Q&A Hero

Q: How did authors Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald differ? A) Hemingway lived as an expatriate in Europe, while Fitzgerald remained at home in the United States. B) Hemingway belonged to the Lost Generation, while Fitzgerald was part of the Harlem Renaissance. C) Hemingway's style included bittersweet prose, while Fitzgerald favored a sparse, clean approach. D) Hemingway wrote about a lack of human concern, while Fitzgerald wrote about the quest for personal honor. E) Hemingway was known for his glittery lifestyle on Long Island, while Fitzgerald became renowned for stalking lions in Africa.

Q: In what way can Jazz Age activities be seen as an effect of the economic growth of this period? A) The boom in consumer goods resulted in people turning away from sports and entertainment to spend their leisure time shopping. B) The rise in industry led to the construction of the first local transit systems, which made it easier for Americans to attend cultural events. C) Increased standards of living provided the middle class with disposable income to spend on an increasing variety of diversions. D) The uniformity and austerity of mass production was reflected in the era's culture, which became more straitlaced and buttoned down. E) Business leaders and laborers became preoccupied with making money, which left little time for leisure activities or other diversions.

Q: How did attitudes toward sex and marriage change during the Roaring Twenties? A) Victorian attitudes towards sex and marriage reemerged to sway American society throughout the 1920s. B) There was minimal change in attitudes toward sex and marriage at this time in American history. C) Divorce rates remained low as conservative values continued to dominate urban American society. D) People freely flouted Victorian sexual mores and behavior and more than half of all marriages ended in divorce. E) There was greater tolerance in attitudes toward sex, which was no longer a taboo subject, along with a higher incidence of divorce.

Q: How were families affected by the changes sweeping American society in the 1920s? A) Generally, childhood and adolescence became shorter periods because families needed to send children to work at a younger age. B) Fewer married women took jobs outside of the home as traditional values were restored across the country. C) The "youth movement" of the 1920s championed traditional family values, such as respect for one's parents. D) Church attendance in urban areas decreased due to a drop in population and in the construction of houses of worship in the countryside. E) The average American family decreased in size due to the availability of more effective birth control methods.

Q: How did the emergence of urban culture affect the lives of women? A) The emergence of urban culture led to a spike in the numbers of working women. B) Women found their leisure time greatly increased. C) Salaries of female workers began to climb during this period. D) Women grew more assertive and concentrated on individual self-expression. E) More women than men were able to attain academic degrees.

Q: Where and why did the major demographic shift of the 1920s take place? A) There was a mass movement of people from the cities to the suburbs. B) There was a mass movement of people from the rural countryside to cities. C) The development of mechanization in agricultural production drew populations from urban centers to more rural areas. D) People moved in large numbers from urban areas to rural areas. E) Population shifted from the South to the North.

Q: Which of these did not share in the prosperity of the 1920s? A) agriculture B) department stores C) the automotive industry D) the chemical industry E) the entertainment industry

Q: What was the effect of uniformity and standardization on the lives of average Americans? A) It led to an increase in the average salary of the American worker. B) Women were now able to leave their households to enter the work force. C) It led to the homogenization of consumer goods and the blurring of regional distinctiveness. D) It resulted in economic stability that persisted throughout the next two decades. E) Countless new brands emerged as different regions produced their own goods.

Q: What was one of the negative consequences of the consumer goods economy? A) Mass production resulted in the depletion of crucial natural resources. B) Labor disputes disrupted the production process and damaged economic growth. C) The quality of the goods that were produced was substandard. D) Growth was limited to the auto industry. E) Traditional industries declined.

Q: How did the advent of mass production change the lives of many Americans in the early twentieth century? A) Americans attained the highest standard of living in the world. B) There was an increase in racial harmony among U.S. workers. C) Unemployment rates plummeted due to the mechanization of production. D) The farmers of rural America benefited due to increased demand for produce. E) Poverty went into decline due to the availability of cheap goods.

Q: What was the significance of Ford's Highland Park plant in the transition to modern America? A) It was the first factory to open in the United States. B) It marked the maturity of mass production in the United States. C) This plant produced crucial military equipment for World War I. D) It was the place in which organized labor first emerged. E) Women laborers were employed here for the first time.

Q: Beneath the surface, the two candidates in the election of 1928 _____. A) were strikingly similar B) were radically different C) were somewhat alike D) had little in common E) despised each other

Q: An indicator of the future strength of the Democratic Party was _____. A) its success in the presidential race of 1924 B) the shift of urban voters to the party C) an increase in the number of rural Democrats D) the unpopularity of Republican presidents E) a large number of women voters

Q: The Democratic candidate in the election of 1928 was _____. A) Robert M. La Follette B) James Cox C) John W. Davis D) Al Smith E) William McAdoo

Q: The root of the problems that farmers faced in the 1920s was _____. A) crop disease B) foreign competition C) high labor costs D) overproduction E) high tariff rates

Q: Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon pushed for _____. A) increased government spending B) reduced government spending C) creation of an estate tax D) higher corporate taxes E) higher taxes for the rich

Q: As Secretary of Commerce, Herbert Hoover _____. A) sought to limit government-business relations B) established a reputation in the area of transportation C) differed with the policies of Harding and Coolidge D) pushed for closer relations between government and business E) was completely unable to accomplish his goals

Q: Harding and his successors _____. A) sought to continue the policies of Wilson B) wanted a return to traditional Republican policies C) advanced in new directions D) sought to maintain the status quo E) wanted to redefine "Republicanism"

Q: John Scopes was put on trial for _____. A) sending package bombs during the Red Scare B) evading the draft during World War I C) shouting "fire" in a crowded theater D) teaching the theory of evolution in a Tennessee high school E) committing murder and a payroll robbery

Q: Which group was exempted from the provisions of the National Origins Act of 1921? A) Italians B) Russians C) Germans D) Mexicans E) Irish

Q: The immigration legislation of the 1920s _____. A) had no lasting effect B) was opposed by the large corporations C) encouraged immigration from underdeveloped countries D) was the most enduring achievement of the rural counterattack E) was quickly repealed in the 1930s

Q: The Ku Klux Klan went into decline soon after _____. A) Klan leaders were found to be involved in sexual and financial scandals B) the organization was unmasked as a secret communist conspiracy C) new federal laws made membership a crime in 1927 D) evangelist Billy Sunday denounced it in a widely-reprinted sermon E) it blocked a resolution of censure at the Democratic national convention

Q: The rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan began in 1915 in the state of _____. A) Texas B) Oregon C) Illinois D) Georgia E) Alabama

Q: Which one of the following was NOT a result of prohibition? A) an increase in drinking in America B) an increase in crime in America C) the end of alcohol consumption in America D) an opposition to prohibition in cities E) a lucrative bootlegging business

Q: Sacco and Vanzetti were convicted of murder primarily because they were _____. A) Russian immigrants B) foreign-born C) atheists D) former criminals E) African American

Q: During the Red Scare of 1919"1920, ________ led the attack on foreign-born radicals. A) A. Mitchell Palmer B) Clarence Darrow C) Warren G. Harding D) Alexander Berkman E) William Jennings Bryan

Q: The ________ exemplified the flowering of African-American culture in the 1920s. A) growth of the NAACP B) flapper era C) Harlem Renaissance D) expatriate community E) "Garveyites"

Q: Which of the following was NOT a popular sport that flourished in the 1920s? A) boxing B) baseball C) college football D) golf E) soccer

Q: The 1920 census revealed that _____. A) slightly more than half of the population lived in cities B) most people still resided in rural areas C) southern cities were experiencing a population boom D) a third of the population had migrated to the South E) African Americans were migrating from the North

Q: The area of greatest decline in the American economy in the 1920s was _____. A) automobiles B) agriculture C) banking D) exports E) manufacturing

Q: The revolution in consumer goods _____. A) was offset by problems in other industries, such as the railroads B) epitomized the growth of all areas of the economy C) was a short-term factor in the American economy D) aided all other kinds of industry E) helped fuel growth in the railroad industry

Q: Crucial to the growth of the automobile industry in the 1920s was _____. A) traditional financing options B) new and increased marketing C) the long life of the new automobile D) the rise of steam power E) greater disposable income

Q: The key to the new affluence of the 1920s lay in _____. A) new methods of business organization B) the discovery of new sources of raw materials C) better methods of financing business D) a more skilled work force E) new forms of technology

Q: The _____ helped usher in an age of leisure. A) use of electricity B) use of cotton in textile manufacturing C) introduction of popular fiction D) increased use of domestic workers E) equal distribution of wealth

Q: Which of these best describes Wilson's success in promoting the League of Nations? A) The League was rejected both by Europe and by American voters. B) Wilson's plan was strongly supported in theory, but its terms were contested by Congress. C) The plan never had any hope of gaining ratification. D) The plan was supported internationally and ratified by Congress. E) He was more successful abroad than domestically.

Q: How was Wilson's practice of foreign affairs similar to his evolution over social reforms? A) He tried to follow his predecessors' policies and successfully did so throughout most of his presidency. B) He tried to follow his predecessors' policies but failed to do so throughout most of his presidency. C) He tried to change his predecessors' policies and ended up following most of them in the end. D) He tried to change his predecessors' policies and managed to do so throughout most of his presidency. E) He went back and forth between supporting and then changing his predecessors' policies.

Q: What trend did Roosevelt hope to break by passing the Roosevelt Corollary? A) the election of socialist governments by Latin American countries, such as Cuba and Venezuela B) the growing power of Colombia and Venezuela C) the assertion of independence and new trade restrictions by Asian countries, such as China and Korea D) the default on European loans by Latin American countries, such as Venezuela and the Dominican Republic E) an increase in military power and corresponding influence of Asian countries, such as Japan and the Philippines

Q: All of the following characterize the route recommended by the Isthmian Canal Commission in 1899 EXCEPT that _____. A) it followed natural waterways B) it was the shortest route through Panama C) it wandered through rough, swampy terrain D) it was about fifty miles in length E) it was supported by Roosevelt

Q: Which of the following was one of the few of Wilson's Fourteen Points to be implemented? A) open diplomacy B) freedom of the seas C) removal of barriers to international trade D) military disarmament E) establishment of an independent Poland

Q: What was "labor peace," and how did it affect the war? A) "Labor peace" was workers agreeing not to strike so that they might work productively for the war effort. B) "Labor peace" was the term associated with the mainly socialist union workers who were working for peace and against the war effort. C) "Labor peace" meant workers striking peacefully, without resorting to violence or underhanded tactics. D) "Labor peace" described the more peaceful factory environment that welcomed women and African-American workers. E) "Labor peace" was an alliance of government, business, and labor that benefited government and business interests.

Q: How were average Americans asked to participate in the war effort? A) The men were drafted as soldiers, and the women were drafted either as nurses or factory workers. B) They were asked to save scraps of metal, rubber, and cloth to be turned into machines and weapons for war. C) They were asked to conserve gasoline, meat, and wheat; they were encouraged to plant gardens to supplement their needs. D) They were asked to donate a tenth of their income to the war effort, earning the name the "war tithe." E) They were required to give a tenth of their income to the war effort, earning the name the "mandatory tithe."

Q: How did Wilson direct the United States' involvement during the war? A) He used much of his considerable personal fortune for propaganda. B) He established agencies to focus factory, food, and fuel resources on the war effort. C) He instituted and then increased personal and business income taxes. D) He worked to increase trade with Asia, Africa, and Europe. E) He established federal programs that rewarded participation in the war effort.

Q: How was Eugene Debs affected by the passage of new laws during World War I? A) He was arrested for denouncing the war and sent to prison. B) He gained the right to run for president as a member of the Socialist party. C) He was sent to prison on the charge of conspiring with the Germans. D) He was sent to an internment camp with other German American citizens. E) He was granted the right to check mail for treasonous materials.

Q: What effect did U.S. involvement in the war have on American civil liberties? A) The federal government instituted committees and Congress passed acts to ensure the safety and rights of war dissenters. B) Women had more opportunities in war-related jobs, so their civil liberties increased, especially in voting rights. C) African Americans had more opportunities in war-related jobs, so their civil liberties increased, encouraging integration. D) Propaganda campaigns led to programs and congressional acts that interned German Americans in work camps, denying their civil liberties. E) Propaganda campaigns and legislation made inroads for Americans' civil liberties.

Q: Which of the following events led to the realization among the German high command that all hope was lost? A) The Bolsheviks broke their treaty to rejoin the war and side with the Allies. B) American troops cut the main railroad supply line for the German army in the West. C) Congress declared that the United States was joining the war on the side of the Allies. D) American troops began to use poison gas, hand grenades, and machine guns. E) German troop ships were sunk by British and American navy vessels.

Q: How did a convoy system impact the course of the war? A) It used Allied destroyers to escort merchant vessels across the ocean and cut shipping losses in half. B) It was a system of maneuvers to transport supplies to the troops and keep the soldiers from going hungry. C) It was a flight technique that made it possible for Allied planes to avoid detection and avoid drawing enemy fire. D) It was a fighting technique that made it possible for troops to utilize poison gas, machine guns, and other weapons from one location to another. E) It was a new system of troop transportation that integrated blacks and white units and allowed them to work together.

Q: How did the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 change the course of the war? A) Germany's own people began to revolt, leading to a weakening of the Central Powers, giving the Allies an advantage. B) The Polish people in Germany revolted, distracting German forces from fighting France and Britain and giving the Allies an advantage. C) Socialists in the United States refused to help with the war effort, inhibiting U.S. involvement and prolonging the war. D) Russia signed a treaty with Germany and dropped out of the war, which enabled Germany to concentrate on fighting in the West. E) Russia renewed attacks on Germany from the East, which weakened the Central Powers on both fronts.

Q: How did U.S. neutrality in World War I finally come to an end? A) Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico and sank five American ships in ten days. B) Russia formed an alliance with Germany that threatened U.S. interests in the Pacific. C) The Allied nations begged the United States to intervene on their behalf. D) Japan attacked the Philippines and Hawaii, killing hundreds of American citizens. E) Germany formed an alliance with Cuba, threatening war against the United States.

Q: How did economic factors affect the changing position of the United States from 1916 to 1917? A) The United States was greatly weakened financially by World War I and saw entering the war as an economic necessity. B) The United States grew rich from its neutrality during World War I and saw joining the war as a way of increasing wealth. C) U-boat attacks increased commerce for the United States by eliminating the competition, so continued neutrality benefited the nation's economy. D) U-boat attacks prevented the United States from trading freely with Europe and required U.S. involvement. E) U-boat attacks cost the German government millions of dollars, making them even more eager to draw the United States into the war.

Q: How did the election of 1916 influence the nation's involvement in World War I? A) By electing Roosevelt, Americans showed their determination to remain neutral in World War I, although this was a short-lived determination. B) By electing Hughes, Americans showed their determination to remain neutral in World War I, although this was a short-lived determination. C) By electing Wilson, Americans showed their determination to remain neutral in World War I, although this was a short-lived determination. D) By electing Wilson, Americans showed their determination to enter World War I, whatever the costs. E) By electing Roosevelt, Americans showed their determination to enter the war, whatever the costs.

Q: How did the Sussex Pledge affect U.S. involvement in World War I? A) It escalated U.S. involvement. B) It postponed U.S. involvement. C) It eliminated U.S. involvement. D) It complicated U.S. involvement. E) It intensified U.S. involvement.

Q: Why did the nation's progressive reformers oppose the United States' involvement in World War I? A) They were naturally pessimistic and knew that the United States would lose. B) They understood how financially costly the war would be for the nation. C) They did not believe the reports sent over from Europe. D) They opposed the Allied position because it was one of aggression. E) They felt the war was pursued for financial and commercial reasons.

Q: How was Wilson's treatment of Mexico similar to Roosevelt's treatment of Colombia? A) Both men were condescending in their dealings with Latin American governments. B) Both men demonstrated abhorrence for people of color in their dealings with Latin American governments. C) Both men showed their inexperience with foreign affairs in their dealings with Mexico and Colombia. D) Both men demonstrated their fear of European interference in their dealings with Mexico and Colombia. E) Both men showed their respect and dependence on their neighbors in their dealings with Mexico and Colombia.

Q: What showed the weakness of Wilson's "moral diplomacy"? A) When a cabinet member was caught in a financial scandal, Wilson's pride in his morality was tested. B) The exorbitant costs of moral reforms, such as Prohibition, tested Wilson's resolve to continue "purity" reforms. C) The conflicts with Mexico and Germany demonstrated that U.S. morality would not keep militarism under control. D) The Hawaiian and Philippine annexations demonstrated to the world that U.S. morality didn"t actually exist. E) In his attitudes toward race relations, Wilson demonstrated that "morality" did not mean equality for African Americans.

Q: Why was the signing of the Taft-Katsura Agreement strategically important for the United States? A) It abandoned the Philippines to Japan but gained U.S. security in the Pacific. B) It strengthened U.S. influence in China. C) It gave the United States free rein in Japan. D) It benefited U.S. trade with Japan. E) It traded Korean independence for U.S. security in the Philippines.

Q: Why did Roosevelt announce the Roosevelt Corollary? A) to gain power in the Pacific region B) to keep European powers out of Latin America C) to reshape the Monroe Doctrine completely D) to forgive Latin American national debts E) to gain access to Panama for canal construction

Q: In what way was the construction of the Panama Canal as Roosevelt said, "the most important action in foreign affairs"? A) It gave the United States control over international trade. B) It made the United States the world's most powerful country. C) It kept the United States out of involvement in World War I. D) It solidified American influence in Latin America. E) It gave the United States power over developments in Europe.

Q: How was the role of the United States in foreign affairs changing in the years immediately before the outbreak of World War I? A) The United States continued to grow as an international power. B) The United States had become the most powerful country in the world. C) The United States was no longer an imperialist power. D) The United States was no longer a colonial power. E) The United States first entered global affairs.

Q: How can Wilson's reaction to the sinking of the Lusitania be best characterized? A) conciliatory diplomacy B) forceful diplomacy C) pessimistic diplomacy D) moral pressure E) reactionary

Q: One of Wilson's major goals at the Paris Peace Conference was to _____. A) punish Germany for starting the war B) compensate the Allies for their great losses C) found a League of Nations to enforce peace D) bring the new Russian government to the peace table E) collect awards and accolades from France

Q: Wilson hurt his chances to get the Treaty of Versailles ratified _____. A) through his failure to ask for the American people's support B) because he was unwilling to compromise with opponents C) by working too closely with isolationist opponents D) because he did not work hard enough to convince opponents E) through his vague and hostile demands of his supporters

Q: As a result of their participation in the war effort, African Americans _____. A) faced even worse discrimination in the United States B) became more accepting of the conditions they faced C) found greater acceptance within American society D) were more and more inclined to fight discrimination E) often chose to remain in Europe after fighting overseas

Q: How did the economic status of the United States change in the wake of World War I? A) When the war began, the United States was a creditor nation. When the war ended, the United States was a debtor nation. B) When the war began, the United States was a debtor nation. When the war ended, the United States was a creditor nation. C) When the war began, the United States was an investor nation. When the war ended, the United States was a lender nation. D) When the war began, the United States was a lender nation. When the war ended, the United States was an investor nation. E) The economic status of the United States changed only minimally in the wake of World War I and was nearly the same at the beginning and end of the war.

Q: Which of the following was NOT a function of the Fuel Administration during World War I? A) the introduction of daylight savings time B) the rationing of coal C) the coordination of shipping D) the creation of "gasless days" E) the allotment of oil

Q: To finance the war effort, the U.S. government relied primarily on _____. A) higher income tax rates B) printing paper money for war debts C) sales of "Liberty Bonds" D) new discoveries of gold in Alaska E) loans from foreign governments

Q: How did Wilson ultimately organize the wartime economy? A) He decentralized a variety of boards that had been tightly organized. B) He appointed a number of economic advisors known as "czars." C) He established a series of highly centralized planning boards. D) He raised taxes to fund the war effort, which angered the public. E) He charged his cabinet with finding workable solutions.

Q: The American contribution in World War I _____. A) was minor when compared to that of the other Allies B) although relatively small, was vital to Allied success C) played a predominant role throughout the war D) was much greater than that of the other Allies E) came too late to be of any real assistance

Q: The American Expeditionary Force _____. A) was small and poorly equipped B) consisted largely of the existing U.S. Army C) was primarily a volunteer army D) was initially well prepared and trained for war E) was noted for its squads of elite commandos

Q: The leader of the American Expeditionary Force was _____. A) Theodore Roosevelt B) John J. Pershing C) Alfred T. Mahan D) Douglas MacArthur E) Omar Bradley

Q: The Zimmermann Telegram _____. A) announced Germany's European war aims B) pledged Germany's intention to end the war peacefully C) proposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico D) had little effect on America's move toward war E) was actually a piece of British war propaganda

Q: After the Sussex incident of 1916, the Germans promised to _____. A) lift their blockade of the Allies B) shoot on sight only ships of the enemy's navy C) withdraw from Belgium D) attack all neutral vessels in their waters E) sink any ship carrying cargo to the Allies

Q: Compared with William Jennings Bryan, Robert Lansing _____. A) was more idealistic B) favored the German side in the war C) urged a strong stand against the Germans D) had little experience in foreign affairs E) exemplified the philosophy "live and let live"

Q: At the beginning of World War I, Great Britain _____. A) respected American neutrality B) made few attempts to influence American policy C) sought the military aid of the United States D) sought to restrict American trade with Germany E) briefly considered a negotiated surrender

Q: At the beginning of World War I, Americans _____. A) showed little interest in the conflict B) sided strongly with the British C) were eager to enter the conflict D) sided strongly with the Germans E) generally accepted neutrality

Q: President Wilson's first reaction when war broke out in Europe in 1914 was to _____. A) declare support for the Allies B) condemn the actions of the German army C) praise the assassination of the Austrian archduke D) declare United States neutrality E) begin formation of a sizable navy

Q: Woodrow Wilson's decision to invade Mexico in 1916 followed raids on border towns by _____. A) Vittorio Zapata B) Pancho Villa C) Francisco Madero D) Victoriano Huerta E) Carlo Ponti

Q: In his approach to foreign affairs, Wilson could be described as _____. A) a militarist B) a moralist C) an economist D) a global strategist E) a pacifist

Q: Taft's policy of "dollar diplomacy" _____. A) used economic means to increase American influence worldwide B) was primarily aimed at helping underdeveloped countries C) resulted in decreased U.S. influence in Latin America D) had little impact on American national security interests E) helped establish the prestige of the United States in Asia

Q: In the 1905, Taft-Katsura Agreement, _____. A) the United States and Japan agreed not to attack each other for at least 50 years B) the United States accepted a Japanese pledge not to invade the Philippines C) Japan agreed to limit emigration to the United States D) the United States and Japan agreed to a policy of mutual free trade E) the United States and Japan agreed to support Chinese independence

Q: In mediating the conflict between Russia and Japan, Roosevelt _____. A) showed little interest in the final outcome B) sided with Russia, against Japan C) took a totally neutral stance D) recognized the increasing importance of Japan E) tried to play both sides against the other with disastrous results