Q&A Hero

Q: The data below represent time study observations for an assembly operation. Assume a 7% allowance factor. What is the normal time for element 3? Observations (times in minutes) Element Performance Rating 1 2 3 4 5 1 100% 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.5 2 90% 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.4 3 115% 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.4 1.6 4 100% 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.2 A) 1.7 min. B) 1.96 min. C) 2.11 min. D) 10.1 min. E) 11.2 min.

Q: External users of accounting information include all of the following except: A.Shareholders. B.Customers. C.Purchasing managers. D.Government regulators. E.Creditors.

Q: The actual average observed time for a given job is 10 minutes. The performance rating is 80%, and allowances are set by contract at 10%. What is the time standard? A) 8.80 minutes B) 8.88 minutes C) 10 minutes D) 19.0 minutes E) 19.8 minutes

Q: In work measurement, personal time allowances are often established in the range of A) 0 - 2% B) 3 - 5% C) 4 - 7% D) 6 - 10% E) 10-15%

Q: The primary objective of financial accounting is to: A.Serve the decision-making needs of internal users. B.Provide accounting information that serves external users. C.Monitor and control company activities. D.Provide information on both the costs and benefits of looking after products and services. E.Know what, when, and how much product to produce.

Q: Which of the following are true regarding allowances in time studies? A) They have a "constant" and a "variable" component. B) They are adjusted for work conditions such as heating, lighting, and noise. C) They include allowances for personal time, delay, and fatigue. D) They represent the adjustment between normal time and standard time. E) All of the above are true.

Q: Technology: A.Has replaced accounting. B.Has not improved the clerical accuracy of accounting. C.Reduces the time, effort and cost of recordkeeping. D.In accounting has replaced the need for decision makers. E.In accounting is only available to large corporations.

Q: In a stopwatch time study, the average time it takes a given worker to perform a task a certain number of times, without correction for performance rating or allowances, is the A) average observed time B) standard time C) performance rating time D) normal time E) allowance time

Q: The smaller the percentage established for allowances, A) the closer is normal time to standard time B) the closer is average observed time to normal time C) the larger is the performance rating factor D) the larger is the adequate sample size E) the larger is the number of observations in the work sampling

Q: Standard time A) needs to be adjusted for worker performance ratings B) needs to be adjusted for worker fatigue C) is average observed time divided by the allowance factor D) accounts for performance rating factors and for allowances E) is normal time divided by the performance rating factor

Q: Ending retained earnings on the statement of retained earnings is calculated by adding stockholder investments and net losses and subtracting net income and dividends.

Q: In time studies, normal time is A) average observed time multiplied by a performance rating factor B) larger than standard time C) determined by historical experience D) converted to standard time by the performance rating factor E) one hour later during the summer months

Q: A time study is being conducted to determine the standard time for a job that is made up of several elements. This standard time requires as input(s) A) the average observed time for each element B) one average observed time for all elements C) one performance rating factor to be used by all elements D) a separate allowance factor for each element E) all of the above

Q: In time studies, average observed time for an element is A) the ratio of normal time to standard time B) the difference between normal time and the allowance factors C) for all observations, the sum of all times recorded divided by the number of observations D) the percent of a worker's time spent performing that element E) how many observations must be taken in order to achieve a specified level of accuracy

Q: A manager who is conducting a time study now needs an accuracy of 0.1 minutes, rather than 0.2 minutes as in the past. Because of this change in accuracy, the adequate sample size becomes A) one-fourth as large B) one-half as large C) twice as large D) four times as large E) none of the above

Q: For a time study, the three factors that determine how large a sample size to take are A) the level of confidence, the z-value, and normal time B) needed accuracy, desired confidence, and standard deviation of the initial sample C) the level of confidence, the z-value, and the work sampling idle percent D) actual time, normal time, and standard time E) actual time, standard time, and mean time

Q: Timing a sample of a worker's performance and using it to set a standard is the work measurement technique of A) predetermined time standards B) time studies C) work sampling D) methods time measurement E) left-hand, right-hand charting

Q: Which of the following techniques may not provide reliable and accurate time standards? A) historical experience B) method time measurement (MTM) C) time studies D) work sampling E) predetermined time standards

Q: Labor standards can help a firm determine expected production, which in turn enables A) crew sizes to be determined B) managers and workers to know what constitutes a fair day's work. C) labor cost to be calculated D) work cells and assembly lines to be balanced E) work sampling to take place

Q: Which of the following is not a use of labor standards? A) labor content of items produced B) cost and time estimates prior to production C) crew size and work balance D) basis of wage-incentive plans E) All of the above are uses of labor standards.

Q: A worker completed a job 10 times during a period in which a normal, trained employee completed the task 8 times. What is the worker's performance rating? A) 125% B) 150% C) 100% D) 112.5% E) cannot be determined with given information

Q: Suppose that the allowance factor for a job is .5 and the normal time is 5 hours. What is the standard time? A) 5 hours B) 2.5 hours C) 10 hours D) 7.5 hours E) cannot determine with the given information

Q: The income statement describes revenues earned and expenses incurred over a specified period of time due to earnings activities.

Q: Normal time for a stopwatch study is equal to A) Average time Performance rating B) Average time + Performance rating C) Average time / Performance rating D) Average time Performance rating E) None of the above

Q: Which of the following is not a method used to set labor standards? A) historical experience B) time study C) predetermined time standards D) work sampling E) government laws and regulations

Q: A balance sheet covers activities over a period of time such as a month or year.

Q: Labor standards were pioneered by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and A) Frederick Taylor B) Eli Whitney C) Henry Ford D) Alan Smith E) GE

Q: Labor standards can help to determine A) labor content of a product B) staffing needs C) incentive plans D) efficiency E) all of the above

Q: Labor standards are defined as the A) preset activities required to perform a job B) amount of space required by a specific crew to perform the job C) standard set of procedures to perform the job D) standard labor agreements E) amount of time required to perform a job or part of a job

Q: U. S. Government Treasury bonds provide low return and low risk to investors.

Q: Ethical work environment decisions by managers may be guided by A) state agencies B) trade associations C) insurers D) employees E) all of the above

Q: Generally the lower the risk, the higher the return that can be expected.

Q: The visual workplace A) uses low-cost visual devices to share information B) is an effective means of rapid communication in a dynamic workplace C) replaces difficult-to-understand paperwork D) eliminates non-value added activities by making problems and standards visual E) all of the above

Q: Risk is the uncertainty about the return we will earn.

Q: "Schematic used to investigate movement of people or material" describes a(n) A) flow diagram B) activity chart C) operations chart D) right-hand / left-hand chart E) none of the above

Q: Return on assets reflects a company's ability to generate profit through productive use of its assets.

Q: Activity charts help analyze A) movement of people and materials B) utilization of an operator and machine C) body movements D) activities that can cause injuries E) unnecessary micro-motions

Q: Flow diagrams are used to analyze A) movement of people and materials B) utilization of an operator and machine C) body movements D) time taken by various activities E) unnecessary micro-motions

Q: Methods analysis employs which of the following charts in its analysis of the movement of workers and materials? A) micro-motion chart B) flow diagram C) activity chart D) man-machine chart E) movement chart

Q: In a large aerospace company, it has been discovered that some insulators have been damaged. A methods specialist is sent out to follow the insulators through the production and storage processes and to try to find out where in the process they are damaged. The specialist should use A) left- and right-hand charts B) man-machine charts C) job analysis charts D) flow diagrams E) activity charts

Q: "Designed to show economy of motion by pointing out waste motion and idle time" describes A) a flow diagram B) an activity chart C) an operations chart D) all of the above E) none of the above

Q: Which of the following is used by methods analysis in analyzing body movement at the workstation level? A) MTM chart B) flow diagram C) operations chart D) process chart E) improvement chart

Q: A stockholder's investment in a business normally creates an asset (cash), a liability (note payable), and stockholders' equity (investment.)

Q: Methods analysis focuses on A) the design of the machines used to perform a task B) establishing time standards C) reducing the number of skills needed for the completion of a task D) issues such as the movement of individuals or materials E) evaluating training programs to see if they are efficient

Q: Stockholders' equity is increased when cash is received from customers in payment of previously recorded accounts receivable.

Q: Which of the following is not an analytical target of methods analysis? A) movement of capital B) body movement C) movement of individuals D) movement of materials E) crew activity

Q: Managers should seek to control such work environment factors as A) illumination B) noise and vibration C) temperature D) air quality E) all of the above

Q: An external transaction is an exchange within an entity that may or may not affect the accounting equation.

Q: One of the elements of ergonomics is A) allocating work time based on economic studies B) the cost justification of technology C) designing tools and machines that facilitate human work D) the use of automation in a manufacturing organization E) the establishment of time standards

Q: Ergonomics is not concerned with A) levels of illumination, noise, temperature, and humidity B) adjusting and providing input to the machine C) feedback (providing information to the operator) D) adequate compensation schemes E) the design of functional and comfortable office furniture

Q: Which of the following statements regarding incentive systems is false? A) Bonuses are often used at the executive levels. B) About half of all American manufacturing firms use productivity incentives. C) Profit-sharing systems provide some part of the profit for distribution to employees. D) The Scanlon plan is based on team productivity. E) Increasing use of cross-training has led to increasing use of knowledge-based pay systems.

Q: Common stock is an increase in equity from a company's earnings activities.

Q: Management and labor share the labor cost reductions in which of these compensation schemes? A) bonus system B) quota system C) Scantron plan D) Scanlon plan E) measured day work plan

Q: Which of the following is not a limitation of job expansion? A) higher capital cost B) higher wage rates C) smaller labor pool D) higher training costs E) All of the above are limitations of job expansion.

Q: The accounting equation can be restated as: Assets " Equity = Liabilities.

Q: When a worker obtains clear and timely information about his/her performance, his/her job is characterized by A) feedback B) skill variety C) job identity D) job significance E) autonomy

Q: A job characterized by __________ allows a worker to use his/her dexterity, physical strength, and skills to do his/her work. A) feedback B) skill variety C) job identity D) job significance E) autonomy

Q: Dividends are expenses.

Q: Suppose that the allowance factor for a job is 0.10 and the normal time is 5 hours. What is the standard time? A) 5.6 hours B) 50.0 hours C) 4.9 hours D) 5.1 hours E) 4.5 hours

Q: Assets are the resources a company owns or controls that are expected to yield future benefits.

Q: The difference between job enrichment and job enlargement is that A) enlarged jobs involve vertical expansion, while enriched jobs involve horizontal expansion B) enriched jobs enable an employee to do a number of boring jobs instead of just one C) job enlargement is more psychologically satisfying than job enrichment D) job enrichment is suitable for all employees, whereas job enlargement is not E) enriched jobs involve vertical expansion, while enlarged jobs involve horizontal expansion

Q: Which of the following statements describes job rotation? A) The job contains a larger number of similar tasks. B) The job includes some planning and control necessary for job accomplishment. C) The operator works on different shifts on a regular basis. D) The operator's schedule is flexible. E) The operator is allowed to move, for example, from one type of CNC machine to the other.

Q: Which of the following terms implies an increase in responsibility and control in the vertical direction? A) job rotation B) job enrichment C) job re-design D) job enlargement E) job satisfaction

Q: When a worker has a say in the work methods that he/she wishes to utilize, his/her job is characterized by A) skill variety B) job identity C) job significance D) feedback E) autonomy

Q: Revenues are increases in equity from a company's sales of products and services to customers.

Q: The behavioral approach to job design that involves giving the worker a larger portion of the total task is A) job enlargement B) job enrichment C) job enhancement D) job rotation E) job involvement

Q: Job rotation is an example of A) job enrichment B) job scheduling C) job training D) job enlargement E) job incentive

Q: Four of the components of job design are A) employment stability, work schedules, work sampling, motivation, and incentive systems B) job specialization, job expansion, psychological components, and self-directed teams C) labor specialization and enrichment, motivation and incentive systems, employment stability, and work sampling D) ergonomics and work methods, method time measurement, work schedules, and incentive systems E) labor specialization, time studies, work sampling, and pre-determined time standards

Q: Working 4 shifts of ten hours instead of 5 shifts at 8 hours each is known as A) flextime B) constant employment C) part-time status D) flexible workweek E) none of the above

Q: Investing activities are the means an organization uses to pay for resources like land, buildings, and equipment to carry out its plans.

Q: A manufacturing plant allows its engineers to come in at 7 A.M. plus or minus an hour but still requires them to work 8 hour days. Which of the following scheduling techniques is the firm employing? A) flextime B) constant employment C) part-time status D) flexible workweek E) compressed workweek

Q: The two most basic policies associated with employment stability are A) job enrichment and job enlargement B) employment for life and guaranteed minimum wage C) follow demand exactly and hold employment constant D) incentive plans and piece-rate plans E) none of the above

Q: Planning involves defining an organization's ideas, goals, and actions.

Q: The objective of a human resource strategy is to A) produce the demand forecast at lowest labor cost B) match employment levels with demand C) achieve a reasonable quality of work life at low cost D) manage labor and design jobs so people are effectively and efficiently utilized E) all of the above

Q: Station Task Time (seconds) Time left (seconds) Ready tasks A,B,C,D 1 B 66. A,C,D C 25. 41. A,D A 20. 21. D,E D 10. 11. E,F 2 E 55. 41. F,G F 30. 11. G 3 G 25. 71. H H 40. 31. Summary Statistics Cycle time 96 seconds Time allocated (cycle time * #) 288 seconds/cycle Time needed (sum of task times) 235 seconds/unit Idle time (allocated-needed) 53 seconds/cycle Efficiency (needed/allocated) 81.59722% Balance Delay (1-efficiency) 18.40278% Min (theoretical) # of stations 3 16) A work cell is required to make 200 computerized diagnostic assemblies (for installation into hybrid automobiles) each day. The cell currently works an eight hour shift, of which seven hours is available for productive work. What is takt time for this cell? Answer: Takt time = 420 minutes / 200 units required = 2.1 minutes 17) A work cell is scheduled to build 120 digital light processor (DLP) assemblies each week. These assemblies are later installed into home theater projection systems. The work cell has 7.5 hours of productive work each day, six days per week. What is takt time for this cell? Answer: The cell has 7.5 x 6 = 45 hours (or 2700 minutes) of work time each week. Takt time = 2700 / 120 = 22.5 minutes. 18) A work cell is required to make 80 computerized diagnostic assemblies (for installation into hybrid automobiles) each day. The cell currently works an eight hour shift, of which seven hours is available for productive work. These assemblies require five operations, with times of 1.0, 0.8, 2.4, 2.5, and 1.4 minutes each. What is takt time for this cell? How many workers will be needed? Answer: Takt time = 420 minutes / 80 units = 5.25 minutes. Total operation time is 1.0 + 1.8 + 2.4 + 2.5 + 1.4 = 9.1 minutes. Workers required = 9.1 / 5.25 = 1.73 or 2. 19) A work cell is required to make 140 computerized diagnostic assemblies (for installation into hybrid automobiles) each day. The cell currently works an eight hour shift, of which seven hours is available for productive work. These assemblies require five operations. Standard times for these operations are: Operation A, 3.0 minutes, B, 1.8 minutes, C, 2.4 minutes, D, 2.5 minutes, and E, 1.4 minutes. What is takt time for this cell? How many workers will be needed to achieve this schedule? Use the grid below to construct a work balance chart for this cell. Answer: Takt time = 420 / 140 = 3 minutes/unit. Total operation time = 3.0 + 1.8 + 2.4 + 2.5 + 1.4 = 11.1 minutes. A minimum of four workers are required (11.1 / 3 = 3.7), but to balance at 3 min./unit requires five. The balance chart appears below. 20) An airport is trying to balance where to place three airlines. The distance between terminals and the number of trips that travelers make between airlines per day are listed. Find the assignment that minimizes the distance travelers must walk. Airline A B C Trips to A - 60 80 Trips to B 50 - 120 Trips to C 100 75 - Terminal 1 2 3 Distance to Terminal 1 - 4000 5000 Distance to Terminal 2 4000 - 6000 Distance to Terminal 3 5000 6000 - Answer: There are 6 possible assignments and the distance traveled for each scenario is 110(Distance A-B)+195(Distance C-B) + 180(Distance A-C)=total distance A(1)-B(2)-C(3)=110(4000)+195(6000)+180(5000)=2510K A(1)-B(3)-C(2)=110(5000)+195(6000)+180(4000)=2440K A(2)-B(1)-C(3)=110(4000)+195(5000)+180(6000)=2495K A(2)-B(3)-C(1)=110(6000)+195(5000)+180(4000)=2355K A(3)-B(2)-C(1)=110(6000)+195(4000)+180(5000)=2340K A(3)-B(1)-C(2)=110(5000)+195(4000)+180(6000)=2410K Airline A should be assigned terminal 3, Airline B terminal 2 and Airline C terminal 1 to minimize the distance travelers must go. 21) Brandon's computer shop has hired a consultant to help apply operation management techniques to increase profits. Currently the shop sells most of its computers to a high-end customized online retailer and sales are steady at 250 per month. A single work cell produces the computers. To produce the computer three operations are required. First the parts must be assembled, next software must be installed, and finally the computer must be safely packed and labeled for shipping. These operations take 2 hours, 5 hours, and 1 hour respectively. If there are 6 available work hours each day and the shop operates 20 days per month find: A: The takt time B: The number of workers Brandon should hire Answer: Takt time = (6 hours/day * 20 days/month)/(250 units/month)=.48 hours per computer. Total operation time = 2+5+1=8hours. Workers required = Operation time/Takt Time = 8/.48 = 16.67 = 17 workers required. 22) A manufacturing work cell has a takt time of 7 minutes and is staffed by 10 workers. If the work cell delivers 68 units each day find A. The total operation time B. The amount of time worked during the day for all 10 workers combined C. If the plant is open for only 8 hours per day, can the staff meet demand? Answer: Total operation time = Workers required * Takt time = 10(7 minutes) = 70 minutes Time worked = Takt time * Units Delivered * # workers = 7minutes*(68)*10 =4760 minutes = 79.33 hours 10 workers * 8hours/day = 80 hours per day are available. From B only 79.33 are required, so the workers can meet demand. 23) A company is trying to balance production between 3 workstations on an assembly line. Currently there are 5 tasks that need to be performed. These tasks, ABCDE, have required times of 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 1 minutes, 3 minutes, and 10 minutes respectively. The assembly line needs to produce 40 units per day to meet demand and can work for up to 8 hours each day. A. What is the required cycle time? B. What is the theoretical minimum # of workstations? C. Assign the tasks according to shortest task time. D. Is there a better way to divide the work than in Part C? Answer: Required cycle time = Production time available / Units required = 8 hours * 60 minutes / 40 units = 12 minutes Minimum # of workstations = Sum of task times / Cycle time = (2+4+1+3+10)/12 = 1.667 stations = 2 stations Workstation A would be assigned Task C for a total of 1 minute, Task A for a total of 3 minutes, Task D for a total of 6 minutes, Task B for a total of 10 minutes. Task E cannot be assigned because 10+10 > 12 minutes. Therefore Task E would be assigned to station B for a total of 10 minutes. Station C would have no assignment. The assignment method of Part C creates the optimum assignment (2 workstations = theoretical minimum). The company would be wise to eliminate the third workstation or to up production so that cycle time decreases and each workstation would be needed. 24) An assembly line is assigned as follows. Station A- task A, B, and C. Station B- task D. Station C- task E and F. The task times are 7, 3, 2, 9, 4, and 5 minutes respective to A, B, C, D, E, and F. (Assume that there is no precedence relationships between the tasks, ie they can be accomplished in any order) A. Calculate the efficiency. B. What would the assignment of tasks to stations be using shortest processing time (assuming the current maximum station time remains the cycle time)? Answer: Efficiency= Sum of task time / (# Stations * Longest Station duration) = (7+3+2+9+4+5)/(3*12)= 83.3% Station A would be assigned task C for a total of 2 minutes, task B for a total of 5 minutes, Task E for a total of 9 minutes. Task F cannot be assigned because the total would be 14 minutes which is greater than the 12 maximum. Therefore Station B would be assigned task F for a total of 5 minutes and task A for a total of 12 minutes. Finally station C would be assigned task D for a total of 9 minutes.

Q: Station Task Time (minutes) Time left (minutes) Ready tasks A 1 A 69 0.735 B B 0.55 0.185 C,D,E,F 2 F 1.1 0.325 C,D,E 3 C 0.92 0.505 D,E 4 E 0.7 0.725 D D 0.59 0.135 G 5 G 0.75 0.675 H H 0.43 0.245 I 6 I 0.29 1.135 Summary Statistics Cycle time 1.425 minutes Time allocated (cycle time * #) 8.549999 minutes/cycle Time needed (sum of task times) 6.02 minutes/unit Idle time (allocated-needed) 2.529999 minutes/cycle Efficiency (needed/allocated) 70.40936% Balance Delay (1-efficiency) 29.59064% Min (theoretical) # of stations 5 13) An insurance claims processing center has six work centers, any of which can be placed into any of six physical departmental locations. Call the centers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, and the departments A, B, C, D, E, and F. The current set of assignments is A-3, B-1, C-6, D-2, E-4, and F-5. The (symmetric) matrix of departmental distances, in meters is 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 -- 5 30 20 15 20 2 -- 40 15 10 10 3 -- 50 20 5 4 -- 10 35 5 -- 5 6 -- The matrix of work flow (estimated trips per day) is among centers A B C D E F A -- 15 20 0 30 0 B 20 -- 50 0 160 10 C 0 50 -- 30 0 30 D 30 60 20 -- 70 0 E 40 0 0 10 -- 60 F 0 0 30 20 50 -- The firm estimates that each trip costs approximately $4. a. What is the cost of the current assignment? b. Use trial-and-error to find one improved assignment. c. What is that assignment, and what is its cost? Answer: (a) The current assignment costs 14,000 meters, or $56,000. (b,c) The optimal solution is 10,450 meters, or $41,800, with A-3, B-5, C-4, D-1, E-6, and F-2. Students may find improved solutions other than the optimal solution. 14) An assembly line with 11 tasks is to be balanced. The longest task is 2.4 minutes, the shortest task is 0.4 minutes, and the sum of the task times is 18 minutes. The line will operate for 600 minutes per day. a. Determine the minimum and maximum cycle times. b. What range of output is theoretically possible for the line? c. What is the minimum number of stations needed if the maximum output rate is to be sought? d. What cycle time will provide an output rate of 200 units per day? Answer: Minimum cycle time is 2.4 minutes. Maximum cycle time is 18 minutes. Maximum output is 600/2.4 = 250; minimum output is 600/18 = 33.3. For maximum output, 18/2.4 = 7.5 or 8 stations will be needed. To produce 200 units per day requires a 3-minute cycle time. 15) A facility is trying to set up an assembly line, and has identified the various tasks, and their relationship to each other, as shown in the following table. They wish to produce 600 units per day, working two 8-hour shifts. Task Preceding Task Time to perform (sec.) A -- 20 B -- 30 C -- 25 D -- 10 E A 55 F D, B, C 30 G E 25 H F, G 40 a. Draw a network diagram of precedence relationships. b. Compute the required cycle time per unit in seconds. c. Compute the minimum number of workstations required to produce 600 units per day. d. Balance this line using longest processing time. e. What is the efficiency of the line obtained in part d? Answer: (a) The precedence diagram appears below. (b) Required cycle time is 96 seconds. (c) 2.45 or 3 workstations are needed. (d) The computer output places tasks A-B-C-D in station 1, E-F in station 2, and G-H in station 3. (e) Efficiency is about 82 percent.

Q: Task Preceding Task Time to perform (min.) A -- .69 B A .55 C B .92 D B .59 E B .70 F B 10 G C, D, E .75 H G, F .43 I H .29 a. Draw a network diagram of precedence relationships. b. Compute the required cycle time per unit in minutes. c. Compute the theoretical minimum number of workstations required to produce 40 units per hour. d. Balance this line using longest processing time. e. What is the efficiency of the line obtained in part d?

Q: Station Task Time (minutes) Time left (minutes) Ready tasks 1 A 4 11.7 C(3),B(3) C 1.5 10.2 B(3) B 3.2 7. D(2) D 2.8 4.2 E(1) 2 E 17.1 0. F(0) 3 F 12.8 4.3 Summary Statistics Cycle time 17.1 minutes Time allocated (cycle time * #) 51.3 minutes/cycle Time needed (sum of task times) 42.8 minutes/unit Idle time (allocated-needed) 8.500004 minutes/cycle Efficiency (needed/allocated) 83.43079% Balance Delay (1-efficiency) 16.56921% Min (theoretical) # of stations 2 12) A firm is planning to set up an assembly line to assemble 40 units per hour, and 57 minutes per hour are productive. The time to perform each task and the tasks which precede each task are:

Q: Station Task Time (minutes) Time left (minutes) Ready tasks (#followers) A(4),C(3) 1 A 4 17.1 C(3),B(3) C 1.5 15.6 B(3) B 3.2 12..4 D(2) D 2.8 9.6 E(1) 2 E 17.1 5.4 F(0) 3 F 12..8 9.7 Summary Statistics Cycle time 22.5 minutes Time allocated (cycle time * #) 67.5 minutes/cycle Time needed (sum of task times) 42.8 minutes/unit Idle time (allocated-needed) 24.7 minutes/cycle Efficiency (needed/allocated) 63.40741% Balance Delay (1-efficiency) 36.59259% Min (theoretical) # of stations 2

Q: The monetary unit assumption means that all companies doing business in the United States must express transactions and events in US dollars.