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Q:
Why do we perceive driving a car to be a less dangerous mode of transportation than flying by plane, even though the statistics indicate otherwise?
Q:
One of the observed effects of DDT on ospreys was their failure to reproduce. DDT caused ________.
Q:
"New furniture" and "new carpet" smells are often associated with emissions of ________.
Q:
________ are substances that cause changes in an organism's DNA.
Q:
Briefly explain the dose-response relationship.
Q:
Toxicants, especially those that are lipid-soluble, may build up in an animal in the process termed ________.
Q:
Briefly comment on the possible health hazards of bisphenol-A.
Q:
Explain what killed many sea otters off the California coast in 1998-2001.
Q:
Describe the biological effects of chemical pollution in Lake Apopka.
Q:
In what products is migratable lead of greatest concern?
Q:
What does the field of environmental health cover?
Q:
List the properties that determine the rate of degradation of toxicants.
Q:
How have artificially produced chemicals played a role in giving us the standard of living we enjoy today?
Q:
Match the following.A) cadmiumB) mercuryC) DDTD) asbestosE) nicotineF) thalidomideG) arsenicH) atrazineI) leadJ) bisphenol-AK) BPA1.Widely used herbicide in Canada; an endocrine disruptor2.Insecticide used to kill mosquitos; banned in Canada in 1985 because of its toxicity3.Toxicant present in paint; damages the brain, liver, kidney, and stomach when ingested4.Toxicant used as a flame retardant and insulator; scars the lungs when inhaled5.Was used as a sleeping pill for pregnant women; teratogen that is now banned for use in pregnant women, but is used to treat some diseases in non-pregnant people6.Neurotoxin that magnifies within food webs; typically found in polluted bodies of water; it poisoned thousands of people when it was dumped into the waters off Japan; people who ate contaminated fish from the waters exhibited convulsions, slurred speech, loss of muscle control, and sudden fits of laughter; some people died
Q:
Refer to Figure 19.1. Assume that the scales for graphs (a) and (b) are identical. Compare the graphs. Which of the following statements is true?A) The toxicant shown in (b) has a lower LD50 compared to the toxicant shown in (a).B) The toxicant shown in (b) has a higher toxicity than the toxicant shown in (a).C) The toxicant shown in (b) has a lower toxicity than the toxicant shown in (a).D) In high doses, toxicant (b) has a higher toxicity than toxicant (c).E) Graphs (a) and (b) show results for the same toxicant, but graph (b) shows a higher dose than graph (a).
Q:
Refer to Figure 19.1. The LD50 indicates the ________.
A) amount of toxicant it takes to kill half the population
B) lowest dose that kills any member of the population
C) lowest dose that kills 50 out of 1000 members of the population
D) lowest dose required to cure half of the population
E) lowest dose required to cure the entire population
Q:
Use Figure 19.1 to answer the following questions.Refer to Figure 19.1. Figures such as these ________.A) are used by scientists in epidemiological assessments of a toxicant's effectB) are used by scientists in risk assessmentC) are used to report the effects of a toxicant on wildlife populationsD) represent typical dose-response curves for endocrine disruptorsE) allow scientists to determine the exact quantity of a toxicant that will harm humans
Q:
LDPE is ________.
A) not currently recycled
B) the most widely recycled plastic
C) the plastic used to make grocery bags
D) banned in Denmark
E) a toxin found in most plastics
Q:
Paper and plastic waste share the following characteristics: ________.
A) they are both made from petrochemicals
B) they readily degrade in landfills
C) their increased consumption leads to increased waste
D) they cannot be incinerated to produce energy
E) both are recycled 100% in Canada.
Q:
________ are wastepaper contaminants that cannot effectively be recycled.
A) Corrugated cardboard boxes
B) Cereal boxes
C) Office papers
D) Newspapers
E) Paper shopping bags
Q:
Plastic ________.
A) containers from motor oil are recycled with beverage bottles to make new bottles
B) polystyrene is considered a plastic contaminant
C) not made from recyclables is made from renewable raw materials
D) from beverage containers is easily recyclable if decapped, washed, and squashed
E) from grocery bags is labelled with recycling symbols #1 and #2
Q:
Closing the recycling loop refers to ________.
A) avoiding contamination of plastic and paper collectables during sorting
B) finding ways to recycle all plastics, including polystyrene
C) covering landfills once they have outlived their usefulness and converting the sites to public parks
D) composting biodegradable plastic
E) purchasing items made from recycled materials
Q:
Which of the following would provide the best incentive for increasing the rate of plastic recycling?
A) a decrease in the price of petrochemicals
B) a decreased supply of petrochemicals
C) elimination of bottle deposits
D) cessation of curbside recycling
E) banning the use of plastic bags
Q:
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.The prevalence of "throwaway mentalities" and increased packaging have amplified the consumption of paper and plastic in our society. Disposable plates, cups, and utensils are convenient, sanitary, and inexpensive, and packaging preserves freshness, prevents breakage, protects against tampering, provides information to consumers, and allows shipment of products over long distances. However, paper and plastic do not degrade readily in sanitary landfills. Garbologist William Rathje found legible newspapers in landfills decades after disposal. Because trees used to make virgin paper and petrochemicals used to make plastics may soon become depleted, source reduction is the best solution to the waste dilemma. Denmark has banned the use of nonrefillable beverage containers and McDonald's restaurants in Austria and Sweden have been using biodegradable, compostable cutlery. Recycling has value as well, as long as the recycling loop is closed and people purchase recycled items. Bottle deposit refunds and municipal curbside collection provide recycling incentives. Paper recycling is profitable if waste is properly sorted. All kinds of paper and cardboard are recyclable. Food and paperboard (uncorrugated thin coated board) can contaminate collections, however, reducing their value. After processing, paper and cardboard are used to make paper towels and paperboard for packaging cereal, shoes, and toys. Decapped, washed, and squashed plastic is recycled into carpets, pillows, and new bottles. Although low"‘density polyethylene, or LDPE (recycling symbol #4), from grocery bags is the most widely used plastic, beverage bottle polyethylene terephthalate, or PET(E) (symbol #1), and high"‘density polyethylene, or HDPE (symbol #2), are the most widely recycled plastics. Containers from toxic substances such as motor oil, pesticides, and solvents are not usually accepted with collected plastic because of contamination. Methods to reuse and recycle polystyrene are in development, although presently, Styrofoam is not collected with other plastics and so it is considered a contaminant as well.The best way to reduce plastic in landfills is to ________.A) increase use of recycled itemsB) use biodegradable plastic itemsC) urge the government to pass more bottle billsD) buy products produced locally with minimal packagingE) reuse beverage bottles
Q:
What are some of the possible actions that would reduce the amount of material entering the waste stream? Which of these actions should be undertaken by the industry and which by the consumers, and how should these actions complement each other?
Q:
If reducing waste can increase efficiency, why is the output of industrial waste still so great? Illustrate this using the example of paper (new paper vs. recycled paper). Suggest possible solutions.
Q:
What is the life-cycle impact analysis of consumer products? Why should we, as consumers and citizens, be asking for it?
Q:
Why are e-wastes a problem and what can be done with them?
Q:
What are the pros and cons of curbside recycling.
Q:
What are the three basic steps in the recycling loop? What is the step that needs the most attention if the recycling loop is going to work?
Q:
What are the benefits and drawbacks of incinerating trash? How have these problems been dealt with in most developed countries?
Q:
There are three main disposal methods for hazardous waste. One is landfills. Describe how hazardous waste landfills differ from ordinary sanitary landfills. Briefly discuss the other two ways that hazardous waste is contained.
Q:
Discuss the benefits and environmental disadvantages of modern"‘day landfills in Canada.
Q:
Briefly describe the three main components of waste management. Which method is preferred?
Q:
The most effective way to manage waste is to minimize the amount of wastes entering the stream.
Q:
Trash decays rapidly in closed landfills.
Q:
Current waste practices in Canada include the greatest proportion of trash being landfilled, with lesser amounts being incinerated, recycled, and composted.
Q:
People in developing nations presently generate more waste per capita than people in developed nations.
Q:
Canadians generated more than a tonne of waste per person in 2004.
Q:
Open dumping and burning are currently illegal all over the world.
Q:
Most municipal solid waste comes from packaging and disposable goods.
Q:
Which of the following does NOT apply to heavy metals?A) They enter the human body most typically by being absorbed through the skin.B) They are one of the main concerns in e-waste.C) They accumulate in animal fat.D) They are an issue in many older houses.E) They can be a problem in popular fishing spots.
Q:
The "poison in small bottles" ________.
A) gets into many municipal landfills legally (i.e., without breaking local waste management regulations)
B) is a bigger problem in landfills with drier conditions, because such conditions increase evaporation of toxic fumes
C) has impacts that are independent of what other waste materials are in the landfill
D) could have smaller impacts in landfills in municipalities with successful paper recycling programs
E) refers to the practice of the industry of dumping its chemicals in municipal landfills in small containers to avoid the costs of proper disposal
Q:
Which action would result in the largest reduction of municipal solid waste in Canada?
A) introduce fees for all plastic containers
B) double the bottle deposit on glass containers
C) double the prices paid for recycled metals
D) increase the recycling of paper
E) increase composting
Q:
Low-income countries, compared to high-income countries, ________.
A) are more exposed to the negative health and environmental effects of waste
B) have a similar level of consumption, because their income "stretches" further, since the goods they buy are much cheaper
C) can better deal with the waste they do produce because they produce less waste
D) consume less, but generate a comparable amount of waste, because the cheap products they use break down and are thrown away quicker
E) create less hazardous wastes and therefore are less exposed to toxins
Q:
Which province in Canada composts the highest percentage of kitchen and yard waste?
A) Prince Edward Island
B) Nova Scotia
C) British Columbia
D) Alberta
E) Ontario
Q:
Deep-well injection ________.
A) is a method of disposing of hazardous wastes in deep aquifers
B) is a pool of strong acids on the land surface used for breaking down e-waste
C) injects mostly liquid hazardous wastes into porous rock deep beneath human water supplies
D) is the Environment Canada-approved method of disposing of low-level radioactive wastes
E) has been banned as unsafe by Environment Canada
Q:
In Edmonton, Alberta, ________% of the municipal waste is composted.
A) 50
B) 60
C) 40
D) 30
E) 20
Q:
Presently in Canada, low"‘level radioactive waste is ________.
A) not classified as hazardous
B) not considered persistent
C) stored on site
D) incinerated
E) shipped to depositories in Ukraine
Q:
E-wastes are a source of ________.
A) combustible organic compounds
B) ignitables
C) heavy metals
D) radioactive materials
E) acid corrosives
Q:
Which of the following are classified asheavy metals?
A) lead, mercury, cadmium
B) nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
C) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
D) aluminum, iron, silicon
E) any nonbiodegradable metals
Q:
________ represent(s) the largest source of unregulated hazardous waste.
A) Small businesses
B) Households
C) Farmers
D) Utilities
E) Large industry
Q:
Heavy metals ________.
A) become less hazardous after incineration
B) become less hazardous over time as they degrade chemically
C) are unregulated by the U.S. government
D) bioaccumulate in animal tissues
E) are not harmful unless they are directly ingested
Q:
Which of the following represent criteria for classifying hazardous waste?
A) inorganic and organic
B) corrosive, ignitable, reactive, and toxic
C) nonbiodegradable and biodegradable
D) municipal, industrial, and agricultural
E) solid, liquid, and gaseous
Q:
Life"‘cycle analysis ________.
A) is an environmental movement designed to reduce municipal traffic and encourage alternative forms of transport
B) defines how different organisms interact within ecosystems during their lives
C) examines the cycling of carbon in the environment
D) is the study of cyclical changes in the human population
E) examines the life cycle of products for ecological efficiency
Q:
Industrial ecologists ________.
A) favour an economy that moves linearly rather than circularly
B) advocate taxes on green industries
C) seek to redesign industrial systems to minimize physical inefficiency while maximizing economic efficiency
D) urge an emphasis on internal manufacturing costs rather than external costs
E) primarily analyze industrial inputs
Q:
Rank the following countries according to their wastefulness, with the most "throwaway society" first.
A) United States, Canada, The Netherlands
B) Canada, United States, Germany
C) United States, Germany, Sweden
D) United States, The Netherlands, Germany
E) Canada, Germany, Sweden
Q:
In Edmonton, Alberta, glass is ________.
A) dumped at landfills
B) incinerated
C) melted down to make lightbulbs
D) recycled into reflective paint and signs
E) composted
Q:
Each Canadian produces approximately ________ of waste per year .
A) 1000 kilograms
B) 50 tonnes
C) 10 tonnes
D) 500 kilograms
E) 100 kilograms
Q:
In Canada, the two largest components of household waste were ________ and ________.
A) paper, combined: metals and plastics
B) paper; organics
C) organics, combined; metals and plastics
D) organics, combined; wood and glass
E) paper, combined; wood and glass
Q:
If Canadians recycled all recyclables and composted all compostibles, the volume of municipal solid waste would drop by about ________%.
A) 45
B) 55
C) 65
D) 75
E) 85
Q:
Until the mid"‘nineteenth century, New York City's official method of garbage disposal was ________.
A) composting on New Jersey farms
B) burying waste under the present site of the Statue of Liberty
C) dumping waste at Fresh Kills Landfill
D) dumping waste off piers into the East River
E) burying waste in remote locations in Canada
Q:
In 2008, the ratio of the nonresidential to the residential waste produced in Canada was about ________.
A) 1:3
B) 3:1
C) 1:1
D) 2:3
E) 3:2
Q:
In 2008 , Canadian households generated about ________ million tonnes of trash.
A) 11
B) 17
C) 22
D) 27
E) 32
Q:
The earthworms, fungi, and bacteria in your compost pile will NOT be happy if you give them ________.
A) food scraps
B) grass clippings
C) paper
D) autumn leaves
E) plastic
Q:
In Canada, waste disposal is regulated by ________ level(s) of government.
A) 2
B) 1
C) 3
D) 4
E) There is no regulation.
Q:
The Beare Road Landfill ________.
A) is an environmental disaster that pollutes Lake Ontario
B) will remain open until late 2020
C) is a site that was converted to a public park and it generates methane for electricity
D) was abandoned in the late 1970s
E) is Toronto's main landfill site
Q:
The first can and bottle recycling laws were ________.
A) designed to provide glass for road construction
B) initiated in the 1990s
C) designed to cut down on litter
D) designed to provide a relatively inexpensive source of raw resources for industry
E) in response to the public demand to protect the environment
Q:
The best solution to the solid waste problem is to ________.
A) increase the number of WTE facilities
B) increase the number of sanitary landfills
C) reduce the amount of material that enters the waste stream
D) subsidize WTE facilities
E) increase the number of marine burial sites
Q:
To prevent landfill toxins from seeping into groundwater, sanitary landfills are ________.
A) located on slopes for water to run downhill, so the leachate never enters the groundwater
B) lined with plastic and clay
C) lined with cement
D) located in unpopulated areas
E) located on industrial sites where groundwater is not used for drinking or agriculture
Q:
________ has/have the smallest amount of per capita solid waste production.
A) Canada
B) The Netherlands
C) The United States
D) Germany and Sweden
E) France
Q:
In developed countries, which of the following generates the largest amount of hazardous waste, and which is the largest unregulated source of the hazardous waste?
A) industry; households
B) households; industry
C) industry; agriculture
D) industry in both cases
E) households in both cases
Q:
The Beare Road landfill is now a source of LFGTE, which means it produces ________ for electricity.
Q:
All provinces allow consumers to return ________ to specialized recycling centres after use and receive a refund. However, most recycling centres are in larger municipalities.
Q:
What is a "waste exchange"?
Q:
Hazardous waste is characterized as having one or more of these four properties: ________.
Q:
________% of Canada's kitchen or yard waste is composted.
Q:
Describe the advantages of composting.
Q:
What is WTE?
Q:
Why has waste management become an important pursuit for cities, industries, and individuals?