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Q:
Solar radiation makes several other energy sources possible, including ________.
A) wind energy
B) tidal energy
C) geothermal energy
D) hydrothermal energy
E) nuclear energy
Q:
Which of the following energy sources is considered nonrenewable?
A) fossil fuel energy
B) sunlight (solar) energy
C) geothermal energy
D) tidal energy
E) wind energy
Q:
Which of the following lists is in order of decreasing moisture content?
A) peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
B) peat, anthracite, lignite, bituminous
C) peat, bituminous, lignite, anthracite
D) anthracite, bituminous, lignite, peat
E) lignite, peat, bituminous, anthracite
Q:
Before mining techniques improved in the 1700s, the resource that provided the greatest amount of energy for heating and cooking was ________.
A) dung
B) wood
C) coal
D) oil
E) water
Q:
The world's most abundant fossil fuel is ________.
A) biodiesel
B) coal
C) oil
D) natural gas
E) methane
Q:
________ is to oil what peat is to coal.
Q:
________ is the name of a controversial proposed pipeline from Alberta to the refineries in Texas.
Q:
One of the reasons for the haze hanging over many parts of China is ________.
Q:
What is an EROI?
Q:
What are some criticisms of carbon capture and underwater storage?
Q:
The tar sands industry has proposed to reduce its large carbon footprint through sequestration of carbon in rocks. However, one of the methods used to extract tar sands petroleum may interfere with this solution. Name this extraction method and briefly explain why this method interferes with carbon sequestration.
Q:
As much as two"‘thirds of a total oil deposit may remain in the ground after its ________, the initial drilling and pumping of the available oil.
Q:
Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 disrupted U.S. oil supplies because of the importance of ________ to our total supply.
Q:
The amount of a given fossil fuel in a deposit that is technologically and economically feasible to remove under current conditions is termed the ________ of that fuel.
Q:
What are some of the alternative, unconventional resources for oil and natural gas?
Q:
Describe the differences in how fuel energy is used in developing and developed countries.
Q:
Discuss the general worldwide pattern of distribution of fossil fuels.
Q:
Why did humans switch from using wood as a primary energy source to using fossil fuels?
Q:
What are the three main sources of energy that Earth receives?
Q:
Briefly explain acid drainage.
Q:
Match the following.A) coalB) hydrogen fuelC) anaerobicD) geothermalE) aerobicF) mulchG) carbon dioxideH) peatI) biogenicJ) natural gasK) petroleumL) thermogenicM) crude oilN) nuclear1.An environment that has little or no oxygen2.Organic matter compressed under high pressure to form solid carbon structures3.A gaseous by"‘product of microbial decomposition in aerobic conditions4.Organic material being broken down anaerobically, but remains wet and near the surface5.Energy from processed uranium6.A renewable resource7.The gas formed in a landfill
Q:
Refer to Figure 16.1. From this figure one can conclude that ________.A) if EROI applied to nations, Iran would have the highest national EROIB) if EROI applied to nations, the United States would have the highest national EROIC) Japan, by not having much domestic oil, has to import more oil per capita than the United States, which has substantial domestic productionD) thanks to their advanced technology, an average Japanese consumes less oil than an average GermanE) an average Canadian uses approximately as much oil as a Saudi or an American
Q:
Refer to Figure 16.1. List the countries according to their per capita oil consumption, in descending order, (i.e., starting with the heaviest per capita user first).
A) the United States, Iran, Germany
B) Saudi Arabia, Germany, Japan
C) Canada, Germany, Japan
D) Canada, Iran, Germany
E) Canada, Germany, Iran
Q:
Refer to Figure 16.1. List the countries that would benefit proportionally (i.e., per capita) from rising oil prices, in descending order (i.e., starting with the country that will benefit most).
A) Saudi Arabia, the United States, Iran
B) Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran
C) Saudi Arabia, Iran, Canada
D) Saudi Arabia, the United States, Canada
E) the United States, Japan, Germany
Q:
Figure 16.1Population data: Saudi Arabia: 27 mln; Iran: 76 mln; Canada: 34 mln; Germany: 81 mln; Japan: 127 mln.Use Figure 16.1 to answer the following questions.Refer to Figure 16.1. Of the six countries shown, which have essentially no domestic oil production?A) Canada and the United StatesB) JapanC) United States and GermanyD) Japan and GermanyE) Japan and the United States
Q:
Portfolio standards ________.
A) are opposed by most environmentalists, including Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.
B) require government subsidies to be effective
C) hinder economic development
D) usually result in less"‘reliable electricity generation
E) support alternative energy use
Q:
The Clear Skies Initiative may have helped somewhat with the problem of global climate change because it would have ________.
A) prohibited importation of goods from nations that pollute
B) permitted the purchase of "wind certificates"
C) required reduced nitrogen oxide emissions
D) provided subsidies for renewable energy
E) required reduced carbon dioxide emissions
Q:
Why do environmentalists and scientists advocate immediate action, including stricter laws to limit carbon dioxide emissions from petroleum, coal, and automobile industries?
A) No laws currently exist to regulate the environmental impacts of these industries.
B) Environmentalists do not want to anger farmers, even though agriculture produces the most carbon dioxide.
C) These industries do not have labour unions that oppose legal restrictions.
D) These industries export goods to all other nations on Earth.
E) These industries produce the most greenhouse gases.
Q:
One factor contributing to U.S. resistance to legal intervention regarding global climate change is ________.
A) lack of scientific evidence supporting global climate change
B) political influence of the petroleum, coal, and automobile industries
C) the success of voluntary reductions of carbon dioxide emissions by U.S. power plants
D) lack of support from other developed nations around the world
E) the precautionary principle
Q:
Environmentalists advocate immediate intervention regarding global climate change because ________.
A) they are concerned about the global economic losses sustained because of global climate change
B) they favour the precautionary principle
C) most are cornucopians
D) most live in areas most affected by global climate change
E) they favour anthropogenic principles
Q:
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.Meanwhile, the United States, a country that emits one-fifth of Earth's greenhouse gases, failed to even ratify the Kyoto Protocol. In its place there were revisions to the 1970 Clean Air Act, called the "Clear Skies Initiative," which limits emissions of mercury, nitric oxides, and sulphur oxides from power plants. Nicknamed by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., as the "Clear Lies Initiative," this proposal did not specifically address emission of carbon dioxide, and did not impose targets on main fossil fuel industries with a lot of political influence: the petroleum, coal, and automobile companies. Environmentalists are arguing for immediate action, including stricter laws to limit power plant carbon dioxide emissions and subsidies for renewable energy. They favour "portfolio standards," requiring electric companies (which produce most of the greenhouse gases in the United States) to provide clean energy alternatives to consumers and "green tags," "wind certificates," and "green pricing" to support the use of alternative fuels.The United States should enact laws slowing global climate change because ________.A) it is the most populous nation on EarthB) its industry supports the legislationC) it is the major source of the problemD) global climate change effects are most significant thereE) no other nations have initiated efforts to slow global climate change
Q:
Which of the following possible explanations for why Canada has an emission reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol, but China does not, is NOT true?A) Even though Canadians are responsible "only for 2% of global emissions," they make up 1% of the global population.B) Most of the excess CO2currently in the atmosphere has been put there by industrialized countries such as Canada, not by developing countries such as China.C) Industrialized countries have grown rich on the fossil fuel economy in the last two centuries, so they are in a better position to afford the costs necessary to cut the emissions than the developing countries.D) Industrialized countries have better technology, so they are in a better position to cut their emissions.E) Since industrialized countries are mostly responsible for the problem, they should lead by example.
Q:
Has the Kyoto Protocol accounted for the fact that Canada is a large and cold country?
A) Yes, because under the Protocol the reduction target of each country is based on the 1990 emissions of that country, and in 1990 Canada's emissions were already higher because of Canada's large distances and climate.
B) Yes, because Canada's per capita target is equal to the per capita target of smaller and warmer countries.
C) No, because Canada's targets should have allowed more emissions to compensate for the fact that we need to use more fossil fuels in transportation.
D) No, because Canada's targets should have allowed more emissions to compensate for the fact that we need to burn more fossil fuels to keep warm in winter.
E) No, because Canada's targets should have allowed more emissions to compensate for the fact that we need to use more fossil fuels for transportation and to keep warm in winter.
Q:
Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.Under the Kyoto Protocol, developed countries promised to cut their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions below their respective 1990 emissions by 2102. Canada's promise was to cut the GHGs 6% below its 1990 emissions of 592 Mt (of CO2 eq). In the years after signing the Kyoto Protocol, the Liberal governments talked about Kyoto, but did little to effect the necessary reductions in our emissions. In 2006, a Conservative government led by Stephen Harper was elected, and it effectively abandoned the Kyoto target, arguing that it is unreasonable: the Conservatives criticized Kyoto for not setting targets for China, a country with rapidly increasing emissions, while setting one for Canada, a country that produces only 2% of global emissions. The Conservatives also argued that the Kyoto reductions are unfair to Canada, because we are a large and cold country, and as such, we need to use more energy for transportation and heating than other countries. By 2008 our emissions were at 734 Mt (of CO2 eq), that is 24% above the 1990 level, in a large part a result of the increased emissions from tar sands and other large industrial projects. Rather than admitting the failure to live up to our obligations, Canada became the first country to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol and encouraged others to follow suit. During earlier climate talks, Canada has became known for its efforts to block the progress of the other countries toward a global solution for climate change, opting instead to protect the interests of the fossil fuel industry. In place of the Kyoto target, the Harper government in 2010 set itself another target: a 17% reduction from 2005 emissions of 731 Mt (of CO2 eq.) by 2020. In 2012 Environment Commissioner Scott Vaughan reported to the House of Commons that "the reductions are not happening fast enough to meet the 2020 target."Which of the following is NOT true about the Stephen Harper government's greenhouse emissions plan?A) Under this plan we will emit in 2020 more than we emitted in 1990.B) The plan will deliver smaller reductions than promised under Kyoto.C) Canada pulls its weight, because the new targets are in line with the commitments of other industrialized countries.D) The plan will take a longer period to achieve less than what was set out in the Kyoto obligations.E) The government is not likely to meet even its reduced and delayed target.
Q:
How would you answer a climate-change naysayer, who says that since water vapour is the most abundant greenhouse gas, we should not worry about carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by people because their impact on climate is much less than that of water vapour?
Q:
Has Canada met its international obligations to which it committed by signing the Kyoto Protocol? Why?
Q:
Describe some impacts of climate change on wildlife and people in the Arctic.
Q:
What is geo-engineering? Give examples and explain how they could work. What are the strengths and weaknesses of relying on geo-engineering solutions?
Q:
Compare mitigation and adaptations: What are they? What are their examples? What are their strengths and weaknesses?
Q:
How can scientists learn about climatic history?
Q:
Explain the thermohaline circulation . What is its importance in the context of the climate in Europe?
Q:
Describe the challenges freshwater ecosystems face because of global climate change. Give an example from the text.
Q:
Explain how climate change can affect agriculture and forestry.
Q:
How certain are scientists that humans are causing global climate change? Describe the language used by scientists and some of the particular climate trends they have identified as changing. If the scientific community is convinced of the evidence, why is there still debate?
Q:
The greatest temperature increases from global climate change will be felt at the equator.
Q:
Hydroelectric generation presently supplies about 60% of Canadian electricity.
Q:
Earth's surface absorbs the incoming long-wavelength solar radiation, and emits infrared radiation back into outer space.
Q:
Removal of forests reduces Earth's ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Q:
Major volcanic eruptions and the aerosols they release contribute to short-term warming of Earth's climate.
Q:
Fossil fuel use in Canada accounts for most greenhouse gas emissions.
Q:
The greenhouse effect did not exist before humans began to change the Earth's climate.
Q:
________ represents a positive feedback loop in regards to global warming.A) Warming of Earth, causing the evaporation of surface water,B) ReforestationC) Controlling developmentD) Limiting use of fossil fuels as a source of energyE) Sequestering carbon dioxide underground
Q:
________ is the Canadian region that will have the highest percentage increase in wildfires by 2060, according to the Canadian Climate Model (Figure 15.26 in the textbook).
A) The boreal forests of Canada
B) The Prairies
C) The deciduous forests of southern Ontario and southern Quebec
D) The Rocky Mountains
E) The Canadian Arctic Archipelago (the most northern part of the Canadian Arctic)
Q:
As a result of projected human-induced climate change caused by the doubling of CO2, which of the following region's current ecological landscape will have the largest percentage change in plant species?
A) the boreal forests of Canada and Russia
B) the Sahara desert
C) the tropical rainforests of Congo and Brazil
D) Australia
E) the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (the most northern part of the Canadian Arctic)
Q:
In the CO2record from Mauna Loa we see small wiggles with a duration of one year superimposed on a general long-term increasing trend. These wiggles are caused by ________.
A) seasons combined with the fact that there is more vegetation in the northern hemisphere
B) seasons combined with the fact that there is more marine uptake of CO2by algae in the southern hemisphere because if is dominated by the oceans
C) variable CO2emissions from nearby volcanoes
D) annual El Nio/La Nia cycle
E) the difference between the amount of solar radiation heating the ocean in summer and winter combined with the fact that warmer water can hold less CO2
Q:
Sublimation is to a glacier what ________ is to a lake.
A) evaporation
B) condensation
C) surface tension
D) precipitation
E) tributary
Q:
A glacier increases in volume and extent IF ________.
A) accumulation is larger than sublimation + ablation
B) ablation is larger than sublimation + accumulation
C) sublimation is larger than accumulation + ablation
D) accumulation is larger than sublimation + melting
E) accumulation is larger than melting + ablation
Q:
Canada has been awarded the "Dinosaur Award" because ________.
A) there have been many important dinosaur bones findings in Alberta
B) there have been many important fossil findings in Canada
C) of the jokes of Ralph Klein, former premier of Alberta, who said that the climate change 60 million years ago might have been caused by "dinosaur farts"
D) of the fossilized dinosaur bones, discovered in Canada, that indicated that dinosaurs could have become extinct as result of the dramatic climate change triggered by an asteroid impact
E) it defended interests of fossil fuel industries
Q:
As a result of climate change temperatures will increase. Which of the following is NOT true?
A) Sea level will rise because of the melting of ice caps and glaciers.
B) The highest increase in temperature will be around Antarctica.
C) The land will warm up more than the ocean.
D) The largest ecological changes caused by the warming will be in Canada and Russia.
E) Sea level will rise because of thermal expansion.
Q:
Coral bleaching is NOT likely linked to ________.
A) rise in sea level
B) nutrient pollution
C) high water temperature
D) acidification
E) stress because of the combination of some of these factors
Q:
Recent evidence from polar ice core analysis shows that, with the exception of the last two centuries, carbon dioxide levels have never exceeded ________ ppm in the last several hundred thousand years.
A) 500
B) 1000
C) 25
D) 300
E) 200
Q:
The most recent analyses of polar ice cores have given us the ability to profile global climate change back as far as ________ years.
A) 800 000
B) 100 000
C) 1000
D) 50 000
E) 300 000 000
Q:
Among the eight countries belonging to the G8 (France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, and Russia), which position does Canada hold in reductions of greenhouse gases emissions below the emissions from 1990? ("1st" would mean achieving the deepest cut in emissions of all eight countries, and "8th" would mean having the lowest cut or the highest increase in emissions)
A) 7th
B) 8th
C) 6th
D) 5th
E) 4th
Q:
Kyoto is to carbon dioxide as Montreal is to ________.
A) nitrous oxide
B) ozone
C) methane
D) chlorofluorocarbons
E) carbon monoxide
Q:
Subsidies for mass transit in Canada ________.
A) come mostly from the federal government
B) increase ridership significantly
C) increase the cost of public transportation
D) are mostly from private corporations
E) do not exist
Q:
Close to ________% of the fuel you pump into your automobile does not move your vehicle down the road.
A) 45
B) 55
C) 65
D) 75
E) 85
Q:
According to the Canadian Regional Climate Model by Environment Canada (Figure 15.18 in the textbook), by the mid-twentieth century winter snow cover will change in various ways in the different regions of Canada. List the regions in order of decreasing snow cover (i.e., with the highest increase/smallest decrease first, and the largest decrease last):
A) Prairies, Rocky Mountains, high Arctic
B) high Arctic, Rocky Mountains, Prairies
C) high Arctic, Prairies, Rocky Mountains
D) Prairies, high Arctic, Rocky Mountains
E) Rocky Mountains, high Arctic, Prairies
Q:
Hydroelectric power generation ________.
A) produces high quantities of greenhouse gases
B) may have some undesirable effects, but results in zero-emissions of greenhouse gases
C) produces pollutants that contribute significantly to acid precipitation
D) uses fuel cells to generate electricity
E) is an alternative to fossil fuels and causes emissions of fewer greenhouse gases
Q:
As water warms, it ________.
A) increases in density
B) expands
C) sinks
D) dissolves increased amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
E) is irreversibly altered
Q:
The greenhouse effect involves warming of Earth's surface and the ________.
A) troposphere
B) mesosphere
C) stratosphere
D) thermosphere
E) ionosphere
Q:
El Nio and La Nia ________.
A) both decrease water temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean
B) both increase precipitation in the western Pacific Ocean
C) both increase water temperatures in the western Pacific Ocean
D) occur in precise patterns every 10 years
E) produce changes of opposite direction in temperature between eastern and western Pacific Ocean
Q:
Canadians are using public transportation for approximately ________% of their transportation needs.
A) 1
B) 4
C) 7
D) 11
E) 15
Q:
Growing rice results in the release of ________ into the atmosphere.
A) methane
B) nitrous oxides
C) ozone
D) carbon dioxide
E) sulphate aerosols
Q:
Hydrogen fuel cells, biodiesel, hydrogen fuel cells, and long-term electric batteries are potential solutions to
A) reducing carbon emissions from transportation
B) carbon sequestration
C) cap-and-trade emission control
D) replacing coal as a major fuel for generating electricity
E) cutting back the carbon emissions from hydroelectric plants
Q:
The use of public transportation is ________.
A) higher in Canada than in Europe
B) increasing rapidly in the face of concerns over climate change
C) not subsidized by the Canadian government
D) the best option for decreasing the use of fossil fuels for transportation
E) more expensive than driving a car
Q:
Which of the following will be most seriously affected by the sea-level rise?
A) Bangladesh
B) Newfoundland
C) Greenland
D) shores of the Aral Sea
E) the southern coast of the United Kingdom (the "white cliffs of Dover")
Q:
The Kyoto Protocol ________.
A) increased federal funding for controlling greenhouse gas emissions from U.S. power plants
B) required concessions in greenhouse gas emissions equally from all countries
C) required increases in nuclear power generation
D) emission targets will likely be met and maybe even be exceeded by Canada
E) was intended to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases to levels lower than those of 1990
Q:
Carbon-based fuels from lithospheric reservoirs ________.
A) have formed slowly over many millions of years
B) is readily lost from Earth's surface in the absence of humans
C) is formed from the deposition, partial decay, and compression of inorganic matter
D) cannot be lost to the atmosphere by human processes once stabilized on Earth's surface
E) will be lost before the end of the decade
Q:
The reports from Mauna Loa demonstrated ________.
A) an increase in CO2 from the 1950s to the present
B) that sediments deposited on the seafloor can yield clues about past climates
C) that as distances from cities decreased, CO2 concentrations increased
D) that CO2 levels have been stable over the last 40 years
E) the presence of El Nio
Q:
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ________.
A) constructed the Kyoto Protocol
B) performed the research included in the climate change findings
C) is an international panel that concluded that climate change has influenced biomes and economies
D) fines companies that pollute
E) could not achieve its objectives because of lack of popular support