem services" include ________. A) erosion B) global warming C) genetically modifying food D) pollination of crop plants E) creating pollution

Q: As the Industrial Revolution spread in the ________ century from ________ throughout Europe and to North America and elsewhere, it amplified human impacts on the environment. A) nineteenth; Russia B) seventeenth; Rome C) seventeenth; Greece D) nineteenth; Great Britain E) eighteenth; Australia

Q: Who is best known as the founder of the Sierra Club? A) Ralph Waldo Emerson B) Aldo Leopold C) John Ruskin D) Walter Sierra E) John Muir

Q: ________ is best defined as the knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people. A) Niche B) Economics C) Worldview D) Habitat E) Culture

Q: Aldo Leopold's "The Land Ethic" essay describes ________. A) how American Navajos suffered from the adverse effects of uranium mining B) how most toxic landfills are located in poorer communities C) pesticide misuse D) the history of the EPA E) individuals as members of a community of interdependent parts

Q: List the economists in order of decreasing faith in the viability of the current market economy (with the most skeptical being the last). A) neoclassical, ecological, environmental B) neoclassical, environmental, ecological C) ecological, environmental, neoclassical D) environmental, neoclassical, ecological E) ecological, neoclassical, environmental

Q: ________ believe that we will not be able to sustain economic growth over a long time and point to the fact that natural sustainable systems operate in self-renewing cycles, not in exponential growth, which has been the pattern of our economy for the last few centuries. A) Ecological economists B) Environmental economists C) Capitalists D) Socialists E) Malthusians

Q: External costs include ________. A) raw materials B) utilities C) wages D) workers' compensation and insurance E) environmental damage

Q: Modern market economies generally do not address ________. A) cost-benefit analysis B) market value of goods C) GDP D) aesthetic and cultural value E) cost of production

Q: ________ is best defined as the study of how we decide to use scarce resources in the face of demand. A) Ecology B) Environmental science C) Economics D) Ethics E) Ethnobiology

Q: ________ believe that we should model economies on Earth's natural systems, which generally operate in self-renewing cycles. A) Ecological economists B) Cornucopians C) Capitalists D) Socialists E) Malthusians

Q: When considering an action, Jill considers its impacts on the abiotic environment, because she believes that the preservation of larger systems generally protects their components. This belief makes her a(n) ________, A) biocentrist B) ecocentrist C) anthropocentrist D) ethnocentrist E) ecofeminist

Q: Jack may approve a mine if it brings net economic benefits to the local population and its negative impacts on nature are limited. Jack's view can be described as ________. A) biocentrist B) ecocentrist C) anthropocentrist D) ethnocentrist E) market economist

Q: Which of the following values includes volunteer work and pollution in a country's goods and services? A) GDP B) GNP C) NDP D) GPI E) GPD

Q: In general, environmentalists believe that governments should ________. A) lower corporate taxes B) nationalize all Earth's natural resources C) discourage ecolabelling D) deregulate corporations E) promote social justice

Q: Which of the following is an assumption of neoclassical economics? A) Growth is good. B) Resources are finite. C) Long-term effects are important. D) External costs and benefits should be valued E) All citizens deserve just and equal treatment.

Q: Contingent valuation ________. A) measures how much time, effort, and money people spend to travel for natural recreation B) measures how much people would pay to restore a resource after it is damaged C) says all individuals deserve just and equal treatment D) says we should treat others as we wish to be treated E) involves buying and selling "rights to pollute"

Q: The philosophy of classical economics developed by Adam Smith ________. A) assures equality between rich and poor B) proposes maintenance of economies through government restraint and regulation C) argues that individuals acting in their own self-interest harm society D) was adopted by the Aborigines in the Kakadu region of Australia E) advocates laissez-faire policies that some credit for the tremendous gains in material prosperity of industrial nations

Q: "If domestic fuel prices rise to $3 per litre, growth will slow significantly and our quality of life will decline." This philosophy is consistent with ________ economics. A) environmental B) neoclassical C) subsistence D) social E) cooperative

Q: "If domestic fuel prices rise to $3 per litre, conservation will increase, alternative fuels will be developed, and energy efficiency and our quality of life will improve." This philosophy is consistent with ________ economics. A) environmental B) neoclassical C) subsistence D) social E) cooperative

Q: How may environmental injustice lead to environmental degradation?

Q: ________ is a method used by manufacturers that tells consumers which brands use manufacturing processes that are environmentally beneficial.

Q: ________ can occur when markets do not take into account the environment's positive effects on economies or when they do not reflect the bad effects of economic activity on the environment and people.

Q: What do the world views of indigenous people, such as the Mirrar, American Transcendentalists, and Deep Ecologists have in common?

Q: Briefly explain deep ecology.

Q: Briefly explain how governments can intervene to counter market failure.

Q: Briefly explain how over human history the scope of who and what humans are ethically concerned about has changed. How are these changes linked with the historical trends in our economy and culture?

Q: Briefly explain how Earth's ecological systems support world economies. Is this support recognized by the traditional neoclassical economics? How or why not?

Q: Since 1961, Alberta's GDP increased more than five-fold, but its GPI Well-Being Index decreased. What does it mean?

Q: Match the following.A) Robert WilsonB) John MuirC) transcendentalistD) fundamentalistE) Immanuel KantF) Gifford PinchotG) James Bernard HarkinH) ecocentristI) utilitarianJ) deep ecologistK) preservationist1.Ecocentrist and anthropocentrist who argued that we should protect America's natural environment in its pristine, unaltered state2.Conservationist who advocated protection of nature for its beauty and usefulness; founder of Parks Canada3.Views nature as a direct manifestation of the divine4.Proposed the categorical imperative, which advocates treating others as you would wish to be treated5.Advocates for the conservation of forest biodiversity on the grounds that the possibility exists that a cure for cancer might be found there among the naturally occurring biological compounds6.Would say, "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise"

Q: Refer to Figure 21.1. If no more new reserves of oil can be found, then ________.A) the prices of oil will go up and the demand will declineB) the prices of oil will go down and the demand will declineC) the prices will go up and the demand will increaseD) the prices will go down and the demand will increaseE) the prices and the demand will remain unchanged

Q: Refer to Figure 21.1 (a). The graph successfully illustrates ________. A) marginal benefit and cost curves B) the costs of resource use and pollution reduction C) internal and external costs associated with market economies D) how price is determined by supply and demand E) how prices stabilize when demand is high

Q: Figure 21.1Use Figure 21.1 to answer the following questions.Refer to Figure 21.1 (a). The intersection of the two lines (the middle of the "X") represents ________.A) the maximum price buyers will pay for goods and servicesB) market correctionC) the maximum quantity of goods and services that a company can produceD) where the market begins to declineE) market equilibrium

Q: Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are ________. A) cities in Western Canada such as Calgary, Vancouver, and Edmonton B) small cities in Eastern Canada such as Sydney, Nova Scotia, and St. Catharines, Ontario C) the megacities such as Tokyo, Mexico City, and Toronto D) cities such as Cairo, Egypt, and Mumbai (Bombay), India E) large cities worldwide, such as Paris, London, and Montreal

Q: Canadian Western cities, especially Vancouver, Edmonton, and Calgary ________. A) have steadily but very slowly increased its population in recent years B) grew very rapidly in recent years C) have begun a slow decline as people move to the suburbs D) have maintained a steady state population since the 1970s E) have decreased their rate of growth dramatically in the past 20 years

Q: In developing nations such as India and Nigeria, ________. A) most of the population is moving to the suburbs from the city centres B) very little change has occurred in the past 40 years regarding where people live C) small numbers of people have moved into the cities D) rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers E) more people are moving to the suburbs than to the city centres

Q: The world's urban populations are ________. A) shrinking, compared to rural populations B) growing faster than the population as a whole C) growing at about the same rate as rural populations D) growing most rapidly in developed nations E) shrinking in developed nations

Q: Toronto's greenbelt, created by the government of Ontario, is a means of ________. A) developing more golf courses in the region B) containing urban development while protecting natural or agricultural lands in the area C) ensuring greenery within and around the City of Toronto D) replanting trees where vacant lots were once located E) restoring Toronto's closed landfill sites by covering them with soil and replanting with trees

Q: Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that ________. A) unregulated urban sprawl produces severe air pollution B) a walkable city centre and an expanded bus system can solve a large city's traffic congestion C) once roads are widened, traffic congestion decreases D) prohibition of motorized vehicles in urban areas reduces pollution and saves energy E) traffic flows smoothly once pedestrians and bicycles are eliminated

Q: The greatest general problem with the suburbs is ________. A) high population density B) lack of resources C) that they spread environmental impact over a larger area D) decreased water quality E) lack of nearby shopping

Q: Which of the following is most likely to drive people to move to the suburbs from cities? A) the desire to have a garden B) the availability of more jobs in the suburbs C) the desire to live in less stressful, more peaceful park-like conditions D) concern over demographic transitions E) the desire for close-knit communities

Q: Can the suburban sprawl be analyzed from the point of view of social justice?

Q: What are advantages of city zoning?

Q: What is a downside of establishing urban growth boundaries (UGB)?

Q: The reason why many cities have established an urban growth boundary (UGB) is ________.

Q: The use of what type of resource constitutes the single largest component of the environmental footprint of Canadian cities?

Q: The phenomenon of urban and suburban spread across the landscape has been given the name ________.

Q: The professional pursuit called ________ attempts to design cities in such a way as to maximize their efficiency, functionality, and beauty.

Q: List the two reasons for recent rapid urban growth.

Q: According to the 2006 census, the urbanized land area in Canada increased by 2% between 2001 and 2006, whereas the urban population increased only by 0.3% over the same time period. What process does these numbers illustrate? Explain your reasoning.

Q: Compare the two sometimes conflicting goals that motivated the establishment and design of early city parks.

Q: What impact does increased distance from natural areas, as a consequence of urbanization, have on human views of nature? How do we ameliorate this?

Q: What is the single greatest shift in population distribution in Canada over the last century?

Q: Match the following.A) suburbanizationB) neo-LuddismC) suburban communitiesD) semi-urban communitiesE) new urbanismF) light railG) tiered utilizationH) heavy railI) urbanizationJ) zoningK) sprawl1.The shift from rural to urban living2.Residential/commercial communities that ring cities just outside city limits3.The spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban centre4.Designing neighbourhoods on a walkable scale5.The practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use6.The least energy-consuming and the cheapest form of urban transportation

Q: Refer to Figure 20.1. Prices of which form of transportation are the least vulnerable (i.e., will increase by the least percentage) to the expected future increases in the costs of energy?A) commuterB) heavy railC) light railD) automobileE) bus

Q: Refer to Figure 20.1. Given the energy consumption and operating costs per passenger km, one of the best overall strategies for cities to consider is to ________. A) create carpool lanes on all major routes B) increase affordable, high-rise parking sites in multiple locations throughout the city C) create or improve a convenient, affordable rail transit system D) create more suburban communities with work, shopping, and housing in central locations E) improve and increase city bus routes, providing affordable, pleasant buses

Q: Refer to Figure 20.1. The operating costs for transportation ________. A) clearly show the benefits of economies of scale in automobile transportation B) show that automobile transport in a small city is less expensive than light rail C) indicate that city planners should invest more in parking lots D) take into account the costs to public health and to the environment of vehicle emissions E) indicate that rail is the most sensible means of transport

Q: Figure 20.1Use Figure 20.1 to answer the following questions.Refer to Figure 20.1. According to the graphs, the energy consumption per passenger km ________.A) rises as you get farther from the city centreB) is more than twice as high for automobiles as it is for any other form of transportationC) is only half as high for bus riders as it is for people in carsD) is higher for all types of road use than it is for rail useE) continues to increase for all types of transit

Q: The city makes the best choice ________. A) by having an intensive ad campaign funded by the developers and then putting it to a vote by the citizens B) after holding open town hall hearings to involve all interested citizens and stakeholders C) after taking bids from the developers D) by turning the decision over to a group of prominent business people from the local Chamber of Commerce E) on the basis of the projected revenue from the different choices

Q: You choose to recommend two of the proposals. You do this on the basis of ________. A) the projected revenue they will bring in to the city B) the financial standing of the investors and their proven ability to finish projects C) the best use of the land for the highest numbers of people D) the suggestions made to you by members of the city council E) the sustainability of the uses and their compatibility with the environment

Q: During your preliminary environmental studies you find, and take into consideration, that ________. A) the financial situation of some potential investors is shaky B) the city needs to obtain a great deal of revenue from the final choice C) a new housing development just outside the city limits may increase traffic on the connecting highway D) the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish that are supporting many local industries E) the lake has been stocked with several species of popular sports fish

Q: The city decides to do further study. You are hired as an assistant city planner who has some expertise in ecological and resource management to study the feasibility of several of the proposals. One of your first tasks will be ________. A) to find out the zoning currently in place for the base and the required changes B) to study potential environmental impacts and resource needs C) mapping out area required by different proposals D) investigating which proposal will bring in the most city revenue E) talking to the investors for each proposal to determine if they can afford to fulfill their plans

Q: Members of several local environmental groups propose that nearly all of the buildings be removed and the area turned into a regional hiking and camping area, with very limited vehicle access. This will preserve the natural areas while providing recreation for the city dwellers. One issue that is raised by opponents is ________. A) whether revenue generated from users will pay for the changes and the maintenance of such a facility B) whether water sports will be accessible to all C) whether there will be sufficient space for RV camping D) that no one will be interested in that kind of recreation E) that it will result in the loss of biodiversity

Q: A development group wishes to turn the area into a recreational facility, including an RV resort, a major-league sports arena, a small-craft harbour for water sports, a hunting lodge, and off-road activities, including motocross racing and dune buggy areas. An important concern ecological about this proposal would be ________. A) that the parking facilities would need to be increased B) that the developer's fees might not be enough to justify the long-term lease C) the impacts on the woodlands, wetlands, and waterways D) the need to widen the highway to sustain the increased traffic E) whether the development group can attract major sports teams to a new arena

Q: Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.A military base a few kilometres from a medium-sized city is being decommissioned. The base is a large one, sited along a coastline, and includes some small hills, pristine woodlands and wetlands, streams, a river, and a small lake. There is a railroad spur that connects the base with the nearby city, as well as a four-lane highway. The base contains housing, schools, a hospital, shops, and recreational areas for a population of 10 000. The city's options for using, selling, or leasing the land are numerous, and many groups have come forward with proposals.One group proposes to convert the base to a new city suburb, with low-cost housing for several thousand of the current inner-city residents. A possible major problem with this might include ________.A) that there is no guarantee that the buildings are in good conditionB) that the inner-city residents may not be able to fully appreciate the natural areas and miss the inner-city quality of lifeC) the highway traffic to and from the cityD) insufficient recreational opportunities for the new suburbE) the lack of local jobs and the lack of transportation to existing jobs

Q: What are the health impacts of sprawl?

Q: What are urban community gardens? Discuss their advantages.

Q: Does urbanization cause increased resource consumption? What factor may complicate the answer?

Q: What is the urban heat island effect and what creates it? How does this physical effect interact with chemical pollution in the city?

Q: Why have so many North Americans moved from cities to the suburbs?

Q: Explain the concept of "smart growth" in general terms.

Q: How do coyotes and racoons, which are not uncommon in most small- to medium-sized cities, fit into the concept of urban ecology?

Q: What are some of the reasons for the development of parks and protected areas in and around Canadian cities?

Q: Explain at least three of the principles of smart growth.

Q: Why do urbanized societies need stretches of uninhabited and undeveloped land?

Q: The ecological footprint of large cities is about the same as surrounding rural areas.

Q: Densely populated cities are less efficient than rural areas at providing things such as electricity, schools, and transportation.